Transcript
 1. Artificial Intelligence
Shannon Baker, Laura Paviglianiti, Tim Stuart, Harrison Baker
 2. What is Artificial Intelligence?
 3. The intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to
create it
"the study and design of intelligent agents”
No single goal of artificial intelligence
Some say it’s putting the human mind into computers
What is intelligence?
The computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world
We do not yet fully understand what intelligence consists of
 4. 1941:Development of the electronic computer
o Some trace the origin to John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University
o 5. Required large, separate
air-conditioned rooms
o Required separate
configuration of
thousands of wires
o Data fed into system
By punched cards
 6. First Commercial, Stored Program Computer
Made job of entering a program easier
computer scienceAdvancements in computer theory
(and eventually
to AI)
Invention of a
means of processing
data makes AI
possible
 7. Dartmouth Conference
John McCarthy (“father of AI”) organizes conference
A month of brainstorming in VT
Talent and expertise of others interested in machine intelligence
Biggest gain: field
now called
Artificial Intelligence
 8. LISP Language Developed
McCarthy announces new development: LISP language
Still used today
LISt Processing –
language of
choice

among AI
developers
 9. Start of DoD’sAdvanced Research Projects
MIT receives 2.2 million dollar grant from US govt. to research Machine-Aided
Cognition (AI)
From Department of Defense
US wants to stay ahead of Soviet Union
 10. MicroworldProgram, SHRDLU Created
SHRDLU part of microworlds project – research & programming in small worlds
When confined to small subject matter, computer programs can
solve spatial &
logic problems
 11. First Expert System
Predict the probability of a solution under set conditions
Potential to interpret statistics, formulate rules
Over course of 10 years, can forecast stock market, aid doctors in diagnosis, show
miners promising mineral locations
Large applications in market place
Conditional rules & storage of information
 12. PROLOG Language Revealed
General logic programming language
Represented as facts and rules
Developed in France
Remains one of
most popular
programming
languages today
 13. AI-Based Hardware Sells $425 Million to Companies
Expert systems in particular demand
DuPont, General Motors, Boeing rely heavily on expert systems
Companies develop that specialize in creating software that aids in producing expert
systems
 14. AI Military Systems UsedEffectively in DESERT STORM
Used in missile systems, heads-up-displays, etc.
AI truly put
to the test
 15. AI System Beats HumanChessmaster
AI goes home
Public interest
growing
AI system placed
against a human
chessmaster to see
who would win
AI wins – shows
skills & abilities
 16. Applications of AI
Military
“Smart bombs”

Guided by remote control camera systems directed to the intended
target
Unmanned drone aircraft
Missiles fly military missions and launch weapons from a distance
Decoding of enemy secretcodes
Rapid translation of foreignlanguage
 17. Applications of AI
Science
Developmentof new drugs
Model clinical studies in animals and humans
Remote controlled surgical procedures
Uses robotics and computer-based opticalsystems
Can be performed half-way around the world
Advanced weather modeling
DopplerRadar
Looks at trends and past models to predictweather patterns
 18. Applications of AI
Industrial
Machine vision inspectionsystems
Cameras and computers are placed on assemblylines to find defects
Robotic systems
Use computerautomation and mechanical equipment
Take place of humans in manufacturing of cars
 19. Applications of AI
Business
Macros
Computermimics the programmer'sactions
Advanced financial systems
Quickly analyze trends
Allows for rapid investment decisions
Consumer
Personal computers
Computerapplications for Apple & IMB
Voice and character recognition
Entertainment
Games, such as chess,where over 120 million moves can be
recognized
 20. Future of AI
The future is really unknown
Researchers seem to disagree on a lot of the same issues

With the rate at which technologyis improving it is logical to believe
AI will continue to get more and more sophisticated
 21. AI in Video Games
Over the years AI is getting exponentially more sophisticated
Now AI’s are able to react with an “intelligence” that simulates the
computeras a human
AI’s are able to respond to voice commands
 22. Chess & AI
Theory: if they can create a computer that can outsmart humans in
this obviously strategic, thinking-based game, then it would be a
major milestone on the road to the intelligent computer
 23. Ethical Questions?
-Will there come a point when computers becometoo intelligent?
-Should robots have the same legal rights as humans?
-How would we get around the question of ownership?
-To what extent should we trust (be able to predictthe behavior of)
such a species?
-What responsibilities do we owe such robots?
-Would it be wrong to deliberatelyinstall mechanisms that gave
humans an immediate physical advantage e.g. an off switch?
-Should we allow a self-governing robotsociety to co-exist with ours?
 24. Works Cited
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Transcript
 1. Artificial intelligence Done by : TafoolAtsloom
 2. Outline: History Definition Motivation Limitations Technology
Advantages Applications Comparisons betweenhuman and
computerintelligence Artificial intelligence and Learning
Programming languages used to develop AI
 3. History "machines will be capable,within 20 years, of doing
any work a man can do."Two years later, MIT researcher
Marvin Minsky predicted,"Within a generation ... the problem of
creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved."
(artificial intelligence innovator Herbert Simon.1965)
 4. Definition

o Artificial intelligence ( AI ) is the intelligence of machines and the
branch of computer science which aims to create it
o Artificial intelligence ( AI ) is the intelligence of machines and the
branch of computer science which aims to create it
 5. Comparisons betweenhuman and computerintelligence Normal
humans have the same intellectual mechanisms and that differences
in intelligence are related to ``quantitative biochemicaland
physiologicalconditions' , but computer programs have plenty of
speed and memory but their abilities correspond to the intellectual
mechanisms that program designers understand well enough to put
in programs . Wheneverpeople do better than computers on some
task or computers use a lot of computation to do as well as people,
this demonstrates that the program designers lack understanding of
the intellectual mechanisms required to do the task efficiently.
 6. Motivation
o Why Artificial Intelligence?
o Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical
computations, using fixed programmed rules.
o Artificial machines perform simple monotonous tasks efficiently and
reliably, which humans are ill-suited to.
o For more complex problems, things get more difficult... Unlike
humans, computers have trouble understanding specific situations,
and adapting to new situations.
o Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling
such complex tasks.
 7.
o Humans have an interesting approachto problem-solving, based on
abstract thought, high-level deliberative reasoning and pattern
recognition.
o AI research is allowing us to understand our intelligent behavior.
o Artificial Intelligence can help us understand this process by
recreating it, then potentially enabling us to enhance it beyond our
current capabilities.
Cont, Motivation
 8. Limitations
o When will Computers becometruly intelligent?
o
o T o date, all the traits of human intelligence have not been captured
and applied together to spawn an intelligent artificial creature.

o Currently, Artificial Intelligence rather seems to focus on lucrative
domain specific applications, which do not necessarily require the full
extent of AI capabilities.
o
o T here is little doubtamong the community that artificial machines
will be capable of intelligent thought in the near future.
 9. Technology
o How does Artificial Intelligence work?
o There are many different approaches to Artificial Intelligence. Some
are obviously more suited than others in some cases.
o Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on
solving specific problems. Numerous solutions have been devised and
improved to do so efficiently and reliably.
o This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is split into
many branches, ranging from Pattern Recognition to Artificial Life,
including Evolutionary Computation and Planning.
 10. Advantage
o it can help improve our way of life
o machines will be able to do jobs that require detailed instructions
o mental alertness and decision making capabilities
o use robots for heavy construction, military benefits, or even for
personal assistance at private homes
o there will be less injuries and stress to human beings
o Many of our health problems now have possible solutions with the use
of Artificial Intelligence in studies at universities
 11.
o scientists have been using AI to test theories and notions about how
our brains work
o AI opens up new and exciting avenues for entertainment possibilities.
o AI also makes interactive electronic games more fun by making the
computer controlled characters more realistic and human - like .
o
Cont, Advantage
 12. Applications
o game playing
o There is some AI in them and they play well against people
o
o speechrecognition
o instruct some computers using speech
o understanding natural language

o The computer has to be provided with a understanding of the domain
the text is about, and this is presently possible only for very limited
domains.
o
 13. cont, Applications
o expert systems
o
o One of the first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974, which diagnosed
bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments . It did
better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its
limitations were observed . The usefulness of current expert systems
depends on their users having common sense
o Modeling Human Performance
o Planning & Robotics
o Languages & Environments for AI
o Machine Learning
o AI & Philosophy
 14. - Lisp - Python - Prolog - Java - C ++ programming languages
used to develop AI
 15. Using Artificial intelligence ( AI ) help instructional designers to
provide creative solutions , problem solving strategies and more
interactivity in the learning . For example , Games : The games
provide interactive learning environment for learners . The
intelligence is necessary in computergames when players are
competing against other characters which are played by the computer
. Most people enjoy playing against other people rather than a
machine because other people can provide variable, random and
sometimesunpredictable responsesand behaviors, whereas simply
programmed machines will always respond the same way, in
predictable ways that mean a player only has to rememberthe few
basic responsespossible,and respond to them in order to complete
the level Artificial intelligence and Learning
 16.