The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel as the main types of reinforcement. It also discusses different types of formwork systems including conventional timber formwork, MS formwork, and advanced systems like table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel formwork, and vertical panel formwork. The advanced formwork systems allow for faster construction, better quality, and reduced costs.

1. FORMS & MATERIALS FOR SPEEDY CONSTRUCTION
Session 2020-21
PRESENTED BY:-
SOMITRA BHARDWAJ
DEEPAK VERMA
B.ARCH 5TH YEAR
PRESENTED TO:-
AR. SHAINA KOCHAR

2. Types of Reinforcement
Hot Rolled Deformed Bars
1. Hot Rolled Deformed Bars
2. Mild Steel Plain bars
3. Cold Worked Steel Reinforcement
4. Pre-stressing Steel
1.Hot Rolled Deformed Bars :-
This is the most common type Of reinforcement for regular RCC
structures. Hot rolling is done In the mills which involves giving it
deformations on the surface i.e. ribs so that it can form bond with
concrete. The stress Strain curve shows a distinct yield point
Followed by a plastic stage in which strain increases without increase
in stress. This is Followed by a strain hardening stage. It has typical
tensile yield Strength of 60,000 psi.
2. Mild Steel Plain bars:-
These are plain bars and have no ribs on them. These are used in small
projects where economy is the real concern. As plain bars cannot bind Very
well with concrete hence hooks have to be provided at the ends. In this type
of steel too stress – straincurve shows a distinct yield point followed by a
plastic stage in which strain Increases without increase in stress. This is
followed by a strain hardening stage. Plastic stage in Mild Steel Bars is even
more pronounced than Hot Rolled Deformed Bars. Typical tensile Yield
strength is 40,000 psi.
Mild steel plain bars

3. 3. Cold Worked Steel Reinforcement:-
When hot Rolled steel bar undergoes process of cold working,
Cold Worked reinforcement is produced.
Cold working involves twisting or drawing the bars at room
temperature. This effectively eliminates the Plastic Stage in the Stress-
Strain curve, although it gives more control over the size and tolerances
of bars. Due to removal of plastic stage it has lower ductility than Hot
Rolled bars. Its use is specific to projects where low tolerances and
straightness are a major concern. The stress – strain curve does not
show a distinct yield point as plastic stage is entirely eliminated. Yield
point is determined by drawing a line parallel to the Tangent Modulus
at 0.2% strain. Yield stress is the point where this line intersects the
stress – strain curve. This is known as 0.2% proof stress. If yield stress
is determined at 0.1% strain it is called 0.1% proof stress. Typical
tensile yield
strength is 60,000 psi.
Cold worked steel reinforcement
4. Pre-stressing Steel:
Pre-stressing steel is used in the form of bars or tendons which are made up of
multiple strands, however, tendons / strands are more frequently used as these can
be laid in various profiles, which is a primary requirement of pre-stressing steel.
Pre-stressing strands are, in turn, made up of multiple wires (typical 2, 3 or 7 wire
strands). Typical seven wire strand consists of six wires spun around the seventh
wire which has a slightly larger diameter, thus forming a helical strand. These
wires are cold drawn and have very high tensile ultimate strength (typically
250,000 - 270,000 psi). Their high tensile strength makes it possible to effectively
pre-stress concrete even after undergoing short term and long term losses. These
are used in pre-stressed concrete in bridges or pre-stressed slabs in buildings. Pre-
stressing steel is also available as non-bonded strands encased in PVC sheath. It is
used in Post-Tensioning of members. Pre-stressing strands are also available as
Low Relaxation Strands which exhibit low relaxation losses after pre-stressing.
These are typically used in pre-stressing members with large spans. Due to the
process of cold drawing, which is similar in effect to cold working, plastic stage in
this type of steel is eliminated. Thus stress – strain curve does not show a distinct
yield point.
7 wire strand
Non bonded 7 wire strand

4. RMC(Ready Mixed Concrete)
• Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) is a specialized material in which cement,
aggregate, and other ingredients are weight batched at a center batching plant,
mixed either at the plant, itself or in truck mixers, and then transported to the
construction site and delivered in a condition ready to use, is termed Ready mixed
concrete.
• Ready Mixed Concrete manufactured at a place away from the construction
site, the two locations linked by a transport operation.
Ready mixed concrete is bought and sold by volume - usually expressed in
cubic meters. RMC can Be Custom Made To Suit different applications.
•RMC - adding value to concrete
•ready mixed concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled operations and
transported and placed at site using sophisticated equipment and methods. RMC
assures its customers numerous benefits:
•uniform, consistent and assured quality of concrete.
•flexibility in concrete design mixes.
•easier addition of admixtures
•faster and speedier construction
•reduced inventories, material handling and storage of raw materials at sites
•savings in labor requirements, labor costs and supervision of labor
•reduced wastage of materials
WORKING PROCESS

5. Type of Ready Mix Concrete
Transit mixed concrete Shrink-mixed concrete Central-mixed concrete
It is also known as truck mixed concrete, in
which materials are batched at a central plant and
are thoroughly mixed in the truck in transition.
Transit-mixing separate water from the cement
and aggregates and allows the concrete to be
mixed instantly before using at the job site.
Transit-mixing avoids the problems of early
hardening and slump loss that result in delays in
transportation. The disadvantage is the capacity of
the truck is smaller than the same truck carrying
central-mixed concrete.
It is used to increase the truck's load
capacity where concrete is mixed at
the plant to shrink the volume of the
concrete. The balance mixing of
concrete is completed in the truck
during transit time or at the
construction site.
Sometimes, the central mixed plants are referred
to as wet batch plants. The concrete is batched and
completely mixed in a stationary mixer at the plant
site before discharging it into the truck mixers.
The advantages of central-mixed concrete
are better quality control, consistency, higher
production capability and reduce wear on the truck
mixer drums.
RMC was first used for the construction of Bhakra
Nangal Dam Project in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh.

6. Advantages of Ready-Mix Concrete
 Better quality concrete is produced as it is made from consistent methods
and in advanced equipment.
 No need to store construction materials at the site.
 Labour associated with the production of concrete is eliminated,
thereby reducing labour cost.
 Air and Noise pollution at the job site is reduced.
 Wastage of basic materials at the site is avoided.
 Reduce the time required for construction.
 No delays in completing major projects like constructing dams, roads,
bridges, tunnels, etc.
 Economy in the use of raw materials results in conservation of natural
resources.
 Safe work practices - No disruption in the project schedules.
 Environment-friendly.
Disadvantages of Ready-Mix Concrete
 Requires huge initial investment.
 Not suitable for small projects (less quantity of concrete is required).
 Need an effective transportation system from the batching plant to the job site.
 Labour should be ready at the site to cast the concrete in position without any
delay to avoid slumps in the mixture.
 Concrete has limited time and should be used within 210 minutes of batching
the plant. Traffic jam or breakdown of the vehicle can create a problem.
Proportioning of Ready-mixed Concrete
The Proportioning of an RMC aims at obtaining an economical and
practical combination of material to produced concrete with the properties
desired for its intended use. Such as workability, strength, durability, and
appearance. The following basics of a good concrete should consider while
proportioning RMC for the desired Performance.
Concrete aggregates require to meet appropriate specifications and in
general should be clean, strong and durable.
Fly ash or other supplementary cementitious materials, which enhance
concrete properties, normally add to RMC. The key to quality concrete is to
use the least amount of water that can result in a mixture that can be easily
placed, compacted and finished.
Admixtures commonly used in small quantities to improve the properties
of fresh and hardened Concrete such as the rate of setting and strength
development of concrete, especially during hot and cold weather.
Properties of Ready mixed Concrete
Water reducing admixtures while minimizing the water content in
the mixture, increase strength and improve durability.
The most common is an air-entraining agent that developers
millions of tiny air bubbles in the concrete. Which imparts durability
to concrete in freezing and thawing exposure.

7. Formwork
Formwork is the term used for the temporary timber, plywood, metal or other material used to contain,
which holds and supports wet concrete till such time it cures, is a very vital element in concrete
construction. It has become foremost to have speedy construction and timely completion of projects. Now
days, Advance formwork systems for superstructure construction are commonly adopted. Formwork
system affects on the cost, time and quality of project delivery.
Types of Formwork:
1- Conventional Formwork:
This is the most traditional type of formwork and this uses timber, bamboo, masonry and carpentry to
complete construction. Low initial cost, low experience factor and low weight are some of the advantages
while high floor cycle, poor finish, and high labor requirement are the disadvantages of this formwork type.
This formwork type is still in practice in two – three storey building construction projects.
2- MS Formwork:
This consists of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the
edges by small steel angles. The panel units can be held together through the
use of Modern formwork systems suitable clamps or bolts and nuts. The panels
can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape or size. Steel
forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large number
reuses of the shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most
suitable for circular or curved structures.

8. Advance formwork
system
Table or Flying
Formwork
Column
Formwork
Horizontal panel
Formwork
Vertical Panel
Formwork
Jump
Formwork
Slip formwork
Tunnel
Formwork
Need for Advance Formwork Systems:
The earliest formwork systems made use of wooden scantlings and timber runners as it enabled easy forming and making at site. But these wooden
scantlings and timber runners tend to loose their structural and dimensional properties over a period of time and after repeated usage thus posing safety
problems. Many of the accidents take place in Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) construction because of inferior formwork and scaffolding.
Advance Formwork Systems:
Advance formwork systems are designed for speedy and efficient construction. Advance formwork system that are widely available globally and
considers their applications, advantages and main features related to HSE (Health, Safety & Environment) parameters and sustainability performance.
These systems are pre-engineered to provide increased accuracy and minimize waste in construction. Better quality buildings at faster speed of
construction rate, cost effective and environment friendly manner can be achieved by using advance formwork systems.

9. 1- Table or Flying Formwork Systems:
•These systems consist of slab formwork “tables” that are reused on multiple stories of a building
without being fully dismantled. The assembled sections are either lifted per elevation or using
cranes from one storey to another. 'Fillers' are used to fill gaps between the tables and walls. The
mobility factor, along with the relatively easy installation means that these systems are widely
used in construction projects where repetitive structures, where flat slab and slab layouts are
involved.
Table formwork systems are typically used in large floor layouts
Table formwork
•Some of the application areas include
residential apartment units and
commercial buildings. Since the
assembled units can be moved easily, it
ensures speedy construction, apart from
the high quality surface finish.
An assembled Table section formwork being lifted by a crane

10. Table formwork system
Flying formwork
•Moreover, the wastage generated is negligible as compared to the
traditional formwork systems that were earlier used. Another key factor
that should be noted is that with the table formwork system time is also
saved, which in turn leads to cost savings, particularly in the case with
structures with flat slabs. Moreover, the engineered nature of the formwork
and the repetitive process ensures that there is almost negligible wastage.
Reduced long-term workforce requirement
on site.
The need for infill areas and decking joints
is minimized.
Individual components of the formwork
system can be precisely adjusted.
Repetitive nature of the work makes it
easier to plan construction activities.
Benefits
Fast construction for large floor layouts.
Fully assembled units can be manoeuvred quickly into place.
Using appropriate quality control, high-quality surface finishes can be achieved.
Table Shifting Trolley

11. 2- Column Formwork System
•Column formwork has gained in popularity due to the shortage of labor in recent times. Modular in nature and allowing for quick installation on site,
column formwork systems are now available in a variety of materials depending on the concrete finish requirement. Different formwork systems for
different column sizes can be easily assembled on site. Their entire working process is also simple. Once the concrete is poured and hardened, the formwork
is then stripped and moved to the next position. In certain cases the formwork systems may be left for a longer period of time for added curing. One of the
major advantages with column formwork systems is the highly engineered nature of the formwork. They ensure greater control over the
construction operations. This automatically means reduction in wastage, time and labour costs.
Column clamps and timber formwork.
Plan of column clamps and timber formwork.

12. Increased speed and efficiency in construction.
The requirement of skilled labour is reduced due to the simplicity of assembly and disassembly.
Metal column forms can be assembled and erected more easily than traditional formwork.
Disposable forms come ready-assembled to site.
High-quality surface finishes are possible.
The highly engineered nature of the metal formwork system enables precision adjustment to the formwork.
Benefits
Proprietary steel column formwork
Reinforcement cage with
concrete spacer blocks to ensure
concrete cover is maintained
Steel column formwork erected
around concrete kicker and
reinforcement cage
Square column formwork systems

13. 3- Horizontal Panel Systems
•Smaller, lightweight modular systems have now a days become the requirement. These systems are being made from a variety of materials such as fiber
glass, aluminum and steel, apart from other customized options. These easy-to handle systems enable quicker erection, saving precious time and money.
Suppliers have also been concentrating on reducing the number of different components in formwork systems, which in turn allows for a quicker
installation process. Horizontal panel systems usually consist of a series of interconnected false work bays and preformed decking panels and are
typically used for slab construction.
Beam and slab formwork
Props and support erected ready to receive tables
Formwork removed but props remain in place
until concrete slab has reached
Remainder of formwork is cast
Double headed/drop head props

14. Lightweight components enable larger areas of formwork to be assembled.
Increased speed of construction.
Lightweight components and the highly-engineered connection methods reduce the workforce
requirement and increase onsite assembly.
The simplicity of assembly and disassembly of these modular systems reduces the requirement for
skilled labour.
Basic assembly is possible with minimal crane use as components can be manually handled.
Total load requiring back propping is minimized due to the reduced weight of the formwork system.
The engineered individual components of the formwork systems enable precise adjustment to the
formwork.
Good quality surface finishes are possible when appropriate site controls are used.
The systems can be used on sites with space and access limitations.
Horizontal panel system
Benefits
•The lightweight nature of the components is perhaps the biggest advantage with horizontal panel systems. They can be moved around the
site with relative ease, as compared to traditional formwork. Adding to it is the engineered nature of the formwork which ensures reduced
wastage. Another major advantage with lightweight formwork systems is safety, since working from height is not necessary, as erection work
can be carried out from below.
Drop head prop

15. 4- Vertical Panel Systems
•Vertical panel systems are used in the construction of standard columns, concrete walls or perimeter basement walls due to their flexible nature. It can
either be smaller modular components or larger crane-lifted systems. This can be used for forming vertical elements and are usually modular in nature.
Consisting of a steel frame, they are easier to assemble, in turn leads to reduced labor costs, making them a more cost effective option than traditional
formwork systems.
Panel wall formwork
Wall formwork
Vertical panel systems are adaptable to various
structural geometries
•Vertical panel systems is popular due to their adaptability to varying wall heights, structural
geometries and a less labor intensive. The easier erection process expedites the construction
process, apart from the fact that the engineered nature allows for precision and superior control
of operations for the on-site team. This can be used repeatedly, after an easy cleaning process.

16. •Assembly is very simple reducing the requirement of skilled labour.
•Easily adaptable to varying structural geometries, wall heights, etc.
•Increased speed in construction in comparison to traditional wooden formwork.
•Engineered nature of the panel formwork systems allows quick adjustment of the
formwork.
Benefits
Wall formwork erection sequence

17. 5- Jump /Climbing Formwork Systems
•Jump form systems are becoming popular globally. Jump form, also referred to as climbing form, comprises of formwork systems complete with
working platforms that supports itself on the concrete that has been cast earlier. It therefore does not rely on support from the building. They are
typically used in construction of multi-storied vertical concrete elements. Some of the concrete elements that are constructed using jump form systems
include, core walls, shear walls, bridge pylons and lift shafts. The use of jump form systems helps in cutting down on labor costs, while increasing
construction efficiency.
•The jump formwork modules can be joined together to suit different construction geometries. Latest advancement in the field has been the
advent of self-climbing formwork systems, that do not require the help of a crane to be relocated to the next construction level and climbs on
rails by means of hydraulic mechanism.

18. Benefits
Fast construction can be achieved by careful planning of the
construction process.
Self-climbing formwork cuts down the requirement for crane time
considerably. By allowing the crane to be used for other construction
work this may reduce the total number of cranes needed on site.
The formwork is independently supported, so the shear walls and core
walls can be completed ahead of the rest of the main building structure.
High quality surface finishes can be achieved.
Climbing forms can be designed to operate in high winds.
Highly engineered nature of jump form systems allows quick and
precise adjustment of the formwork in all planes.
Some formwork systems can be used at an inclined angle.
A small but skilled workforce is required on site.
It is easier to plan construction activities due to the repetitive nature of
the work.
•Climbing formwork is usually used in the construction of buildings over five storey. Self-climbing, automated systems are generally used in
the construction of buildings with more than 20-25 floors. Based on the site conditions, there are also instances when a combination of self-
climbing and crane-handled jump form systems is used.
•The engineered nature of the formwork means that jump form systems allows for better control of the construction process. Repetitive use
is possible adding to the cost-effectiveness of the construction process. Apart from offering enhanced safety, the use of jump form systems
also ensures minimal concrete wastage and helps to stick to tight project deadlines.

19. 6- Slip Formwork System
•Similar to jump formwork systems, this type of formwork rises continuously, supporting itself on the core. Slip form systems are typically used for the
construction of core walls in skyscraper projects. Since very little crane time is required, they are used for the construction of stair shafts and lift shafts in
high-rise structures. Slip form systems rely on the quick setting properties of concrete and require balance between quick setting capacity and workability
of the concrete.
Bridge Construction by Slip Formwork
Road Construction by Slip Formwork
Components Of Slip Formwork
• Slip Form
• Ribs
• Yokes
• Working platform or Deck
• Suspended scaffolding
• Lifting jacks
Components of Slip Formwork
Constructing Wall-Shaped Slip Formwork
•While the concrete needs to be workable enough to be placed into the form and packed, it should also be quick setting so that it emerges from the form
with strength. Moreover, the freshly set concrete should, apart from its strength, also allow the form to 'slip' to the next level above, apart from supporting
the freshly poured concrete above it. Typically slip form systems rise at a rate of about 300 mm per hour and with prudent planning, high rates of production
are possible.
.

20. •This also leads to reduced concrete wastage. The integration of work platforms in the formwork systems is
another advantage that apart from ensuring safety also makes optimum utilization of work space available in a
construction site. This slip form systems is being preferred in core wall construction
Benefits
•Careful planning of construction processes can achieve high production rates.
•Slip form does not require the crane to move upwards, minimizing crane use.
•Since the formwork operates independently, formation of the core in advance of the rest of the structure takes it off the critical path – enhancing
main structure stability.
•Availability of the different working platforms in the formwork system allows the exposed concrete at the bottom of the rising formwork to be
finished, making it an integral part of the construction process.
•Certain formwork systems permit construction of tapered cores and towers.
•Slip form systems require a small but highly skilled workforce on site.
Slip form structure

21. 7- Tunnel Formwork System
•tunnel formwork system is the latest innovations in the formwork industry. The use of repetitive cellular structures to construct both horizontal and
vertical elements together is something that has got the potential to revolutionize the construction industry in countries like India. They enable
construction of walls and floors together which make the process ideally suited for both high and low raise housing.
•Easy to clean and reuse, the use of tunnel form systems also enables high quality surface finishes. Engineers are also assured of high dimensional
accuracy of structures. The repetitive nature of the construction work is another plus point with this type of formwork system, adding to its other
advantage of requirement of a very small team on site.
•Tunnel form can accommodate room widths
from 2.4 to 6.6m. When rooms are wider (up to
11m), a mid-span table is incorporated between
the tunnels. The main component of the system
is the half tunnel. Manufactured entirely from
steel, including the face of the form, the half
tunnel provides the rigidity and smooth face
necessary to produce a consistently high quality
finish to the concrete.

22. •When two half tunnels are put together this creates a tunnel. These are fixed together to produce a tunnel length that suits either
the building dimensions. The tunnel is tailored to the room width and height by the inclusion of infill sections. These are not
loose fittings but are an integral part of the tunnel.
Benefits
•Building
The formwork is specially adapted for each project. The repetitive
nature of the system and the use of prefabricated forms and
reinforcing mats/cages simplifies the whole construction process,
producing a smooth and fast operation. The techniques used are
already familiar to the industry, but with tunnel form construction
there is less reliance on skilled labour.
•Quality
Quality is enhanced despite the speed of construction. The precise, even steel face of the formwork creates a smooth, high quality finish capable of
receiving direct decoration with the minimum of preparation (a skim coat may be required). This reduces the requirement for following trades, thus
providing additional cost savings and speeding the entire process.
•Design
The large bays constructed using tunnel form provide exceptional flexibility in the design and layout of the building and allow a high degree of
freedom in the final appearance.
Safety
Tunnel form has integral working platforms and edge protection systems. In addition, the repetitive, predictable nature of the tasks involved
encourages familiarity with operations, and, once training is complete, productivity improves as construction progresses. The minimal requirement for
tools and equipment when moving the tunnel form further reduces the risk of accidents on site.
Sustainability
The in-situ casting of units on site and the local availability of ready-mixed concrete supplies reduce transportation impacts.
Just-in-time deliveries and near zero wastage produce an overall tidier site with associated cost savings and safety benefits.
Concrete’s thermal mass coupled with correct insulation and boiler design minimizes heating costs and can even reduce air-conditioning requirements

23. Comparison – Field application of various formwork systems
S.No. Form work Type Application
1 Table or Flying
Formwork
Multi – storey Flat slab and slab layouts i.e
station buildings
2 Column Formwork Different columnar sizes for station buildings, multistory
construction etc.
3 Horizontal panel
Formwork
Light-weight formwork for slab construction for station
buildings, multistory construction etc.
4 Vertical Panel
Formwork
Flexible and adaptable to varying wall heights &
structural geometries for bridges structures like curved
deck slabs etc.
5 Jump Formwork For construction of vertical concrete elements in high rise
buildings i.e. more than (G +5) for stations & multistoried
buildings
6 Jump Formwork for stair shafts & lift shafts in high rise structures
7 Tunnel Formwork for construction of horizontal & vertical elements together
in multistoried buildings

24. A- Frame Fly Form
Typical A-frame Fly Form Cycle
1. Fly Form Table is placed on top
of previously poured floor slab.
2. Fly Form Table supports newly poured
concrete slab
3. When concrete reaches required strength
and EOR approves strip, Table is lowered
from poured slab and rolled towards from
building to connect to the crane
4. The Fly Form Table is lifted by crane and
flown out of the building to new level on top of
the recently poured concrete slab.
A-Frame Fly Form Table A-Frame Truss Members
Variable Truss Length
Variable Capacity

25. Height Adaptability
Single and DoubleA-FrameTruss Construction Multiple A-FrameTruss Configuration
A-Frame System Assembly
Table Leg In position for concrete placement
In position for table relocation (flying

26. COMPONENTS OF TUNNEL FORMWORK
COMPONENTS OF VERTICAL FORMWORK

27. References:
 Barry’s Advanced Construction Of buildings by Stephen Emmitt & Christopher A. Gorse
 https://www.concretecentre.com/Building-Solutions/Formwork/Table-form-flying-form.aspx
 https://www.peri.in/formwork
https://theconstructor.org/building/table-form-shuttering-types-advantages/35944/
https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com
https://temec.com.br/self-climbing-formwork/?lang=en
https://www.buildersmart.in/blogs/Ready-mix-concrete#
https://www.civilknowledges.com/ready-mixed-concrete-and-its-properties/

28. THANK YOU