1. 1
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත ෙහේවෙග්
01 mrspzfPAoh ( 01 Chapter )
yeZoskajSu
( Introduction )
ld,du iQ;@h uZ.ska ms<sUsnqjkafka pska;k ksoyi ms<snZo nq|=iufha mefKkksrAfoaYhhs'
Ndr;Sh oY!kb;sydih mqrd lsis|= wd.usl Ydia;Djrfhla ;uY@djlhkag m@odkh fkdl<rsos is;Sfuz
jsurAYkhlr ne,Sfuz yd m@Yakfldg ne,Sfuz ksoyila ;uY@djlhkag ,nd|=ka tlu Ydia;Djrhd
nq|=kajykafiah' ;uOu!h muKla fkdj ;ukajykafia ms<snZoj jqjo tlfia jsurAYkh fldgne,Sfuz
ksoyila yd whs;sh fuzhgf;a ;u Y@djlhkag ,ndoS we;'1
b;du wjHdc wdldrfhka iDcqf,i fumrsos lghq;`lsrSfuz yelshdjwe;af;a wjxlju i;HjQoyula
bosrsm;a l< yels Ydia;Djrfhl`g muKs'2 yqfola fuz tlulreKmjd nq|=r|=kafj; muKla olakg
,efnk iqjsfYaIS .`Khlanejz iuhdka;r oY!k ms<snZo jsurAYkhlr n,k mZvsjre mji;s'3
mqZ[aZ[ yd l`i, ixl,am oimqZ[aZ[ l@shd wjsysxid wmamspzP;d ika;`gzGs;dfi#kaorAh m@sh;dj
iqkuHnj iajpzPJo;djh yd iykYS,h jekslreKq fn#oaO idrOu! mCIhg wka;rA.;fjz'fn#oaO
idrOu!hkays moku jkqfha yqfolanqoaOsuh ixorANhla ;`< ksoyia pska;kh flaJ|@.;fldg tajd
f.dvkeZ.S ;snSuhs'4
ixialD;sh iudc ixorANh;`< l@shd;auljkakls fn#oaO ixilD;sho tfiauhs'th fn#oaO hkqfjka
jsfYaIfldg olajkafka nq|=oyfuys W.kajk yrmoaO;shg wkqj iliajS we;s ksidh'fn#oaO idrOu!
hkqfjka yZ|=kajkq ,nkafka mqoa.,hd;`< ;a iudch;`<;a m@dfhda.slnjg m;al,hq;`hehs nqoaO
foaYkdfjka fmkajd ;sfnk yrmoaO;shh's lsisu whqrlska lsisfjl`f.a n,mEug hg;afkdjS ;udf.a
wNHka;rfhka mekkZ.skakdjQ idrOrAuSh l@shdjka ksrAu,h'5
1
.u. ks. uyd hul j.a.h jSuxil iq;a; nq c uq 744-750 msgq vFm^sek`n Bfk`KevZ Bfk`K<nA prs`s
evZetA`prfyAy^ ajAnn`etn nd`vFs< DmZemZs<.tTAgetA` smn`etsftbZebA`;ck`K<esA`t Bfk`KevZ tTAget`
DmZm smn`ensnA ehAtf.EvHJ`c pn tTAgetA` DmZmtAs<smn`tfxZeXA ehAtFtf.
2
The Miracle of Intruction,W.P.Ananda Guruge,Colombo,1982,p.26. The Buddha belived strongly in
the power of the spoken woed to covince people to change their way to life,adopt new values and
seek new goals.At a time when rival religious teachears resorted to magical and miraculous deeds to
win disiples for themselves,the Buddha upheld only one type of miracle;The Miracle of Instruction.
3
The Buddha and Christ as Religious Teacher,Lily De Silva,The Wheel Publications,No.380,B.P.S.,
Kandy,1992, p.29. Miracales from an integral part of the Gospel Tradition.It is said the they can no
more be elimenated from the records than a watermark can be removed from asheet of paper.they are
given pride of place in Chritianity and are called the mig
hty works.
4
K.N.Jayatilleka,Ethics in Buddhist Perspective,Wheel No.175/176,p.8.
5
w. ks. iv,ksnzfnzOsl iq;a;,nq c uq,208 msgqj ecZtnAh^ Bfk`KevZ kmZm^ vdAmf.ecZtyf#vA kmZm^ kerAtf
kAeyn vAcAy mnsA

2. 2
idOqFjh fukau widOqFjho /ZoSwe;af;a ufkdauQ<sl ixl,amj, usi wod<l@shdjka ;`<fkdfjz'ufkda
uQ<sl ffp;isl m@fCImkhkaf.ka usoSu;`< ksrAu,nj flfkl`g m@;HCIlr.; yelsh tfia we;`<;
ksrAu,Fjh ;`<ska Wmosk idOq yd widOqjYfhka f;drjQ w;sYhskau mjs;@jQ udkqIsl l@shdldrluz
iuQyh fn#oaO idrOu! f,i w:!l:kh l<yelsh' uQ<sljYfhka fuzjd idrOu! ugzguz lSmhla
wkql@ufhka mrsKdukhjS W;alDIaG mrudorAY ;,hg meusfKa' 1by<u ;,h jkdyS iuzud iuznqoaO
Fj fm#reIhhs' thjQ l<S idrOrAuSh fm#reIfha ukqIHfhl`g muKla ,Z.djshyels WmrSu fm#reI
Fj ksIaGdj f,ii,lkq ,efnz' ta iZoyd j.d lr.;hq;` prs;ixjO!k l@fudamdhhkaf.a jsjsOFjh
wkqj nqoaO fm#reIhlrd ,Z.djSu iZoyd l`i,;djhka mQrKhlrkakdjQ fndaOsiFjjre Y@oaOdOsl
jSrAhdOsl yd m@Z{dOsl jYfhka j.!lrkq ,efnz'bJ|@h Ou!hkays fjzu;a;;djh yd l`i,;dmQrKh
msKsi .kakdjQ ld,h Tiafia fuz jsjsO;djh m@lgflfr'A2
fuu ;,lSmhlska hqla;
fm#reIh ugzguz l,du iQ;@fhaoS
uekjska idlpzPdjgnZ|=kaflfrA'
Y@djl ugzgfuzoS uQ<sl kHdhhla
f,i nq|=r|=ka jsiska foaYkd
lrk,o Ou!h ud.! Ndjkdj
f,i Ndjs;d l<;a mpzfpzl nqoaO
yd iuzudiuznqoaO ugzguzj,oS ta
msKsi Ndjs;dlrkq ,nkafka
ksoyiapska;khuh' fkarxckd
koS f;frAysoS md;@h Wvq.xn,d
hEu ms<snZo ft;sydisl mqj;ska
ixfla;d;aulj olajkafka" fuu
ksoyia pska;khhs' fulS ksoyia
pska;kh ;`< lsis|= wdldrfha
wOsldruh pska;khlg udkisl
.e;s njla olajkafkake;'
w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.S Ndjh;a"
lduiqL,a,sldkqfhda.h;a" tawkqj
Wkajykafia jsiska yeroukafka"
tlS wka;oajh;`< nqoaOshjslis;
l< fkdyels mrsos udkisl
fldgq jSula olakg ,efnk
nejsks' ld,du iQ;@fhaoS nq|=r|=ka
jsiska idlpzPdjg nZ|=ka lrkakdjQ by;lS fm#reI ugzguzj, l@shdldrSFjh idrOu! w:!l:kh
1
tu ktmAc Bfk`KevZ kmZmAn^ evZmt`ttA,a#Tf Bfk`KevZ kmZm^ nfryevZdnFy^..edvelAkevZdnFy^..
2
ebUd`D sdAcArey` m<LDr~m,g=NpAl Dm%sfrf.

3. 3
lsrSfuys,d jeo.;afjz'mQK! idr Ou! ugzgug <Z.djSu msksi ndOd lrkakdjQ udkisl wdjD;jSuz
oyhla ld,du iQ;@fhaoS idlpzPdjg nZ|=kalrkq ,efnz'
1 wkqka lshkksid(Report).
2 mruzmrdkq.;j meusKs ksid(Trdition).
3 fufiajsh yelshhs wkqudk lsrSu( Prologue).
4 iduzm@odhslj .@J:dkq.;j mej; wd nejska (Giving in the Scripture).
5 ;rAlhg tlZ.hehs jegyqkq muKska (Logical Implication).
6 kHdhg tlZ.hehs jegyqkq muKska (Nomological Implication).
7 fuz lreK hym;ahehs ixl,amkh lsrSu ksid(Diversification of Thought).
8 l,ska ;SrKhfldg nei.;a ks.ukhkag yd oDIaGSkag iudk ksid'1(Coincide the Aspects).
9 wjjdo fokakd .`Kjf;l` nejska (Potentiatity).
10 ;u .`rejrhdf.a lSula nejska (Consultations of Preceptor).
hkdoS jYfhka idrOrAuSh l@shdjkag fya;`jkakdjQ pska;k uQ,dY@ oyhla.ek ld,du iQ;@fhaoS
js.@yhg nZ|=kalrk nq|=kajykafia" pska;kuQ,dY@hlu mj;akd ifodianj fya;`iys;j olaj;s' ta
wkqidrfhka tlS pska;k uQ,dY@ mdolfldgf.k is|=lrkakdjQ idrOrAuSh l@shdjkaf.a wiuzmQrAK
Ndjh jsoHudkfjz' tu wiuzmQrAKnj fya;`fjka tlS idrOrAuSh l@shd tla tla iodpdrd;aul ugzguz
j,g wh;afjz'fuu iodpdrd;aul ugzguz m@d:usl ;,fhaisg W;alDIaG ugzgu olajd jsjsOfjz'pska;k
h u;u fuzwdldrfhka tajdfha m@fNao.; Ndjh jsoHudkjkjdjskd fjk;a ndysr lsis|= wOsldrSuh
;Fjhla Bg fya;`fkdfjz'2
ld,du iQ;@fhka fy<sjk fn#oaO idrOu!
m@cdkk moku wdfjzok moku prAhduh moku
oijsO wOsldrS pska;k jsuqla;sh i;r n@yau jsyrK mxpYS, m@;smodj
l`i, uQ< ;@s;ajh jevSu kqjKe;shkaf.a m@ixYdj fm<UjSuz kHdh l@shd;aul
lsrSu
wl`i, uQ< ;@s;ajfhka |=rejSu kqjKe;ahkaf.a .rANdj ndysr m@ia;`j,g k;`fkdjSu
jsmdloSfuz isjqjeoreuz kHdh idjoH wkjoHnj
idrOrAuSh l@shdjkaf.a we;s wiuzmQrAKNdjh fya;`fjka mQrAK idrOrAuSh l@shdnsysjSug ;`vqfokakd
jQ pska;kh yer wfkl`;a pska;k uQ,dY@j,g osrsfkdfo;;a"|=n, ;FjfhajQ udkisl fm#reIhla ysus
;eke;af;l`g idrOu!jO!kh iuznJOfhka m@d:usl ;Fjfha isg wkql@fhka Wiia udkisl fm#reIFj
ugzgu lrdmeusKS fuz oS we;euzjsg by; wiuzmQrAKhehs fmkajdoSwe;s idrOu! ugzguz l@shd;aul l@shd
;aul lsrSu;`,ska Wiia mqoa.,fhla jSuiZoyd uQ<sl uZ.fmkajSula ,enshyelsh'
1
w. ks.1 ;sl ksmd;h uydj.a.,ld,du iq;a;, nq. c .uq, 337-343 msgq, ET t=mZeh` kAlAmA mA an<s`sevZn
mA prmZprAy,mA itfkfrAy mA pfxksmZpdAen`n.mA tk`keh`t=,mA aAkArprfvftk`kt,mA dfxZXf
nfj~ODAnk`Kn`tfyA mA BbZbr{ptAy mA smeNA enA gr{tf.
2
kAlAms>t&y sh cfn`tn nfdhs,snt` ek`. nAnAyk`kAr,ebUd`D s^s`kRtfk mDYs`TAny,n[dfmAl,
edhfvl,2001.

4. 4
kuq;a idrOrAuSh l@shdj,iSudj jkdyS by;olajk,o ksIaGdjka oyfha iSudfjkq;a Tnzng .uka
lrknejz fmkajSug fyj;a ;ukajykafiajsiska wkqolakd,o idrOu!ugzgu fuz iSudj,ska Tnzng.uka
lrk w;sYhskau ksrAu,jkakla nj oelajSu iZoyd fuu idrOu!ugzguz wkajykafia jsiska Wmfhda.Slr
f.k we;'1
ld,du iQ;@h;`,ska nq|=kajykafia wkqo;a iqmsrsuh idrOu! ugzgu jkdyS ksoyia pska;khu;
mokuzjQ idrOu!ugzguhs' tkuz ;udf.a fm#oa.,sl m@;HCI w;aoelSuz ;`,ska jevsoshqKqlr .kakd,oaod
jQ udkisl fm#reIh uZ.ska ,nd.kakd,o w;aoelSuz mokuzfldg .ksuska h:drA:jdoSjSug bvie,iSu
la ksoyia pska;kh uZ.ska idlpzPdjg ,laflrS we;'
ksoyiaj is;kakg ta Tiafia l@shdfldg ks.ukj,g meusKSug tu ks.uku; msysgdisg l@shdlsrSug
;ruz oshqKq jsoHd;aul pska;khla fuz uZ.ska fy,sorjqflrSwe;' ixfCIm jYfhka ld,du iQ;@fhka
fy,s jk fn#oaO idrOu! hkqfjka jsuY!kh flfrkafka by; olajk,o woyia f.dkakhs'
fuysoS uQ<sljYfhka idrOu! hkjpkh ms<snZoj uQ,sljsjrKhla lsrSu jeo.;afjhs' fuys idr
hkjpkh ms<snZoj uQ<sljsjrKhla lsrSu jeo.;afjhs fuys idrhk moh‘i;a’yd‘ioa’hkmohkag
iudkrEmSj fhoSwe;' ‘i;a’yd‘ioa’hkafkka jHjydrjkafka ‘hym;a’hk wrA:hf.koSu iZoydnj
tujpkh Ndjs;dlrwe;s ia:dk jsuidne,Qjsg meyeos,sfjz'‘OrAu’hkak ‘Ouzu’hk md,sjpkfha w:!hg
iuSmFjhla orhs'2‘Ouzu’hkmohg md,s NdIdfjz b;dmqZM,a w:!hla oSwe;o fuysoS‘Ouzu’hkmoh iZoyd
fu;kg wdfoaYlsrSug iq|=iqu moh ‘Ouzuf;da’ hk Ynzofhka fmkajk w:!h nejz yefZ.a'3
fuu md,s‘Ouzuf;da’hk jpkfhka woyiajkafka ‘fya;`iys;j lreKqiys;j’o;hq;` hula
fmkajSu msKsi nj uydj.a.md,sfha th jHjydr jS we;swkaou wkqj fmkShhs' tjsg i;a>ioa
>idr=hym;a hkjpkh yd Ouzuf;da<DmZm<Dr~m=eh`t= kArNA shfted` hkjpk folu
tl;`jS‘idr OrAu’hk ;ksmofhka woyia lrkfofhys wrA:h wmg ,efnz'tkuz idrOrAu hkq hym;a
fya;`ldrKd iys;foahkqhs fuh‘ukZ[ap mgspzp Ouzfuzj WmamcAc;s ufkdajsZ[aZ[dKx’hkafkka
oelafjkmrsos uksJ|@sh jsIh.;4 wruqKq woyialrf.k Ndjs;djk w;r tajd ukisldrh
m@Njfldgwe;s ixl,amuh fohlanj;a fuhska weZ.fjz'5
tfukau idrOrAu(Values)hkak wd.u ixl,amh iuZ.ufhfok mohlanj u;l;nd .ekSu
jeo.;ah.‘idrOrAu’ hkmoh idudkH jHjydrfhaoS ‘iodpdr’(Moral) hkwoyi f.koSu iZoyd
iudkdrA:j;aj Ndjs;dl<;a b;dishquz jYfhka fuzmo foflys fjkila olakg ,efnz'
1
kAlAm Dm%y,sfrf sFvlF,smyvD%n m<z&NAly,snt` ek`.nAnAyk``kAr,ebUd`D s^s`kRtfk mDYs`TAny,
n[dfmAl, edhfvl,2001.
1 md,s ixy, wldrdosh,fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysu,fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh, foysj,, 2000.
s
2 Ouzu( Dhamma), isxy, mrsjrA;kh fcdaka frdialdgrA,10 msgqj.
3 u. md., iv, nq. c. uq, 160 msgqj.
4 w. ks. Iv, lsxuQ,l iq;a;, nq. c. uq, 344 msgqj.
5 Y`oaO jQ nhsn,h, kj wkqjdoh fojk ixialrKh, Y@S ,xld nhsn,a iud.u, 1990.

5. 5
emhfdF sdAcAry(Moral)yn`n aAgm s^kl`peyn` b[h[rv atfVy p<HPl` s^dr~Byk vYvhAr
vn atr sArDr~m(Values)vlxa[t`et` aAgm s^kl`pykx sFmAv> aT%ykf.emZnfsA EkaAgmkfn`
‘sArDr~m’els hHzn`vn<lbn edym tvt` aAgmkfn` evnt`nmkfn` EmaAgemZ sArDr~m els
hHzn`vn< d[kfyh[kfyf.nfds<nk` els eemt&fy(mft=r[bv)b<zsmey` sArDr~myk`elss[lek`'kft=smy
t=L ep&`my1 (dyAv) idr OrAuhla f,iie,fla'fuysoS nhsn,fhys oelafjkafka fufiah ‘mshdKka
jykafia ug fm@au l,dla fukau uu;a kqU,dg fm@au lf<us udf.a fm@aufhys mej;sh,a,d uu udf.a
mshdKkajykafiaf.a wdZ{d rCIdfldg Wkajykafiaf.a fm@aufhys huzfia mj;suzo tfiau kqU,d;a
.a rCIdfldg Wkajyka
udf.a wdZ{d rCId lrjq kuz udf.a fm@aufhys mj;skakyqh udf.a m@S;sh kqU,d ;`f<ys mj;skq msKsio
kqU,df.a m@S;sh iuzmQrAKjkq msksio fuz foaj,a kqU,dg lSfjus udf.a wdZ{dj kuz ud kqU,dg fm@au
l<dla fuka kqU,d;a tlsfkldg fm@au lrm,a,d hkqh hfula ;udf.a us;@hka Wfoid Wfoid ;udf.a
cSjs;h oSug jvd uy;a fm@auhla lsisfjl`g ke; ud kqU,dg wdZ{d lrkfoa kqU,d lrkjdkuz kqU,d
udf.a us;@fhdah’ 2
lf;da,sl oyu;`< js.@yjkakdjQ fm@auh hk ixl,amh ;`< lsishuz jsOdkd;aul iajrEmhla .enz
fjz.fuys meyeos,sju wdZ{dj hk moh fhdod ;sfnz.lsia;`iajykafia ish Y@djlhka ;ukaf.a us;`rka
yegshg i,lk nj fuys iZoyka fldg ;snqK;a tys lsishuz jsu;shla olakg ,efnkqfha us;`frla
;j;a us;`frl`g ljuod lj;a hula wdZ{d iajrEmfhka fkdlshk ksidh.wdZ{dj Ndjs;d lrkqfha
jyf,l` yd iajdusfhl` w;r we;s udkqIsl iuznJO;djh jsjsrKh lsrSug usi us;`frl` yd ;j;a
us;`frl` w;r we;s udkqIsl inZo;djh jsjrKh lsrSug fkdfjz.us;`renj fyj;a us;@;ajh we;s
jkafka iudk ;,fhys lghq;` lsrSu Wvh. fuz wkqj fN#;sl jYfhka wiudkhka fofofkl` w;r
jqj;a udkisluh iudk;ajh ;sfnkakdjQ ffp;isl jgdmsgdjla ;`<h idrA:l us;@Fjhla f.dvkZ.d
.ekSu msKsi wjldY ie<fikqfha.us;`renj we;slr.ekSug repslFjhla olajkakjqka jsiska ;j
flfkl` us;@;ajhg fmd<Ukq iZoyd fyda ;j flfkl` iuZ. us;`re oula f.dvkZ.d .ekSu iZoyd
us;`renj msKsi wruqKq lrkakdf.a yd ;udf.a iudc ;;ajhka w;r mriamr;d jsoHudk fjzkuz
lD;suj fyda fuu udkisl miqnsu ksrAudKh lr.ekSu wksjdrAh wjYH;djh jkqfha tjka udkisl
jd;djrKhla fkdue;s wjia:djla ;`< ienjskau we;ajkafka yqfola ;ukaf.au u;su;dka;r wdZ{d
iajrEmfhka ;jflfkl` u; megjSfuz ksrrA:l W;aiyhl iajrEmh .;a;djQ lsishuz udkisl n,yd
;aldrlula usi ienjskau wjfndaOd;aulj lreKq f;areuzf.k we;sjkakdjQ wjHdc us;`renjla we;s
fkdjk fyhsk.
s
nq|=iuh;`< fu;a;d ixl,amh js.@yjkafka yqol,d m@ia;`;hla f,i fkdj ;j;a fujeksu jQ
ixl,am i;rl tl;`jla yegshgh.fuu ixl,am p;`ialhg i;r n@yau jsyrK kduh jHjydr
flfrA.fuu n@yau jsyrKj,oS ffu;@shg b;du mqZM,a js.@yhla ,efnz.tuZ.ska lf;da,sl oyu;`, tal
foaYsl jYfhka js.@y jkakdjQ fm@au ixl,amhg jvd w;sYh mqZM,a mrdihla ;`, me;sreKq rEmdjpr
m@:u OHdk ;;ajfhys isg i;rjk OHdk wjia:dj olajd jQ w;sYh .eUqre udkisl miqnsula
wkdjrKh flfrA.
6 w,q;a .sjsiqu(.S;dj,sh we;`ZMj), nhsn,a iud.u, fld<U,1978 Y` fhdaydka, 15.10 yd 15.11, 166-167 msgq.

6. 6
nq|=iuhufhys js.@yjkakjQ ffu;@sh by; lf;da,sl oyu;`< js.@yjk fm@au hkqfjka oelafjk
us;@;aj ixl,amhg jvd mqZM,a miqnsula we;a;la nj olakg ,efnz.flfiajqj;a ffu;@sh yd fm@au hk
wdfjzok ;;ajhka foflysu lsishuz iqZM iudk ,CIK lSmhla fyda olakg ,efnz.fndfyda whym;a
foa ms<snZoj idlpzPd lrkjdg jvd ta whym;a foa;`< jqjo wka;rA.; tl iqZM hym;a fohla
ms<snZoj fyda idlpzPd lsrSu wF:!j;ah.Okd;aul pska;khgo tlZ.h.ienjskau idrOu! jO!khg
wjYH jkafka cd;s wd.uz l`, jYfhka fNao Nskak jSug jvd ishZMu foa;`< wka;rA.; fmd|= ,CIK
(uyd fmd|= idOlh) f;dard fnzrdf.k wd.uzfNaohlska f;drj tu fmd|= ,CIK ish,a,ka jsiskau
l@shd;aul lsrSuhs.fuhska lshkakg W;aiy.kafka mkai,a m,a,s fldjs,aj, oe,afjkafka tlu mykh
hk ckm@sh fnd,a l:dj fkdfjz.
jsjsOFjh;`<u iudk ,CIK oel.ekSug Wkka|=jkak lshk ldrKhhs.tysoS oel .ekSug
,efnkafka ffu;@sh yd fm@auh yg .kafka wkHhkafj; olajk wffjrS fpz;kdfjka njhs'fyj;a
wkHhkaf.a cSjk ksoyig ndOdjk whqrska l@shd fkdlsrSu ;`<ska jk njhs' mkais,aj,ska w:!j;a jkqfha
o fuz l@shdldrSFjhhs.fuh wh;ajkafka iodpdrh(Moral) hkakgh' mkais,a j,ska w:!j;ajk iodpdr
lreKq tl wd.ulg muKla iSudfkdjQ fmd|=jsYajSh OdrKdjka fjz'1 kuq;a idudkH jHjydrfhaoS
th iodpdrh fukau idrOrAu(Values) f,io yZ|=kajdfokq olakg ,efnz'mkais,aj, .enzjkqfha jsYaj
uh fmd|= ;;ajhls tkuz l`uk wd.u l`uk ;rd;srulg wh;a wfhl` jqjo oeyeus mqoa.,fhl`
lrjkakdjQ fmd|= Wmfoia myla ta ;`< wka;rA.;h kuq;a fuu mkais,a fn#oaO idrOu!hla f,iu
muKla yZ|=kajd fokakg hEu;`< tys wrA:h mgqjS tuZ.ska by;ska wfmaCIs; mqZM,a wruqK bgq fkdfjz
fufiajS we;af;a mohl kshudrA:h fkdi,ld tyeu mohlu w:!h idudkHlrkh lrkakg hEu
fya;` fjks' idrOrAu yd iodpdrh hk mofol muKlafkdj wo nyq,j jHjydr lrkq,nk fujeks
mo rdYshl jsfYaIs ;d:!h lmamd|=lr idudkHlrKhg (Similization) ,lafldg ta iqjsfYaI w:!
/.;a mo iudkd:!fhys Ndjs;d lsrSu is|=lrkq ,nhs'2
fuysoS ;j;a fldaKhlska .;al< idrOrAu jkdyS huzlsis we.hquzYS,S m@ia;`;hl ixl,amuh
OdrKdj wZ.jkw;r tys jHjydrsl OdrK;dj yZ.jkafka iodpdrh hk mofhks'ksoiqkla
f,i‘fklaLuzu ixlmamh’f,iska w:!j;ajk lduixl,amkd j,ska neyerjSu fn#oaO idrOrAuhls'
fuuidrOrAuh tkuz ixl,amh jHjydrsl ugzgug meusKSfuzoS th ldufhys jrojd yeisrSfuka
je<lSu yd uqZMukskau ffu:qk fiajkfhka fjkajSu hk iodpdr m@ia;`; folla hgf;a m@dfhda.slj
l@shd;aulfjkq olakg yelsh'3
fuhska ldufhys jrojd fkdyeisrSu hk iodpdr m@ia;`;h .;fyd;a th fndfyda wd.uzj,
.sysmCIh jsIfhys ta ta wd.uzuZ.ska ksrAfoaYlrwe;s iodpdruh l@shdjlafjhs'fuys iodpdruh
m@ia;`;hjkqfha ksrAndOs; mjq,acSjs;hla .;lsrSfuz whs;sh iudcfha fjfik ishZMu udkjhskayg
1
An Approach to Buddhist Social Philosophy,Ven.Pategama Gunarama,p.4.
2
wersiafgdag,a"tia'cS'tuz'jSrisxy"jsoHd,xldr jsYajjsoHd, uq|@Kd,fha m@ldYkhls"1973"9 msgqj'
3
wNsOu!pJ|@sldj"ud;r Y@S Ou!jxY ysus"ld,agka uq|@Kd,h"ud;r"ffp;isl mdoh"2 msgqj'

7. 7
,ndoSuhs'th tlwd.ulg iSudfkd jQjla nejska fmd|=jsYajSh fohlanjg m;afjhs tkuz th
iodpdruh m@ia;`;hls'1
uqZMukskau ffu:qkfiajkfhka neyerjSu hk iodpdrm@ia;`;h .;fyd;a tho fndfyda wd.uzj,
mQcH fyda mQclmCIh jsIfhys ta ta wd.uz uZ.ska ksrAfoaaYlrwe;s iodpdruh l@shdjla fjhs'fuys
iodpdruh m@ia;`;h jkqfha ta ta wd.uzj,ska oelafjk mru ksIaGdjg meusKSu msKsi wjYHjkakjQ
mdrsY`oaO udkisl ugzgula ta ta wd.uzj, mejsos fldgzGdYhfj; ,ndoSfuz l@shdj,shhs' mdrsY`oaO
udkisl ugzgulska hq;`j .sys mCIhg jvd msrsis|= wd.usl cSjs;hla .;lsrSfuz wjYH;djh iEu
wd.ulu mejsosmCIh jsIfhys wjYH jkakla ksid fuul@shdoduh tlwd.ulg iSudjQjla
fkdjknejska fmd|=jsYajSh fohlanjg m;afjz' tkuz th iodpdruh m@ia;`;hls.nq|=iufha b.ekafjk
n@yauprsh ixl,amhg jvd wfkla wd.uz;`< b.ekafjk tu m@;smodj ;`< nq|=iuhg idfmaCIlj huz
huz wvqmdvq ;snshyelsh'2 nq|=iuh fuka mrsmQrAK n@yauphH!hla fkdjsh yelsh' kuq;a tu lreK
by; olajk,o fmd|= iodpdruh m@ia;`;h iuZ. >gzGkhla we;sjk lreKla fkdjk nejska th
fu;ekg wod<fkdfjz'
ld,du iQ;@h wx.`;a;r ksldfha uydj.a.fha miajk iQ;@hhs wka;rA.;fha yrh w;ska fuhg
iudk iQ;@ rdYshla iQ;@msglh;`< wka;rA.;fjz' tajd w;rska ucACOsu ksldfha ndys;sl iQ;@h;a
wuzn,gzGsld rdyqf,dajdo iQ;@h;a ld,du iQ;@fha wka;rA.;hg jvd;a iuSmFjhla orkakdjQ iQ;@fjhs'
wx.`;a;r ksldfhau ld,du iQ;@hg miqj ;sfnk ihjk iQ;@h kkaolf:r iQ;@hhs' fuu iQ;@h
uqZMukskau mdfya ld,du iQ;@hg iudkh'3
fuhg wu;rj ixhq;a; ksldfha ksodk j.a.fha tk iQ;@h;a fujka iudk iQ;@w;r fjhs' ld,du
iQ;@h uqZMukskau mdfya wruqK yd wka;rA.;h w;ska ksoyia pska;kh flaJ|@fldgf.k foaYkdflrS
we;'ndysr wOsldrSuh n,mEuzj,ska uqZMukskau jshqla;j is;Su i;HdkqorAYkhg tlu uZ.nj ld,du
iQ;@h uZ.ska fmkajdfokq,nhs'4
ishZM udkisl ixl,am yd m@fCImkhkaf.ka usoSu;`, i;H yd h:drA:h oek.;yelsnj ld,du
iQ;@h uZ.ska meyeos,s lrfoa' uq,anq|= iufha b.ekajSuzj, yrh uqZMukskau legslr.;a iQ;@hla f,igo
ld,du iQ;@h yeZoskajsh yelsh' nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a OrAu mKsjqvh b;du ksjerosj .@ykhlr
.; yelsjQfha fuz whqrska uqZMukskau jshqla; jQfjl`gnj iQ;@msglfha we;s wfkl`;a iQ;@foaYkd
msrslaiSu ;`,ska m@lgfjz'5
1
Critique of Practical Reason,I.Kant,Norman Kemp Smith,The Macmillan Press
Ltd.London,1978,p.152.As figurative,
it is distinguished from the intfllectual synthesis,wich is carried out by understanding alone,without
the aid of the imagination.
2
u. ks. 1"pQ< iSykdo iq;a;"nq'c'uq"154msgqj'bfOjNslaLfj iufKd"bO |=;sfhd iufKd"bO ;;sfhd iufKd
bO p;`;af:d iufKd'iqZ[aZ[ mrmamjdod iufKys wZ[afZ[ys;s"tjfuj NslaLfj iuzud iSykdox ko:'
3
w. ks."1 ;sl ksmd;h"nq'c'uq"kkaol iq;a;'
4
w. ks."1 ;sl ksmd;h"nq'c'uq"336 msgqj'
5
w. ks. 1";sF:dh;k iq;a;"fn#'iuz'ixia'"600 msgqj'biair ksuzudKx fLd mk NslaLfj idrf;d mpzpd.pzP;x
k fyd;s PfJodjd jdhdfud jd boxjd lrKShx box jd wlrKShka;s'b;s lrKShdlrKSfha fLd mk ipzpf;d
f:;f;d wkqm,nzNshudfk uqgzGiaai;Skx wkdrlaLdkx jsyr;x k fyd;s mpzp;a;x iyOuzusfld iuKjdfod'
i

8. 8
;j;a meyeos,slsrSulgwkqj nq|=kajykafia ;uOrAuh hkqfjka wuq;`fjka orAYkhla bosrsm;a
fkdl<nj;a nq|=kajykafia is|=lf,a fjk;a whf.a b.ekajSuz orAYk oDIagsjdo ksid usksiaukfia
yg.ekS ;snQ udkisl m@fCImKj,ska uki ksoyia lr.kakd wldrh ;u Y@djlhkag lshdoSu nj;a"
fuzksid nq|=iuh yqfola ;j;a tl wd.usl b.ekajSula fyda oDIaGshla fkdjk nj;ah' fuz u;h
meyeos,slsrSu msKsi n@yaucd, iQ;@fha oelafjk whqrska tl, jHdma;jS ;snqKq oDIaGsjdo 62g ;j;a
wd.usl oDIaGsjdohla tlalsrSug nq|=r|=kaf.a woyila fkd;snqkqnjo fmkajdoS ;sfnz' uq,anq|=iuhdkQl~,
nqoaO foaYkdjkaf.a wka;rA.;h msrslaid ne,Qjsg by; oelajqkq lreK i;Hhlanj jegyShhs'
hf:dla; lrekq mdollr.ksuska fuu mrAfhaIKh;`,ska u;`lr.ekSug W;aiy.efkkqfha
ld,du iQ;@fh ys oelafjk pska;k ksoyi flaJ|@lr.ksuska fn#oaO idrOrAu ms<snZo mqZM,a w:!
l:khl fhoSuhs' fuysoS fn#oaO idrOrAu hkqfjka jHjydrjqj;a fn#oaO idrOrAu ienjskau iEu
wd.ulgu fmd|= jsYajSh uQ,OrAu u;f.dv keZ.S we;sfohlanj ld,du iQ;@fhys pska;k ksoyi mdol
lr.ksuska ikd:lsrSugW;aiy.kakd,oS' fn#oaO idrOrAu nsysjSug ;`vq|=ka ixl,amSuh jHqyh b;d
meyeos,sju ksrEmKh jS we;af;a ld,du iQ;@fha oelafjk ksoyia pska;kh fmroers lrf.k nj fuz
uZ.ska meyeos,sj fmfka'
idrOrAu hkqfjka idudkHfhka w:!j;ajkqfha tla iudc mruzmrdjla i;` mdruzmrsl oekqu
jsYajdi yd w.hka iuqodhhlakuz th tla mruzmrdjlska ;j mrmqrlg ,efnkafka flfiao hk
mekh u;`fjz'1 tfukau idrOrAu flfkl`f.ka ;j wfhl`g b.ekajsh yelso hk .egZMj u;`fjz' fuz
ms<snZoj wjOdkh fhduql< cska mshdfcA flda,anrA.a is.auka fm@dhsvz we,angz nka|=rd jeks ufkda
jsoHdZ{hka yd wOHdmkZ{hka ksid idrOrAu wOHdmkh(Eduction of Values) ms<snZo jsIh fCIa;@hla
nsysjSu werUsks'2
idrOrAu f.dvkefZ.kafka wdl,am uZ.sks lreKdj ffu;@sh jeks TzkEu idrOrAuhlau f.k
jsYaf,aIKh lr ne,qjfyd;a th wdl,am iuQyhl M,hla jYfhka f.dvkeZ.`kla njfmfka' idr
OrAu jkdyS wdl,amj,g jvd jsYd,jQ wrA:hka iuQyhl tl;`jla f,ioelajshyelssh TzkEu
mqoa.,fhl` f,dalh w:!j;a lr.kafka ;udf.a iajd;auh (Self) iuZ. iuznJOlrf.kh' idrOrAu
iuznJOfhkao fuh i;H fjz'3
iodpdr jsksYaphg( Moral Judgement) idrOrAu iDcqju iuznJOfjz' huzlsis l@shdjla yrso
jeroso hkqfjka mqoa.,fhl` ;SrKh lrkafka Tyqf.a idrOrAu moaO;shmdolfldg f.kh'4 huz lsis
mqoa.,fhl`f.a idrOu! moaO;sh m@n, tlla fyd |=n, tlla jkqfha tlS mqoa.,hd idrOu! ms<snZoju
;uka we;`<;skau fok we.hquhs.fuu we;`<;ska fokq we.hqu jkdyS tlS mqoa.,hd l`vd l< mgkau
1
Value oriented education Doada House,Kitshore Lalith,Naik St,Delhi,10006,1688,p.21.
2
The nature of human values,Pierre Wail,UNESCO,Paris,1990,p.47.
3
..Do..,p.33-39.
4
Critique of Practical Reason,I.Kant,T.K.Albbort,4th edition,1889,p.124.For since the synthesis of
imagination connects the manifold only as it appears in intuition...always in itself sensible.And while
concepts,which belong to the understand ing,are brought into play throught relation of the manifold to
the unity of apperception,it is only by means of the imagination that they can be brought into relation
to sensible intuition.

9. 9
;uka weoS jevqkdjQ iudc mrsrh mdol fldgf.k Tyq;`, ksiZ. jYfhkau f.dvkeZ.S ;sfnkakdjQ
idrOu! moaO;shhs.ke;fyd;a ;uka <Z.djSug n,dfmd;a;` jkakdjQ tjeks idrOu! moaO;sha we;ehs
hkqfjka mqoa.,hd ;`< jQ jsYajdihhs.fuh iodpdruh yDo YdlaIsh (Golden Rules) f,I jrA;udk
kS;s Ydia;@h;`< mjd wF:!l:kh lrkakdjQ lreKls.
kS;sfha iZoyka jS we;s wkaoug TzkEu mqoa.,fhl`g ;ukaf.a yDo YdCIshg tlZ.j l@shdlsrSfuz
whs;shla we;.tfy;a th iudc iodpdrhg tlZ. jsh hq;`jSu hym;ah hkqfjka wjOdrkh lrhs.
tfia jqj;a we;euz wjia:dj,oS jsfYaIfhkau iudc hdka;@Kh |+Is;j mj;akdjQ ld< jljdkqj,oS
huz mqoa.,fhl` yDo YdCIshg tlZ.j lrkakdjQ we;euz l@shdjka iudc iuzu;hg Tnzfnka hdyelsh.
we;euzjsg iudc iuzu; kS;shgo Tnzfnka jQjla jsh yelsh.tnZ|= wjia:dj,oS l@shdl< hq;af;a
flfiao$iudc iuzu;hg .relr yDo YdCIshg msgqmEu iodpdrd;aulo$ ke;fyd;a yDo YdCIshg
tlZ.j l@shdfldg iudc iuzu; kS;sfhka wksgq m@;sM< N`la;s jsZoskjdo hk .egZMjg uqyqK mEug
funZ|= mrsydkshg m;ajQ hq.j,oS usksidg is|=fjz.
funZ|= ld, jljdkq j,oS usksid ;u meje;au fjkialr .ksh.iudc iuzu;hkago mgyeks
s
fkdjkdldrfhka ish idrOu! ksIaGdj YdlaId;a lr.ekSu iZoyd usksid Tyqgu wdfjzKsl
l@fudamdhhka ksu!dKh lr .kS.usksid jQ l,S ienjskau mrsl,ams; ksrAudKYS,S yelshdjkaf.ka msrs
iQCIu nqoaOsu;a cSjsfhls.iudc iuzu; kS;shg Tyq ,nd fokakdjQ jsjsO wF:!l:k ish wjYH;djhkag
.e<fmk wkaouska fy;u tajd ixfYdaOkhg ,lalr .ksh.tfy;a tajdg uqZMukskau ydks fkdmuqKqj
s
hs tajd /l .kshs wdrCIdj msKsi lghq;`o fhdohs.fuz yeu fohu w;sYh wjxlj bgq lrhs ld,h;a
iuZ.u we;euz fn#oaO jskh ms<sfj;a j,g ,nd|=ka wF:!l:k i<ld ne,Q l< fuz ldrKh meyeos,s
fjkq we;.
iodpdrh iudc m@;sudk fyj;a OrAu;d(Norms)Wmojhs'm@;sudk fyj;a OrAu;d(Norms)hkq
iajhx YsCIK h yd ksjeros l@shdjhs'fmroelajQ ishZM bf.kquz wjia:dj, prAhd;aul M,h iudc
m@;sudk fyj;a OrAu;d fjz' idrOrAu wOHdmkh(Education of Values)hkqfjka idudkHjYfhka
is;kq,nkafka tla iudcmruzmrdjla i;` mdruzmrsl w.hka B<Z. mruzmrdjg muqKqjd,Sula
yegshgh'tfy;a thfoi iuSmj n,kjsg th Bg jvd ixlSrAKjQ yd mqZM,ajQldrAhhla nj jegfykq
we;'1
csjs;fhys jsjsOw wjoSka ;`,oS idrOu! wOHhkafhys jsjsO fjkialuz we;snj mejfia.idudkHfhka
;reK jsfhysoS cSjs;fhys fndfyda fjkialuz iuZ.u udkisl ugzgfuys jsYd, msUsoSula we;snj
ms,s.efka.YdrSrslj we;sjkakdjQ fydafudak l@shdldrS;ajfhys WpzpNdjh;a iuZ.u udkisl ;,fhyso
jsYd, jO!khla fuu wjOSka ;`,oS we;.ekSug ,efnk nj wOHdmk ufkda jsoHZ{fhda mji;s.fud<
jHqyfhys wNHka;r ridhks; ixhq;sfhys olakg ,efnk jsjsOdldr ;;ajhka wOHhkh lr ,nd.;a
f;dr;`re weiqfrka fuu ks.uk lrd Tjqka t<US ;sfnz.fuhska weZ.fjkqfha idrOu! ixl,amhka
jO!kh jSu msKsi mqoa.,hdf.a W;aidyhg wu;rj n,mdkq ,nkakdjQ ffcj jsoHd;aul n,mEulao
1
Social Learning theory,A.Bandura,Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs,1977,p.61.

10. 10
we;s njhs.we;euzjsg fuu ffcj jsoHd;aul n,mEu mqoa., wkH;djh mjd blaujd udkj idrOu!
jsIfhys b;d m@n, n,mEula lsrSfuys,d iu;aluz olajk wkaou fuhska jsoHudk fjz.
wOHdmk ufkda jsoHd;aulj ;dreKHh wrA: olajkakdjQ fN#;sl ,CIKh kuz ldhsl jhia
ugzguhs.tu jhia ugzgu wjqre|= 13-19 olajd fjz.fuu wjOSka;`,oS fud< jHqyfha is|=jk ridhk
ixhq;sfhys jsjsO;d ksid th Tjqkaf.a yeisrSuzj,g n,mdkq ,nk nj wOHdmk ufkdajsoHdZ{hka
mji;s.tu ,CIK fkdikaiqka yeisrSu(Moody) jsixjdoSnj(Uncommunicative) iy wfjz.YS,snj
(Impulsive) f,i Tjqka jsiska yZ|=kd f.k we;.fud< jHqyfhys ridhksl mrsjrA;kfhka yg.kakd
fuu wjia:djka kQ;k udkjhd fyj;a wmg muKla Wreu jQ udkj mrsKdufha iqjsfYaI ixl@uK
wjia:djloS udkj fud<h;`< jsjsO ridhksl mrsjrA;khka nqoaOsjrAOkhg ys;lr whqrska wdruzN
jSfuzoS th msg;g m@ldYkhjSfuz iajrEmfhka fujeks ,CIK jsoHudk jknj kQ;k wOHdmk ufkda
jsoHdZ{hka wF:!olaj;s.
wmf.a mrskdusl nJOQka iuZ. ieiZZoSfuysoS usksid jevsysgsfhl` njg m;ajSu iZoyd .;lrk
ld,h fo.`Khls.Wmf;a isg jevsysgsfhl` olajd usksidf.a jO!kh wl@uj;ah cSjs;fha m<uq jir 3g
miq jO!k fjz.h (jirla;`< jefvk m@udKh) b;d my;ah.jir 8 lg miq kej; jO!kh lemS
fmfkkf,i by< hhs. fuu wjOsh;`< jO!kh iS>@;dj jirlg fikagsuSgrA 12 la muK fjz.oajs;sl
,sx.sl ,CIK my<jSu wdl,amuh fjkialuz we;sjSu fuu ld, mrspzfPAofhaoS lemS fmfka.fud<fhys
ridhksl ixhq;sfhys jsjsO;djh;a ixlSrAKNdjh;a fya;`fjka yd YdrSrsl jO!kh iS>@jSu fya;`fjka
fydafudak l@shdldrS;ajh by<hdu fuu wjOsfhys miqjkakkaf.a pska;k iajNdjh yev.eiajSu
flfrys iDcq n,mEula we;s lrkq ,nhss.jsfYaIfhka ;udf.au iajdOsk pska;khla ilialr .ekSu
flfrys udkjhd fuysoS Wkka|=jla olajhs. udkj yd iudc idrOu! ms<snZoj udkjhd;`, m@n,
yeZ.Suz yg .kajkq ,nkafkao fuu ld, jljdkqfjz nj jsoHdZ{hska jsiska fmkajdoS ;sfnz.
cSjs;fha miqld,hl is|=jk fulS jO!k iS>@;dfjz by<hdu usksid yer wksl`;a m@hsfuzgdjka
(psuzmkaishd nenqka TrkaTgka f.dars,a,d) ;`< oelsh fkdyelsh.mrsKdufhaoS fujeks lemS fmfkk
fjkila usksidg ,enS we;af;a ljr fya;`jla iZoydo hkak wjfndaO lr .ekSug wOHdmk ufkda
jsoHdZ{hka oevs W;aiyhla orhs.ta W;aiyh ksidu fuz ms<snZoj bosrsm;a lrwe;s jsoHd;aul
lreKqj, m@udKh osfkka osk by< hhs.
wm jgd we;s ixialD;sl mrsirhg iudc idrOu!j,g wkq.; jSu iZoyd udkj mrsKduh jsiska
fulS jO!k iS>@;djh ksrAudKh lrwe;snj usps.ka irijsfha uydpdrAh ners fnd.Ska mjihs.wmjgd
we;af;a ixlSrAK ixialD;shla yd jsjsO idrOu! iys; iudchls.fuz ksid ixlSrAK jgdmsgdjl
cSj;ajSu iZoyd fndfyda m<mqre|=luz f.dvkZ.d .ekSug iy wjfndaOlr .ekSug usksidg is|=fjz.
WodyrKhla f,i NdId js,dYh wfkHdkH fm#oa.,sl iuznJO;d iudc idrOu! ixialD;sl wkkH
;djhka wdoS fuu ish,q foa jgyd .ekSug wmf.a fud<h m@udKj;a f,i jO!kh jsh hq;`h.

11. 11
fud<h jsYd,j jO!kh jS yelshdjka jevs oshqKq lr.kakd f;la wmg iajdOSkj cSj;ajSu yd
wdrCIdj i<id .ekSu wmyiqh.fuu yelshdjka jevsoshqKq lr.kakd f;la ujqmshkaf.a iy jevsysgs
hkaf.ka /ljrKh ,enshhq;`h.fud<fha jrAOkh iuzmQrAK jk f;la YrSrh m@udKfhka l`vdjg
iy ,dnd, fmkqfuka hqla; jSu ujqmshkaf.a iy jevsysgshkaf.a /ljrKh wm fj; fhduqlr
.ekSug we;s fydZou uZ.hs.fuu ;;ajh ffcj jsoHd;aulj wmfj; odhdo lrk,o wd;au ixrCIK
m@fhda.hla hkqfjka yeZoskajqjo jrola ke;.
CIsrmdhs i;`ka ms,snZoj is|=l< wOHhk u.skao ;yjqre jS we;af;a fud<fha jsYd,;ajh iy
jevsysgs wjOshg <Z.djSu w;r iDcq inZo;djhla mj;sk w;r th idrOu! jvd;a fydZoska bf.kqug
uZ. mdok njhs. tkuz jsYd, fud<hla iys; i;`ka jevsysgs wjia:djg m;ajSu iZoyd os.`ld,hla jeh
lrknj yd jvd;a fydZoska idrOu! .@yKh lr.kakd njhs.
fuz hgf;a wfkla CIsrmdhs i;`kag idfmaCIlj usksidf.a fud<fha jsYd,Fjho idrOu! bf.kSu
iZoyd uy;a fia wdOdr Wmldr jkakla nj uydpdrAh nerSfnd.ska m@ldY lrhs.usksia fud<h jqjo
jHqyd;aulj ia;@S mqreI jYfhka cSj jsoHd;aulj fjkianj fidhdf.k ;sfnz.fuz fjkialuz w;r
mqreI fud<h ia;@S fud<hg jvd 10 % jsYd,;ajfhka hqla;jSuo ffcj jsoHd;aulj msrsuskag idrOu!
bf.kqug ,enqkq jvd jevs jdishla w;am;a lrfokakla nj uydpdrAh nerSfnd.skaf.a woyihs.
ia;@shf.a fud< jHqyh wNHka;rj ieliS we;af;a ,sx.sl yd m@ckk fCIa;@fhys wehg ish hq;`luz
yd j.lSuz myiqfjka bgq lr.ekSug yelshdj ,efnk mrsosh.msrsus <ufhl`g idfmaCIlj .eyeKq
<ufhl`f.a fud< jHqyfhys m@cdkk(nqoaOsuh) yelshdj jvd jevs iS>@ ;djhlska jO!kh fkdfjz.ta
fjkqjg wehf.a jO!kh jkqfha yeZ.Suz j,g iuznJO wfjzok fCIa;@hhs.ffkirA.slju wehg WreujQ
ujz mojsh oerSu iZoyd wehj YdrSrslj iQodkuz lrjSu fuys ffcjjsoHd;aul wrA:hhs.fuu wdfjzok
mrsK;sh wehg fhduqlrjkafka ish j.!hd fkdkeiS /l .ekSu iZoyd b;d blaukska yd myiqfjka
,sx.sl wdfjzokhka jsZo.ekSu;a tfukau ,sx.sl l~Gm@dma;shg iuzm@dma;jSu;a Uiafia yels blaukska
udkj nSchla wehf.a l`i;`< we;sjSug bv m@ia;djkdj ie<fik mrsosh.fuhg iudka;rj l`vd
orejka ms,snZoj uy;a we,aula yd fifkyila we;slrjSug wjYH fydafudak l@shdj,shla werUSu;a
ore m@iQ;shlg ldhslj yd udkislj wehj iQodkuz lrjk mrsos fud<fhys ridhksl ixhq;sfhys
iS>@ fjkialuz /ila we;sjSu;a fh#jfkdaoh WodjSu;a iuZ.u b;du;au fjz.fhka weh;`< we;s jk
ldhsl fjkialuz w;rfjz.
.eyekq <ufhl` 14 jeks jsfhaoS wehf.a ,sx.sl mrsK;sh iuzmQrAK lrhs.kuq;a uSg fndfyda
ld,hlg fmrd;`j mgka mrsK; ia;@shlf.a ldhsl yd udkisl yevrej;a ,sx.sl yd m@ckk
YlH;djh;a ,nd.ksh.ta ;udg jvd jevqkqmqreIfhl` iuZ. mjd ldhslj tlajSfuz yelshdj ffcj
s
jsoHd;aulj ,en.ekSugh.fuu is|=jSuz fol w;r ld,h wehg b;d m@fhdackj;ah..enskshl njg
m;ajSfuz fyj;a orefjl` ,enSfuz YlH;djfhkaa hqla;jSu iuzmQrAK mrsK;sh is|=jSug;a l,ska ,nd
.ekSu ksid fuu fCIa;@fhys jvdjevs w;aoelSuz m@udKhla .@yKh lr.kSug;a tu w;aoelSuz
msgsjy,a lrf.k iudcSh ,sx.sl iy ixialD;sl lghq;` yd noaOj fuu fCIa;@hkays ;udg jvd

12. 12
b;du yi, w;aoelSuz we;s tfukau ;udg jvd b;du;a jhiska jevsjQ jevsysgshka iuZ. jsjsO ldhsl
yd udkisl w;aoelSuz yqjudre lr.ekSug;a ta w;aoelSuz ;`,ska ;udf.a miqld,Sk jsjdy yd ,sx.sl
cSjs;h idrA:l lr.ekSug;a ia;@shg jvd jevs jdishla fuz uZ.ska ,efnz.
wjidkfhaoS weh jsjdy cSjs;hg m@fjzYj ms,s.;a iudc idrOu!j,g wkql~,j ish kS;HdkQl~,
ieushdf.au yd ;udf.au iqcd; orefjl` nsyslrk wjia:dj t<Uqkqjsg ish ire ld,h(nSc iuh),ore
.enla we;sjkdldr fhka m@ckk ldrAhfhys ksr;jSu,ore.enla yg.ekSfuz ,CIK,ore.enla oerSu,
m@iQ;fjzokd oerSu,orefjl` nsyslsrSu,tu orejd /ln,d .ekSu,wdoS ishZM lghq;` iZoyd ukd yqre
mqre|=jla ish w;aoelSuz;`,skau .@yKh lr.ekSfuz bv m@ia;djkdj wehg ksrdhdifhkau ysusfjz.
fuu YlH;djh wehg ,efnkqfha b;d blaukska ldhsl yd udkisl mrsK;shg ,Z.djSfuz ffcj
jsoHd;aul mCIfha n,mEu uZ.skq;a yd by; oelajQ wdldrfhka jevsysgshka iuZ. ,nk jsjsO
w;aoelSuz ,en.ekSug bv lvla ksrAudKh jS ;snSu uZ.skq;ah.fuu udkj ia;@Skagu wfjzKsl iS>@
,sx.sl yd m@ckk l@shdj,sh udkj mruzmrdj fkdkeiS mj;ajd .ekSu iZoyd w;sYhskau bjy,ajS
we;snj fuz ms,snZo mrAfhaIK l< udkj jsoHdZ{hkaf.a wdl,amh jS ;sfnz.fuhska <orejdg ,efnk
jdish jkafka iEu l`ZMZ|=,a orefjl`gu ukd w;aoelSuz we;s ujlau ,en.ekSfuys wjia:dj ysusjSuhs.
fuys iDcq m@;sM,h b;d ire ore Wm;a is|=jSu;a m<uq ore Wmf;aoS is|=jk urK ixLHdj b;du;a
wvqu iFj jsfYaIh f,i jdrA;djla ;enSug usksid iu;a jSuhs.
msrsus <uhska;`< mj;skafka uSg m@;sjsreoaO ;;ajhls Tjqka;`< b;d blaukska jO!khg m;ajkafka
nqoaOsuh yelshdj fyj;a m@cdkk fCIa;@hhs.b;d blaukska nqoaOsuh l~Gdm@dma;shg m;ajqj;a ,sx.sl
jYfhka mrsK;shg m;afjkafka .eyeKq <uqkag miqjh.taksid ldhslj jqjo Tjqkag we;af;a
fkdfuzrE ,dnd, fmkquls.fmaYs moaO;sh iuzmQrAKfhkau jO!kh jS jevsysgsfhl` njg m;ajSu wjqre|=
17 oS muK is|=fjz.fuu wka;rAjdr ld,h Tjqkag b;d jeo.;ah.iuzmQrAK jevqKq msrsusfhl` i;`
nqoaOsuh(m@cdkk ) jO!kh w;am;a lrf.k isgsho jevsjsh m;a ia;@Skaf.a ,sx.sl f;dard .ekSuzj,g
ixirA.h msKsi flfrkakdjQ wkshuz ,sx.sl werhquzj,g fyda ,sx.sl fm<UjSuzj,g ,lafkdjS jevsysgs
msrsuska yd Wfrka Wr .egS nqoaOsuh ldrAhhkays ksr;jSug jvd jevs bv m@ia;djkdjla fuz uZ.ska
Tjqkag Wodfjz.fuz ;`,ska ish ixialD;sh;`< wka;rA.; mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;Ska iqrCIs; lr.ekSu
g yd tu odhdohka B<Z. mruzmrdjka fj; wLKavj f.khdug;a Tjqkag yelshdj ,efnz.
jsjsO wd.uz l;!Djre mQcH yd mQcljreka nsysjSfuz jvd jevs ffcj jsoHd;aul keUqrejla yd
by< iuzNdjs;djla fuz ksid msrsuska ;`< wksjdrAhfhkau .enzfjz uydpdrAh fnda.skaia bosrsm;a lr
we;s u;jdoh wkqj fmkS hkafka idrOu! bf.kqfuysoS jvd jevs yelshdjla yd jvd jevs bvlvla
msrsuskag fuz wkqj ffcj jsoHd;aulj ksrAudKh jk njhs.fuu ;;ajh udkj ixialD;sh yd iDcqju
neZoS neZoS mj;sk b;du;a jeo.;a fidhd.ekSula njo uydpdrAh fnda.skaia mjihs.

13. 13
uydpdrAh fnda.skaiaf.a fuu u;jdoh udkj fmdis, wOHhkh u.ska fidhdf.k we;s lreKq yd
ieifZouska mj;sk nj jsoHdZ{hka mjihs.Tjqka fufia m@ldYlrkafka miq.sh jifrAoS kshekavrA;d,a
udkjhdf.a o;a ms<snZoj fy<sorjz lr.;a lreKq wkqidrfhks.
fmdis, u.ska ,nd.;a o;a wOHhkh lr b;d jeo.;a lreKq .Kkdjla wkdjrKh lr.;
yelsh.fuz iZoyd oka; uia;lfha(Crown of tooth) jrAOk j<,q (Rings) wOHhkh flfrA.o;l oka;
uia;sialfha jO!k iS>@;dj fud<h jO!kh jk wdldrh ldhsl yd udkisl jYfhka mrsK;njg
m;ajk jhi iy wdhq ld,h iuZ. b;d lsgzgq iuznJO;djhla mj;S.
uska .uHjk woyi kuz o;a cSjsfhl`f.a b;d ;SrKd;aul lreKq wkdjrKh lr .ekSu iZoyd
orAYlhla f,i fhdod.; yels njhs.wvq jrAOk fjz.hla iys; o;a mej;Su u.ska fmkajd fokafka
ldhsl yd udkisl mCIfhka flfkl` mrsK; njg m;ajkafka b;d fiuska njhs.
Le. Moustier 1 f,i yZ|=kajk ,dnd, kshekavrA;d,a udkjfhl`f.a fmdis,fhka ,nd.;a o;a
ms<snZoj wOHhkfha jdrA;dj miq.sh jifrA ksl`;a jsh.fuu jdrA;dj u.ska fmkajd oS we;af;a kshekav
rA;d,a udkjhd b;d flgs <ud ld,hla .;lr we;s njhs.fudyqf.a uqZM wdhq ld,h jir 25 ls.
mrAfhaIlhka fmkajd fok wdldrhg tl, meje;s oevs YS; foaY.`Ksl ;;ajh wdhqld,h flgs jSug
n,md we;.
uqyqKmEug is|=jjQ by< urK wkqmd;slh ksid fudjqkf.a .eyeKqka jhi wjqre|= 8oS jevsysgs
jshg t<Uqkd jsh yels hehs jsoHdZ{hka u; m<lrhs.tkuz kshekavrA;d,a udkj .eyeKqka <ud jshla
.;fkdlr jevsysgs wjOshg <Z.djS we;.fuz ksid m@ckk yelshdj blaukska ,nd .ekSu;a tuZ.ska ish
j.!hd jskdYhg m;ajSug we;s wjldY yels;dla wju lrjSug;a ms<sjkalu ,enS ;snsks.
fuh meyeos,s lsrSug WodyrKhla f,i f.k we;af;a w;a,dka;sla fudar jsfYaIhls.OSjr
lrAudka;fhka t,a,jQ oevs n,mEu ksid fuu fudar jsfYaIfha ixLHdj iS>@fhka wvqjsh.fuys m@;sM,h
cdk fjkiajSula u.ska b;d ,dnd, jsfhaoSu .eyeKq fudar i;`ka ,sx.sl mrsK;shg m;ajSuhs.fuz
u.ska fudarekaf.a m@ckk yd jO!k iS>@;djh by< oud .ekSug ffcj jsoHd;aul yelshdjla ,enS
we;.msrsus i;`kag jvd fuu yelshdj .eyeKq iFjhkag ,enS ;sfnkafka ffcj jsoHd;aulj wehf.a
ldrAhNdrh j.!hd fkdkeiS mj;ajd .ekSu iZoyd m@ckk l@shdj,sh bosrshg mj;ajdf.k hdu jk
fyhsks.ldh jsoHd;aulj Bgu wkqrEmjk mrsos ffcj l@shdldrS;ajhla m@fjzKs.;j usksid we;`ZMiEu
iFj jsfYaIhlu .eyeKq i;`kag Wreujk nejsk.
s
idrOu! bf.kSfuz l@shdj,shg lsishuz ffcj jsoHd;aul miqq;,hla we;aoehs fidhdne,Su msKsi
is|=l< mrAfhaIK;`,ska kj;u woyia yd ixl,am .,d tuska mj;S.b;du uE;loS is|=l< mrAfhaIK
hlska ;yjqre jQ woyig fndfyda jsoHdZ{hskaf.a tlZ.;djh m<jS we;.tuZ.ska fmkajd oS we;af;a wdhq
ld,h jevs jSu;a iu. cSjs;fha miq wjOshl is|=jk jO!k iS>@;dj by<hdulg uZ. i,id oS we;s

14. 14
njhs.iFj jsfYaIhkaf.a wdhq ld,h jHdma; jS we;s wdldrh jsuiqug ,la lsrSfuka idrOu! jO!kh
flfrys fud< jHqyfha ieleiau fud<fhys ridhksl |@jHhkaf.a ixhq;sh yd ffcj jsoHd;aul
mrsK;sh hk lreKq ta iZoyd n,md we;s wkaou yZ|=kd.; yels hehs usps.ka irijsfha /fpz,a
leiamdrsfhda mjihs.
wo ojfia cSj;ajk fndfyda fofkl` ush mrf,dj hkafka uqkqnqre usksnsrshka oeln,df.k Tjqkag
mdruzmrsl ixialD;sl w.hka yd idrOu! odhdo lroSug yelshdj ,efnk mrsos os.`l,la wdhqI
je<ZoSfuka miqjhs.kuq;a udkj mrsKduKfha jsjsO ld,mrdihka;`, fuz ;;ajh jsoHudk fkdjSh.
udkjhdf.a mrudhqI wvqjSu yd jevSjSfuz l@shdj,sh iuZ. idrOu! ixl,amhka jO!khjSfuz iS>@;djh
by< fyda my< w.hla .kakdnj jsoHd;aul mrAfhaIK uZ.ska ;yjqre lrf.k we;.fuz hgf;a
udkjhdf.a mrudhqI wvqjSu idrOu! ixl,amhka jO!kh jSfuz iS>@;djh wvqlrjk w;r udkjhdf.a
mrudhqI jevsjSu idrOu! ixl,amhka jO!k jSfuz iS>@;djh by< kxjk nj fidhdf.k we;.idrOu!
ixl,amhka udkjhkaf.a fud< jHqyfhys ridhksl ixhq;sh fjkialsrSug oelajQ odhl;ajh ms<snZo
;sUsrsf.h oel n,d .ekSug wm jir 30 000la miqmig .ukal< hq;` hehs uydpdrAh /fo,a
leiamdrsfhda jevs|=rg;a fmkajd fohs.fuz ;;ajhka iuZ. nq|=oyfuz b.ekafjk ixjgzg yd jsjgzg
lmam ixl,amh ms<snZoj iiZod ne,Su m@fhdackj;ah.
udkj fud<fha jO!kh iuzmQrAK jkafka udkj YsIaGdpdrfha jrAOkh;a iuZ.h kQ;k hq.fhys
miqjk udkjhkag wdfjzKsl jQ .;s iajNdjhka ;j |=rg;a jO!kh fjuska mj;akd jQ uia;sIalh yd
iuSm iuznJO;djhla mj;sh.uia;sIalfhys m@Odk fldgia ;`kla fuu idrOu! jO!k l@shdj,sh yd
s
iDcq iuznJO;djhla olajhs.fuu fldgia ;`k jkdyS
1 mqfrda,,dg ndyslh
2 lef,dai foayh
3 fla;` foay .@ka:sh
1 mqfrda,,dg ndyslh –
fuu fldgfiys jevSu iuzmQrAK jkafka jhi wjqre|= 20 oSh.nqoaOsh fufyhjd lrk ldrAhhka
iZoyd ksjiakh f,i i,lkafka mqfrda,,dg ndyslhhs.f;dr;`re tla/ia lsrSu ieiquz ie,iquz ilia
lsrSu th l@shdfjys fhojSu wod, f;dr;`re iy wod, fkdjk foa fjkalr yZ|=kd .ekSu hkdoS foa
iZoyd fuu m@foaYh jeo.;ah m@cdkk fCIa;@fhys l@shdrSFjh is|=jSu msKsi jsYd, odhlFjhla
imhkafka fuu mqfrda,,dg ndyslhhs.mqreI mCIfhys b;du;a blaukska jO!khg m;ajS iuzmQrAK
mrsK;shg m;ajkqfha fulS mqfrda,,dg ndyslhhs.fuz ksid nqoaOsuh ldrAhhka iZoyd by< iuzNdjs;d
jhla fuzuZ.ska ffcj jsoHd;aulj mqreI mCIh w;am;a lrf.k we;.
mqreIhkag idfmaCIlj fulS mqfrda,,dg ndyslfha mQK! jO!khla ia;@Syq fkdfmkaj;s.ia;@Skaf.a
mrsK;sh is|=jkqfha oajs;Shsl ,sx.sl ,CIK ckkh lrjkakdjQ YdrSrsl fydafudak l@shdldrSFjfhys
iS>@ jO!khhs.fuz uZ.ska yels blaukska weh ujla njg mrsjrA;kh jSfuz yd ujlf.a ldrAhNdrh

15. 15
bgqlsrSfuz yelshdj ,efnk mrsos ore fifkyi we;sjSug wjYH wdfjzok ;Sj@;dj fydafudak l@shdldrS
Fjh uZ.ska wehf.a isrer yd uki ;`< we;s lrjkq ,efnz.
z
tlS orefjl` ms<sisZo .kajd .ekSfuz wdYdj ;reK ia;@Ska;`< fuz fya;`j ksid ksrdhdifhka we;s
jkakls. wkqkaf.a orefjl` jqjo uy;ajQ fifkyiska ism je<Zo.kafka weh;`< by< ugzguska jO!kh
jS we;s wdfjzok ;Sj@;dj ksidh.iajNdjfhkau fuz ksid weh;`< W;aikakjQ yeZ.Suz yg.kshs jsfYaI
fhkau ,sx.sl ixirA.h msKsi ;on, we,aula yd TzkElu;a weh;`< yg.kshs.fuhg wjYH udkisl
;;ajh fud<fhys ridhksl ixhq;sfhys fjkialuzu; wehg we;sfjz.wOHdmksl ugzgu yd idudc
;;ajh jeksfya;` ksid fuu ;;ajh uevmj;ajdf.k lghq;` lsrSfuys yelshdjla we;;a tu yelshdj
b;du;a |=rAj, jkafka wju m@cdkk jrAOkhla iys;j ;snshoS WmrSu wdfjzokSh jO!khla iy;jSu
ksid lskuz fudfydl; fyda tlS ;;ajh mqmqrd f.dia ksrdhdifhkau jeros yeisrSula lrdfhduq
jSfuys bvm@ia;djla yd wjodkula fuz hgf;a wehg we;s nejsk.m@cdkk fCIa;@fhys wju jO!khla
s
fmkakquz lrk YdrSrslj muKla mrsK;nj fmkakquzlrk ;reK .eyeKq <uhskaf.a jevlghq;`
j, mj;sk |=ros. fkdn,kakdjQ njg yd wixjsOdkd;aul njg fya;`j Tjqkaf.a mqfrda,,dg ndysl
fha W#k ixjrAOk hhs.
2 lef,dai foayh –
.eyeKq msrsus fomCIfhau <ud jsfhaoS fuys l@shdldrSFjh b;d fydZoska is|=fjz.kuq;a .eyeKq
<uqkaf.a jhi wjqre|= 12 ka miq fuys l@shdYS,snj wvqfjz.NdIdjka bf.k .ekSu iZoyd fuu fldgi
z
iuznJOh.<ore jsfhaoS NdId bf.k .ekSfuz fydZo yelshdjla mj;skafka lef,dai foayfha by<
l@shdldrSFjh fya;`fjks.jhi wjqre|= 12 ka miq .eyeKqkayg lef,dai foayfha l@shdYS,snj wvqfjk
w;r NdId bf.kSfuz yelshdjo wvqfjz.
3 fla;` foay .@J:sh –
fu,fgdkska fyj;a rd;@sh ms,snZoj bZ.s ,ndfok fydafudak ksmojkafka fla;` foay .@J:shhs.tkuz
kskao we;s lsrSu iZoyd fu,fgdakska jeo.;a fjz.ps;a;fjz.sl ;;ajhka we;sjSu fya;`fjka wdfjzok
fCIa;@fhys wd;;Ska yg.ksh.funZ|= wjia:dj,oS fu,fgdakska i@djh is|=jjkafka fndfyda ? jSfuka
s
miqnj fidhdf.k we;.fuz ksid ps;a;fjz.sl wdfjzokhkaf.ka mSvd jsZoskakka fndfyda m@udojS ksod
.ekSug;a WoEik fndfyda fjz,djla .;jkf;la wjos fkdjS isgSug;a leue;a;la olajhs.
idrOu!hkaf.a me;slv jk m@cdkk wdfjzok yd prAhduh hk fldgia j,g oefkk ys;lr
m@;spdr yuqfjz.YdrSrsl wNHka;r bJ|@sh l@shdldrSFjhg mjd tuZ.ska n,mEuz is|=l< yels wdldrh;a
tfukau YdrSrsl wNHka;r bJ|@sh l@shdldrSFjh yd ffcj wkHkH;djh uZ.ska idrOu! bf.kSfuz
l@shdj,shg n,mEuz is|=l< yels wdldrh;a by; jsia;rlrk ,oS.fuz hgf;a isrefrA b;d jeo.;a
fldgila jQ yDoh l@shdldrSFjh idrOu! flfrys ljrdldr n,mEula lrkafkao hkak i,ld ne,Su
jeo.;a fjhs.

16. 16
nqoaOFjh msKsi buy;afia bjy,a jkakdjQ wdkdmdk i;s Ndjkdj mjd mokuzj we;af;a yDofha
l@shdldrSFjhjh u;h.wdYajdi m@dYajdi jd;h wrUqKq lsrSu uZ.ska iajhxl@Shj yDo iamkaokh
flfrys n,mEula we;s lrkq ,nhs.fuu n,mEu jQ l,S ys;lr jQjls fuz uZ.ska yDo l@shdldrSFjfhys
rgdj l@udkQlQ, yd jsOsu;a njg m;ajk w;r thg iudkqmd;slj udkisl iykh WodjSuo is|=fjz.
ps;af;al.@;djh iudOsh hk kduhkaf.ka jHjydr lrkq ,nkafka fulS udkisl iykhuh ;j;a
f,ilska lsjfyd;a idrOu! jO!kh iDcqju yDo l@shdrSFjh yd ineZoS mj;shs.
jsjD; ksoyia udkisl ugzgulska hqla; ;ekam;a mqoa.,hkaf.a yDo iamkaok fjz.h yd kdvs
jegSfuz fjz.h tl iudkh.ndysr ps;a;fjz.hkaf.ka yd wys;lr udkisl wdfjzokj,ska f;drj
isgskjsg yDoh idudkHfhka usks;a;`jlg jdr 60 isg 80 w;r jdr .Kkla iamkaokh fjz.wys;lr
udkisl wdfjzokhka ps;a;dfjz. f,i ukig n,mEuz lrkdjia:djkaysoS yDo iamkaok fjz.h
jskdvshlg jdr ishh blaujd hhs.tfiajQ jsg th wOsl yDo iamkaokh f,i yZ|=kajkq ,efnz.
jskdvshlg jdr ishh blaujQ wOsl yDo iamkaokfhka hq;a ;eke;a;ka yDohdndO wOs reOsr
mSvkh wd>d;h yd mrAhka; jdyskS wdndO jeks frd.dndOhkag f.d|=rejSfuz jevs wjodkuz ;;ajhl
miqfjknj mrAfhaIK .Kkdjlskau fy<sjS;sfnz.yDoiamkaok fjz.h wkd.;fhaoS wOs reOsr mSvkh
g f.d|=rejk njg wkdjels lshdmdkakla f,ig yZ|=kd.kakd ,oafoa 1945 jeks wE; w;S;fhaoSh.
yDo iamkaok fjz.h wkd.;fha yDohdndO je<foknj lshdmdk fmr ksus;a;lanj ;j;a
mrAfhaIlhska msrsilg fmkS f.dia ;sfnz.wOsl yDo iamkaokh lka;`jdyskS frda.dndOj,ska is|=jk
urK ixLHdj jevs jSugo iuznJO;djhla olajk nj wOHhk .Kkdjlska fmkajd oS ;sfnz.
wOsldruh pska;khkaf.ka jshqla;j iy udkis; wd;;sj,ska f;drj isgskjsg yDo iamkaok
fjz.h kdvs jefgk fjz.h lka;`ljdyskS yd lka;`l fkdjk fya;~ka ksid we;sjk urK olakg
fkdjSu ksoyia jsfjzlS udkisl ;;ajh ms<snZo m@n, wkdjelshla nj fmkajuska ;j;a wOHhk
.Kkdjlska by; fidhd .ekSu ;yjqrelr ;sfnz.
psldf,days lrwe;s wOHhkhka f.ka yDo iamkaok fjz.h yd yosis urK w;r oevs iuznJO;dj
hla we;s nj fidhf.k we;.jsjsO udkisl wd;;Skaf.ka fmf<k mqoa.,hska iuznJOfhka lr we;s
wOHhkhka folloS yDo iamkaok fjz.h jevs wdjD; udkisl rgdjlska l,af.jk fnfyjska
wOsldruh pska;k rgdjlg fldgqjQ mqoa.,hka lka;`jdyskS urKj,g f.d|=rejSfuz jevs wjodkuz
;;ajhl miqjk nj fmkS f.dia ;sfnz.
fujeks udkisl wd;;Skaf.ka fmf<kakka wOHhkh lsrSfuzoS Tjqka w;rska frday,a.; lrk
wjia:dfjz yDo iamkaok fjz.h jskdvshlg 60 jdrhlg wvq ;eke;a;kaf.a urK ixLHdj 14 % la
nj;a jskdvshlg jdr 90 lg jevs whf.a urK ixLHdj 41 % la nj;a jskdvshlg jdr 110 g jevs
whf.a urK ixLHdj 48 % la nj;a yDohdndO iuznJOfhka lr we;s wOHhkhka lsysmhlska fy<sjS
we;.jsjsO udkisl wd;;Ska ksid yDo iamkaok fjz.h jevs ksrka;rfhka wOsldruh pska;k rgdjl

17. 17
g yqre mqre|= jS thgu wenzneys jS osjs f.jQ ;eke;a;kaf.a reOsr mSvkho jevs ugzgul mj;akd njo
fmkS f.dia ;sfnz.
oevs wOsldruh pska;kfhka hqla;j l,af.jSu wys;lr ffp;isl wdfjzokhkag;a tu wys;lr
ffp;isl wdfjzok jsjsO udkisl wd;;Skag;a tu udkisl wd;;Ska yDo iamkaok fjz.hg;a yDo
iamkaok fjz.h wOs reOsr mSvkhg;a wOsl ;rndrejg;a fldf,diafg@da,a g@S.a,sfirhsvz yd ksrdydr
bkaishq,ska ugzguz j,g;a wfkHdkH jYfhka iuznJO;djla olajhs.yDo iamkaok fjz.fha yd urK
w;r we; iuznJO;djh yZ|=kd fkd.;a ieZ.jqKq frda.hla f,i js.@y l< yels w;r by; frda.j,
g myiqfjka f.d|=rejkakkaf.a udkisl fhda.H;djh yd idrOu! wka;rA.@yKh lr.ekqu wi;`gqod
hl ;;ajhl mj;akdnjo tuZ.ska ms<snsUq lrhs.
idrOrAuhla bf.kSu yqol,djQ l@shdjla fkdfjz' th ;j;a wjia:d lSmhlska hq;` iodpdr
bf.kSu ms<snZo oSrA> yd ixlSrAK l@shdj,sfhys tlawjia:djla muKs'ksoiqkla f,i huzlsis
idrOu!hla YdlaId;a l@shdj<shg Ndckh jSug fmrd;`j mshjrhka rdYshla miqlr hd hq;`fjz.iEu
idrOu!hlu mdfya idudkHfhka m@cdkk wdfjzok yd prAhduh hkqfjka me;slv ;`kla
wka;rA.;h.fuhska fndfyda fldgu uq,skau l@shdjg kefZ.kafka prAhduh me;slvhs.fojkqj l@shdjg
kefZ.kqfha wdfjzok me;slvhs ;`kajk wjia:dj jkqfha tys nqoaOuh m@ia;`;h jk m@cdkk mCIh
YdCId;a lr.ekSuhs.fmd|=fjz fufia idlpzPdl<;a tla tla idr Ou!fhys Bgu wdfjzKshljQ m@cdkk
wdfjzok yd prAhduh .`Kdx.hka tys wkHkH ,CIK f,i jsoHudk jk wjia:djkao we;.
ksoiqkla f,i mfrdamldrh .;fyd;a tys prAhduh .`Kh wOslh.mxpYS, m@;smodj .;fyd;a
tyso prAhduh .`Kh wOslh tfukau i;r n@yau jsyrK .;fyd;a tys wdfjzok .`Kh wOslh.
ld,duiQ;@fhys iZoykajkakd jQ oi jeoEreuz pska;k wOsldrh .;fyd;a tys m@cdkk .`Kh wOslh.
fuz wdldrhg tla tla idrOu!fhys wka;rA.; jsjsO;d o we;.
idrOu! flfiaj;a ukqIH cSjk meje;afuka jshqla; jQ tajd fkdfjz.ukqIH cSjs;hu w;soSrA> idrOu!
jO!k l@shdj,shla jsh hq;`h.fuz ksid idrOu! ms<snZoj idlpzPd lsrSfuzoS ta iuZ.u ksrka;rfhka
oelajsh hq;` jQ ;j;a fndfyda wka;rA.;hka we;.fuzjd ms<snZoj fuysoS ieljska idlpzPdjg ,laflrS
we;.fuzjd idrOu!hkays wka;rA.;hka jqj;a tajd idrOu!hkays jsjsO wjia:djka f,i ie<lSu jvd;a
Wps;h.fuz yeu wjia:djlau idrOu!hka jsjsO me;sj,ska js.@y lsrSug h;ak ork ksidh.we;euzjsg
idrOu!hla wm yZ|=kd.kq ,nkafka jshqla; ixl,amhla jYfhka fkdj fuu wjia:djkays tys
jHjydrhka uZ.ska muKla jk ksidh.tys tk wfkla wjia:d fuzjdh'1
1 wdl,am(Attitudes),
2 idrOrAu( Values),
3 iodpdr jsksYaph (Moral Judgement),
1
Social Learning and personaity development,A.Bandura and R.H.Walters,Holt,Rinchart &
Winston,New York,1963,p.13-22.

18. 18
4 m@;sudk fyj;a OrAu;d (Norms),
5 cSjk orAYkh (Living Philosophy),
ukqIHhd ;ud;`< f,dalhms<snZo w:!h ixjsOdkhlr.kakd uQ<sltallh wdl,amfjz'tajd jsZ{dkShj
fukau WmjsZ{dkShjo ;udg iuzuqLjk iEu kj ixisoaOshlau ms<snZoj mqoa.,hd jsiska f.dvkZ.d.kq
,efnz'wdl,am mqoa.,fhl` lKavdhula jia;`jla isoaOshla woyila fyda yeZ.Sula hkdoS TzkEufohla
ms<snZojshyel' wdl,am uZ.ska ta yeufohla ms<snZoju m@;scdkk fyda ksfYaOk we.hSuhla (Positive
Value or Negative Value) msrskefuz' ta wkqjhs mrsirh mqoa.,hd wkd.;fhys olajk udkisl
m@;spdr yd prAhd ;SrKh jkafka'1 idrOu! f,i idudkHfhka wF:!l:kh jkqfha uska m@;scdkk
we.hSuzh(Positive Values) m@;scdkd;aul we.hSuz uZ.ska flfkl` l`i,h foig fhduq lrjkq ,nhs
l`i,h jO!kh lrkjd hkqfjka idudkH jHjydrfhys oelafjkqfha yels;dla fulS m@;scdkd;aul
we.hquz ;ud ;`<u jO!kh lr.ekSuhs.
m@;scdkd;aul we.hquz ms<snZoj nq|=iuh uy;a Wkka|=jla olajhs.isoaOdrA: fndai;`ka o m@;scdkd;a
ul we.hquz ljfrAoehs msKsi .fjzIKhg ngQfha tl, jHjydrfhys mej;s m@;scdkd;aul we.hquz
j, idjoH;djh yd wiuzmQrANdjh ksidh.‘lsx l`Y, .fjzIS lsx ipzp .fjzIS’hkqfjka oelafjkqfha fuz
;;ajhhs.tl, Ndr; iudch fj<df.k mej;sfha wOsldruh pska;k rgdjlska uqZM uy;a iudch
md,kh l<djQ n@dyauK pska;k iuzm@odhhs.Ndr;Sh YsIaGdpdrfhys uq,a ysuslrjka jQ kuq;a Y@uK
iuzm@odh n@dyauK iuzm@odh uZ.ska hgm;a lrf.k tys jQ ksjeros m@;scdkd;aul we.hquz ish,a,
fjkialr lKmsg yrjd ;snqK.fuz ;;ajh hgf;a lKmsg yrjk ,o ishZM idrOu! rgdjka ish,a,
s
uekjska yZ|=kdf.k ta ish,a, h:d mrsos ilialr tys jevs oshqKqjla fmkajdosh yels ugzgfuz mqoa.,
fm#reIhlska fyns ish,a, okakd ish,a, wjfndaOl< flfkl` nsysjSu ld,Sk iudc wjYH;djh js
;snqks.fuu mqoa.,hd yeZoskajSu msKsi tl, mej;`kdjQ iudc iuzu;h wkqj uqks csk nqoaO yd iDIs
hk kduhka jHjydr lrkq ,ensK.
s
cSjk orAYkh(Living Philosophy) jkdyS flfkl` ;ud we;`<;fkdj msg;mrsirhg olajk
ishZM ijsZ{dkl m@;spdr Wmojk miq;,hfjz' fjk;a jpkfhka lsjfyd;a cSjk orAYkh jkdyS ;u
iuia; bf.kquz w;aoelSuzj, M,h jYfhka talrdYslr .;a w:!hka f.dkqlr.ekSfuka my<lr
.kakd oel`uzm:hfjz'thflfkl`f.a m@lg fukau wm@lgj we;a;djQ isZMu ijsZ{dksl ldrAhhka yd
wNsm@dhYS,Suh prAhd yiqrjhs'2
fuz ishZM bf.kquz wjia:d prAhdj(Behaviour) flfrys n,mdkafkah' by; oelajQ TzkEu
wjia:djla iDcqju fyda jl@j prAhdjg n,mEula lsrSfuys iu;ah'3 tfia prAhdfjka ,efnk w;aoelSuz
1
Critique of Practical Reason,I.Kant,Norman Kemp Smith,The Macmillan Press Ltd,London,1978,
The Unity of apperception in relation to the synthesis of imagination is the understanding.
2
Critique of Practical Reason,I.Kant,T.K.Abbort 4 th edition,1889,p.177...while it must in one respect
be intellectual,it must in another be sensible,such a representation is the transcendentaal schema.
3
The Behavior of Organism,B.F.Skinner,New York,1916,p.42.

19. 19
wod<wdl,amh idrOrAuh iodpdr jsksYaph m@;sudk fyj;a OrAu;d fyda cSjk orAYkh
m@;sfmdaIKfhka tlaflda ijsu;alrhs'ke;akuz |=n, lrhs'1
by; oelajQ wdlD;sh idrOrAu wOHdmkfhys m@dfhda.sl mCIh ijsu;alr.ekSug Wmldrjk
ixl,amSuh rduqjla imhhs' tauZ.ska tys pska;kh yd l@shdj f.dkqlr .; yelsjkq we;'wdl,am idr
OrAuwdosh ta ta wjia:df.k tahgf;a b.ekajSfuz l@u fidhd.ekSug mrAfhaIKh lsrSfuka wmg idr
Ou! wOHdmkh oshqKq lr.; yelsjkq we;'2idrOu! wOHdmkh oshqKqlr .ekSu ;`,ska udkj iudchg
,oyelss jdish .sKquz jsia;rhloS fuka ,dN mdvq fuz fuz hhs oelajSu fuka ir<j js.@yfldg
fmkajsh yelsfohla fkdfjz.th uqZM uy;a iudc hdka;@Kh mqrdu fj<s me;sr mj;akdjQ fohls.
iudc hdka;@Khg cSjh imhkafka idrOu! kdud;s bkaOk jsfYaIh uZ.ska hehs lsjfyd;a tho
w;sfYdla;shla fkdfjz.uqZM uy;a udkj iudcfhys cSjfm@arKh(Living Drivers)idrOu!hs.
huz iqjsfYaIS jia;~ka mqoa.,hka isoaOs wdosh ms<snZo wdl,amrdYshla talrdYSjSfuka idrOrAuhla
iEfoknj wms fmr |=gqfjuq'wdl,am fukau idrOrAuo uQ<sl jYfhka usksia w.hka .Khg jefgz'3
huz huz foag w.hka fyj;a jgskdluz msrskul tlu iFjhd usksidh'w.hjkdyS yq|= ukqIH
ksrAudKhls. iajNdj OrAufhys w.hka lshd fohla ke;' usksfil` huzfohlg w.hla |=kajsg th
Tyqg;a taw.h ms<s.kakd whg;a jsfYaIjQjlanjg m;afjz' iuyr w.hka m@;scdkd;aulh(Positive)
iuyr w.hka ksfYaOd;aulh'4(Negative)m@;scdkd;aul w.hka msrskuk,ofoa wm jsiska ,nd.ekSug
W;aiylrkq ,nk w;r ksfYaOd;aul w.hka msrskuk ,ofoa |=r,Sug fyda m@;sfCIamlsrSug W;aidy
lruq'usksiaiq jsjsOfoag w.hka fo;s'iuyr tajd fN#;sljia;`h'iuyr tajd cSj jia;`h';jiuyr
tajd lD;@Su jk w;r iuyrla jshqla;h'5
usksiqka jsiska ta jsjsOdldr foag w.hka msrskukafka flfiaohkak;a jgyd.ekSu m@fhdackj;ah'
w.hmsrsk uk tla;rdl@uhlakuz uQ,Hjgskdlula oSuh's tkuz w.h us<kshufhka oelajSuhs'tkuz
w.h us,kshufhka oelajSuhs'tfy;a iEufohlau uqof,ka w.hl< fkdyel'tnZ|=foa ‘fydZohs-krlhs’
‘Wiia-my;a’ ‘idOdrKhs-widOdrKhs’wdoSjYfhka w.hkq ,efnz' fufia w.hka oSu;`,ska usksid
;umrsirfha jia;~ka isoaOs wdosh tla;rd wdldrhlg udkislj ixjsOdkh lr.ks;s'fuh Tyqgta ta
jia;~kag isoaOSkag yd woyiaj,g wkd.;fha flfia m@;spdr oelajshhq;`oehs uZ.fmkajSula lrhs'
usksidg is;Sug f;arSug jsksYaphg i;HlreKq (Facts) fukau w.hkao(Values) wjYHjkafkah'
ld,du iQ;@fhaoS js.@yjkafka fufia w.hka ksrAKh lsrSu msKsi wjYHkrk uQ<sl udkisl ksoyi
1
Democracy and education,J.Dewey,Macmillan,New York,1963,p.73.
2
An experimental analysis,B.F.Skinner,N.J.Prentice Hall Englewood Ciffs,1953,p.54.
3
Ouzumoh"hul j.a.h"12 .d:dj"idrx p idrf;d Z[Fjd widrx p widrf;d f; idrx wOs.pzPka;s iuzud
ixlLmam f.dprd'
4
u. ks. 2"wuzn,gzGsl rdyqf,dajdo iq;a;"nq'c'uq"132 msgqj'hfoj Fjx rdyq,x ldhluzux l;a;`ldfud
wfydis';foj f;ldh luzux mpzpfjlaLs;nznx hkakQ fLd wyx box ldfhk luzux l;a;`ldfud box fu ldh
luzux w;aljHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH mrjHdndOdhms ixj;af;hH WNhjHdndOdh ms ixj;af;hH wl`i,x box
mrjHdndOdhms
ldh luzux |=laL jsmdlx'
5
mgsiuzNsod u.a.gzGl:d"fyajdjs;drK uq|@Kh"56 msgqj'

20. 20
1
Tyqg ,ndoSuhs' ld,du iQ;@fhys js.@yjk uQ<sludkisl ksoyi jQl,S idrOrAuSh iodpdrd;aul yd
iudc m@;sudk u; mokuzjQ fohls' tnejska ukqIHhdg ,efnk udkisl ksoyi whq;`f,i Ndjs;d
lsrSug fyda by; iZoyka idrOrAu iodpdrh yd m@;sudk lvjk whqrska lghq;`lsrSfuz whs;sjdislu
la Tyqi;` fkdfjknjo ta iQ;@fhys wjOdrKhlr ;sfnz'jsfYaIfhkau ld,du iQ;@fhys oelafjkmrsos
uQ<sl iudcm@;sudkhjk mxpYS,m@;smodj lv fkdflfrk mrsos udkj ksoyi Wmrsuf,i N`la;sjsZos
h yelsnj nq|=r|=ka wjOdrKh lr;sfnz'2
ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska fmkajdfokq ,nkafka usksid i;` uQ<sl usksia whs;sjdisluz iuia; udkj
iudch flfrys hq;`luz yd j.lSu keue;s fomiu tlf,I iqrCIs;jk wdldrfhka Ndjs;hg
.kakd wdldrh fmkajdfokq ,nhs.fuz uZ.ska OrAuslnjfukau ta;`< widydislfkdjSuo w.hkq,nhs.
m@fhdackh fyda jeo.;alui,ld usksiqkajsiska jgskdlula fokq,nk fyda ,nd.ekSug W;aiy
lrk .`K wdl,am l@u hkdoSfoa w.hka f,i fld,skaia fldans,avz bx.@Sis YnzofldaIh wre;a fohs'3
fuhska lshfjkafka udkj jgskdluz idrOu! f,i wF:!j;ajk njhs.
ljfrl` fyda huzjsgl ienjska leu;sjk jgskdlulafok Wiiafldg i,lk wdYdlrk wkqu;
lrk fyda jsZosk TzkEu fohla uQ<sl w:!fhka w.hlaf,i oelajsh yelshehs n@hsgzuka (1978) mjihs'
w.hka jkdyS huz iudchla fyda iudchl jevs fokd jsiska orkq,nk mrudorAY jsYajdi fyda
m@;sudkfjz(flaka 1962)'4
by; oelajQ ksrAjpk wkqj usksiqka jsiska jgSkdluz f,ii,lkq ,nk TzkEu fohla w.hls' tfy;a
ishZMu w.hka idOrAu f,iie,lsh yelso$WodyrKhla oelajqjfyd;a by;jQ ksrAjpk wkqj jrA.
jdoh w.hls' tfy;a th idrOrAuhlehs ms<s.; yelso$taksid ishZM w.hka idrOrAu fkdfjz' fuh
my; oelafjk wdldrh g idrOrAu jrA. ;`kla hgf;a f.dkqlroelajsh yelsh'5
1 idrOrAu fkdjk w.hka (k-idrOrAu)"
2 w.hka jk idrOrAu (iuzu; idrOrAu)"
3 w.hka fkdjk idrOrAu (wiuzu; idrOrAu)"
k-idrOrAu .Khg jefgkafka usksiqka jsiska w.hlrkq ,nk tfy;a idrOrAujYfhka ms<s.;
fkdyels fndfydajsg mqoa.,hdg yd iudch flfrys wys;lrjsh yels jgskdluzh ksoY!k jYfhka
;rZ.h wd;aud:!h Wkak;slduh oelajsh yelsh'6
1
w. ks."1 ;sl ksmd;h"uyd j.a. ld,du iq;a;"nq c uq"337-343 msgq'
2
''tu'"w,qoafOd'''w|=gzfGd''wuQ<afyda''mkdhdx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,d f,dafNak''fodafiak''fudafyak''wkNsN~f;d
wmrsshdoskak ps;af;d fkaj mdKx yka;s"k woskakx wdosj;s"k mrodrx .pzP;s"k uqid NK;s"mruzms ;:;a;dh
iudofma;s'hx i fyda;s oS> r;a;x ys;dh iqLdhd;s'
3
uOQr mrs.Kl YnzofldaIh idrOu! hk moh iZoyd imhk ksrAjpkho fuhg iudkh'tfukau Y@S iqux.,
isxy, idudkdrA: YnzofldaIh uZ.skao fuhu woyiafjhs'md,sfhys idr hk jpkh fukau i;a hk jpkho
fulS wrA:h Wfoid jHjydrfjz'
4
A Study of values,G.W.llport,P.E.Vernon,&G.Lindzey,Houghton,Miffin
Company,Bowton,1960,p.43.
5
The nature of human values,Milton Rokeach,The Free Press,New York,1973,p.39.
6
...Do..,p.40.

21. 21
iuzu; idrOrAu hkq mqoa.,hd fyda iudch jsiska w.hlrkq ,nk fyda ms<s.kq ,nk idrOrAuh
hs.tkuz iuzu;jQo idrOrAu jkakdjQ foah'fndfydajsg iudc iuzu;hka fuhg wka;rA.; fjz iudc
iuzu; ffk;sl rduqj ;`< fuz l< hq;`hs fuz foa fkdl< hq;`hs wmg ;yxps fyda jrm@ido f,i
yZ|=kajd we;s foa wm l< fyda fkdl< hq;`jSu iuzu; idrOu! f,i oelajsh yelsh.n@dyauKhka
Wmam;a;sfhkau fydZo hym;a l`i,a lrkakdjQ mqoa.,hka f,i olajd ;snSuo iudc iuzu; ksoiqkla
jYfhka oelajsh yelsh.mruzmrdkq.;j meusfKk fjzo Ydia;@h n@dyuKfhl`g CI;@shhfhl`g fyda
ffjYHfhl`g yer kQ.ekajsh hq;` njo mruzmrdkq.; mejf;kakdjQ n@yauK idrOu!hls.th lv
lsrSu n@yauK iudch wkqj idrOu! lvlsrSuls. tnZ|= iudc iuzu; idrOu! lv lrkakkag ,ndosh
hq;` lDDr oZvqjuzo n@yauK kS;s .@J:hla jQ ukqiauD;sfhys wmQrejg iZoyka jS ;sfnz.kuq;a ta tllaj;a
kQ;kfhys idrOu! f,i ie<flkafka ke;.
‘wiuzu; idrOrAu’hkq mqoa.,hd fyda iudch jsiska ms<sfkd.kakd idrOrAuhs'ksorAYkhla jYfhka
uQ< OrAujdoS wd.ula woyk iudchla wd.usl jspdrh w.hfkdlrhs' tfy;a wd.usl jspdrh
idrOrAu .Khg jefgkakls' ld,du iQ;@fhys js.@yjk wdldrhg tl< Ndr;Sh iudch kd kd jsO
wd.usl oDIags yd orAYk jdohkaf.ka .yKj mej;sks'1 n@yaucd, iQ;@fhys uQ<slju 62lg jrA.Slr
Khfldg oelajkafka iuia; wd.usl oDIags yd oY!kjdofha iuzmsKavkhhs' fuzjd iy w;S; jrA;ud
k iy wkd.; ld,;@fhys f,dalfhys we;sjQ mj;sk yd we;sjsh yelaldjQ ishZMu wd.usl oDIaGs yd
orAYkjdohkays wvx.`jsh yelaldjQ uQ<sl b.ekajSuz ldKav oyhlg jrA.SlrKh fldg ld,du
iQ;@fhys oelafjz'2
wkqY@jh (Report) mruzmrdh(Tradition)b;slsrdh(Prologue)msgl iuzmodfkak(Givinin the
Scripture) ;lal fya;`(Logical implication)kh fya;`(Nomological implication)wdldr mrsjs;
laflak (Piversificati on of Thought)osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;s(Conside of Aspects) NjH;dh
(Poteutiatity)iufKda fkda .rE(Consultations of Prexeptor) hkafkka oelafjkqfha ta ldKav
oyhhs'jspdr mQrAjlj f,dalh foin,d ksjerosj idrOrAu Wlyd.ekSu msKsi by;lS oDIaGsjdo
ldKav oyh wOdk.@dySj ndr.ekSu m@;slafIam lsrSuo tla;rd wdldrhlska u;jdouh jYfhka
jsma,jShjQjls'fuh tla;rd wdldrhlska wd.u iuznJOfhka jspdrmQrAjl oelaula ksrAfoaYlrkakla
nejska wiuzu; idrOrAu fldgig wh;ajkakla f,i oelajsh yelsh'3fufiajkafka tod Ndr;Sh iudc
h wkqj lsis|= oDIaGshlg fkdnei isgSu yd oDIaGs .@yKfhka je<lS isgSuu tla;rd wdldrhlska
wiuzu; idrOrAuhla f,i ie,l`k nejsks'
1
i. ks. 4"inzn iq;a;"nq'c'uq"30 msgqj'fhd NslaLfj tjx jfohH wyfu;x inznx mpzplaLdh wZ[aZ[x inznx
mfZ[Z[fmiaiduS;s ;iai jdpdjF:qfrjiai mqgzfGd p k iuzmdfhhH"W;a;rsx p js>d;x wdmcAfchH ;x lsiai
wdmcA
fy;` h:d ;x NslaLfj wjsihiausx'
2
w. ks. 1";sl ksmd;h uydj.a. ld,du iq;a;"nq c uq "337-343 msgq'hod ;`uzfy ld,du w;a;kdj cfkhHd:
bfu Ouzud wl`i,d bfu Ouzud idjcAcd bfu Ouzud jsZ[aZ|+ .rys;d nfu Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh
|=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s'w: ;`uzfy ld,dud"mcfyhHd'
3
Religions,Values and peak experience,H.Abraham Maslow,Penguine,1970,p.78.

22. 22
Bg wu;rj oDIaGs .@yKfhka je<lSu ;`<ska idrOrAu ixl,amhla ksjerosj yZ|=kd.ekSu iZoyd
jk Wmfhda.s;d uQ<OrAuhla f,i ld,du iQ;@fhys oijsO wOslruh pska;k m@;sfCIamh W.kajd we;s
nejsks'ta uZ.ska idrOrAu ixl,am yd iodpdrh w;r we;s inZo;dfjz iajrEmh i;r n@yau jsyrK
;@sjsO l`Y,uQ,hka yd mxpYS, m@;smodjuZ.ska ksrEmkhflfrA'1 fuz ishZMu foa uZ.ska idrOrAu
iodpdrh yd m@;sudkhkays wfkHdakH iuznJO;djh jsOsu;aj meyeos,s lrkq ,nhs'ld,du iQ;@fhys
b.ekafjk fuz ishZMu lreKq tod Ndr;Sh iudchg wd.ka;`l lreKqnejska tajd iuzu; jQ n@dyauK
b.ekajSuzj,g tfrysj .sh nejska tla;rd |=rlg wiuzu;idrOrAu f,iie,lsh yelshs'kuq;a nq|=r|=
kaf.a b.ekajSuz wd.usl ixia:djla f,i m@;sIaGdmkh jSfuka wk;`rej tajd iudc.; lrk,o
fyhska tajd iuzu; fn#oaO idrOrAu f,i ;yjqrejsks'2
by; olajk,o lreKq wkqj iudc iuzuq;sfhka neyerjo idrOrAu mj;sknj ms,s.ekSug wmg
is|=fjz' wiuzu; idrOrAu ms<snZo ixl,amh lreKq lSmhla ksid jeo.;afjz' m<uqjekak ukqIH
YsIaGdpdrh bosrshg mshjr kZ.kafka mj;sk idrOrAu m:fha iSud blaujd .ukalsrSfuks'3
fndfyda wd.usl foaYmd,ksl ixialD;sl jsma,j yd m@;sixialrK jkdyS uQ<sl jYfhka ms<s.;a
idrOrAu fjkqjg kjidrOrAu yZ|=kajdoSug .;a m@h;akjkafkah'Ndr;Sh iudcfha uq,aneif.k ;snQ
wd.usl yd odrAYksl u;jdo ld,du iQ;@fhys wiuzmQrAK hehs m@;sfCIams; Z{dkudrA. oyhg wka;rA
.;fjz' ta fjkqqjg ld,du iQ;@fhka bosrsm;a lrkq ,enqfjz mxpYS, m@;smodj i;r n@yaujsyrK yd
;@sjsO l`Y, uQ, flaJ|@lr .;a ksoyia pska;khls'4
ld,du iQ;@fhys js.@yjk idrOrAu ms<snZo b.ekajSfuys wruqK huz iudchl mj;sk yd ms<s.;a
idrOrAu wdlD;sh ;`< udkj pska;kh isrlr ;enSufkdfjz'5tysoS wjYH;ek ld,Skj fhda.Hjk kj
idrOrAu yZ|=kajd oSu is|=lr ;sfnz'flfia fj;;a ld,du iQ;@fhys jsia;rjk wdldrhg wiuzu; idr
OrAu f,i oekg wm fkdokakd fyda fkdi,ld yer we;s ksoyia pska;kh jsOsu;a whqrska wmf.a
cSjs;hg wdf,dalhlajkqfha iudcfha fjfik mqoa.,hka Bg w.hla ,nd|=kfyd;a muKs'tjsg muKs
iudcfha fjfik usksiqkaf.a udkj iuznJO;djhk wrA:j;a lr.ekSug yd mqoa., prs; ixjrAOk
hg n,mdk idOlhla f,i ld,du iQ;@.; OrAuh fhdod.; yelsjkafka'6
ienjskau idrOrAu hkq l`ulao$ idrOrAu w.hlska fjkiajkafka flfiao$ idrOrAuhla jkdyS
mqoa.,hd iudch yd cSjs;h idrj;alrk fmdfydi;alrk w:!j;alrk udkqIsl .`Khls' isxy,
NdIdfjys uSgiudk w:!fok fjk;a iudkjpkkuz ‘i;a.`K’ ‘.`KOrAu’yd ‘mqreIdrA:’fjz' by;
oelajQ ksrAjpkh mrsos idrOrAu hl iodpdruh ixialD;sl yd udkqIsl wrA:j;anjla ;sfnz' iEu
1
...Do..,p.79.
2
Critique of Practical Reason,I.Kant,T.K.Abbort 4 th edition,1889,p.380.The pure concepts of
reason. are thus at least necessary as setting us te task of extending the unity of understanding,where
possible,up to the unconditioned, and are grounded in the nature of human reason.
3
Kant's First Critique An Appraisal of the permanent significant of Kant's Critique of pure reason,H.
W.Cassirer,George Allen & Unwin Ltd,London,1954,p.552.The transcendental illusion which
conferes reality upon the ideas of Reason.
4
w. ks."1 ;sl ksmd;h"ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"338 msgqj'
5
Imagination,Mary Warnock,Forber & Fober 3,Queen Square,London,1967,p.27.
6
Value oriented education ,Lalith Kitshore,Doaba House,Naik St,Delhi,10006,1688.p.23.

23. 23
1
OrAuhlau hym;ah' m@;scdkd;aulh'krl idrOrAu .ek wmg l:dl<fkdyel'tnkaola ke;'
ld,du iQ;@fhys jsia;rjk miamjq (miajeoEreuz iudc m@;sudk OrAu;d lvlsrSuz mkais,a levSu) yd
;@sjsO wl`Y, OrAu hk lreKq m@;sudk lvlsrSuz yd |+Is; ufkda uQ<ixl,am f,i yeZoskajsh
yelsh'tfiau tajd krl whym;a m@fYaOkd;aul ixl,amj,g ksoiqka f,ioelajsh yelsh' tajd
idrOrAuhkays jsreoaO mCIh ksfhdackhlrk nejsks' tfiau ksid tajd idrOrAu f,ioelajsh
fkdyelsh'2
m@;scdkd;aul idrOrAu ms<snZoj idlpzPdlrkjsg uSgiuSm wrA:fhka idrOrAu ksrAjpkh lrk
f,aLlfhda isgs;s' jsfYaIfhkaa udkqIsljdoS ufkdajsoHd .`rel`,fha udiaf,da yd Tz,afmdgz tjekafkdah'
T,afmdgz f.a ksrAjpkh mrsos ‘idrOrAuhla hkq iajd;auh yd iuznJO wrA:hls'’nq|=iuh wd;aujdoh
neyer lrk fyhska Tz,afmdgz olajk iajd;auh mqoa., wkkH;djh f,i.; yelsh'3tfiau iajShFjh
yd fmdreIFjh f,io oelajsh yelsh' ta wkqj ld,du iQ;@fhys js.@yflfrk idrOrAuo ixl,amSh
f,i iajShFjh yd mqoa., fm#reIFjh yd neZ|=k b.ekajSuz f,i yZ|=kajdosh yelsh' fya;`j idrOrAu
i;r n@yau jsyrK yd ;@sjsO l`Y,uQ< f,iixl,amSh jYfhka wdOHd;ausl jsjrKh lr;sfnk
nejsks'4 fuz wkqj idrOrAu m@Njjkafka mqoa., wOHd;au flaJ|@lr f.knj ld,duiQ;@.; b.ekajSuz
j,ska ;yjqrejk nj fmkajd osh yelsh'
fuz wkqj idOrAu my<jkafka fld;ekskao hkq;a jsuidne,Su m@fhdackj;a fjz'tajd idrOrAu uQ,dY@
jYfhka yZ|=kajuq fuh jsuidn,kjsg uQ<sl oajS;shsl ;D;Shsl wdoS jYfhka idOrAu Oqrdj<shla
yZ|=kd.; yelsh' flfiafj;;a fuu wjia:dfjzoS fuu wjia:dfjzoS fuu js.@yh jsOsu;aj ;nd.ekSu
iZoyd uQ<sl uQ,dY@j,g muKla iSudfjuq' tnZ|= uQ,dY@ myla yZ|=kd.; yelsh tajdkuz"5
1 mdol fn#oaO ixl,am"
2 iodpdrh"
3 fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.h"
4 mZ[aZ[duh yd Wmfhda.s;d ,CIK"
5 m@;sudk hkuQ<dY@fjhs'
fuzjd tlsfklg iuznJO ixisoaOSkah'fyj;a tlu idrOrAu ixl,amhka flaJ|@fldg f.dvkeZ.`Kq
ixisoaOSka fjz'idrOrAu wOHdmkfha mrudrA:h hym;a mqoa.,fhl` nsyslsrSuhs'6hym;a mqoa.,fhla
nsyslsrSu hkafkka hym;a iudchla nsyslsrSuo .uHfjz' mqoa.,hd iudcfhka fjkalr oelajSu
wmyiqh'hym;a mqoa.,hdf.ka yd hym;a iudcfhka hym;a cSjs;h my<fjz' fuz whqrskamqoa.,
1
The nature of Human Values,Milton Rokeach,The Free Press,New York,1973,p.34.
2
ld,du Ou!h"nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus"iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1961"msgqj 37- 89'
3
Kant's first critique,an Appraisal of the permanent significance of Kant's critiique of pure reason, H.
W.Casserer,George Allen & Uniwin Ltd,London,1954,p.182.As a matter of fact, the thought of causal
sequence implies the prsence of a charactristic additional to what is required for objective sequence in
general.When a phenomenon is taken to be the cause of another,we do not merely presume that is in
time,but also that the antecendent is responsible for the existence of the consequent,and that the latter
has come into being as the result of the efficacy of the former.
4
w. ks"1 ;sl ksmd;h"ld,du iq;a;"nqc'uq"338msgqj'
5
Moral Education,N.J.Bull,Routledge & Kegan Paul,London,1979,p.81.
6
Moral Education,E.Durkherim,The Free Press,New York,Freud,1925,p.123.

24. 24
cSjs;h hym;ajSuksid iudcho"iudch hym;ajSu ksid osjsmeje;au hym;a jSuo hklrekq
tlsfkl noaOjQ tlsfklg ukdj .e,fmk ixisoaOSkah'1
ta wkqj idrOrAu ixl,am iodpdrd;aul l@shdjlg;a"iodpdrd;aul l@shd iudc m@;sudk iqrCIs;
jSfuys,d;a iudc m@;sudk iqrCIs;jSfuys,d iudc osjs meje;au hym;ajSu;a hk lreKq ldrKd
tlsfkg noaO fjuska bgqfjz'2fuzksid fn#oaO idrOrAu ms<snZoj js.@ylsrSfuzoS uQ<slju thgmdoljqkq
fyj;a mokuzjqkq fn#oaO ixl,am ms<snZoj wjOdkh fhduqlsrSu jeo.;ah'ta hgf;a mqZ[aZ[ yd l`Y,
ixl,amh"oi mqZ[aZ[l@shd"wjsysxid"wmamspzp;d" ika;`gzGs;d" fi#kaorAhh m@sh;djh" iqkuHnj"
iajpzPJo;djh yd iykYS,h hk uQ<sllreKq ms<snZoj wjOdrKhl<yelsh'
B <Z.g idrOrAu ixl,am iodpdrh flfrys bjy,ajk whqre idlpzPdlsrSu;`,ska ld,du iQ;@.;
jsjrK iudc iodpdr jO!kh flfrys olajk odhl;ajh u;`l<yelsh' fn#oaO Z{dkudrA.h ms<snZo
js.@yh ;`<ska nqoaOsjsIhsl f,i fm#reIjO!kh msKsi l,du iQ;@.; b.ekajSuz idrOrAu ixl,am
f,i jHjydrjS we;af;a l`ukdldrhlskaoehs wmg jsuid ne,sh yelsh'fn#oaO idrAOuhkaf.a
Wmfhda.S;djh yd mZ[aZ[duh Ndjs;h ;`<ska iudciqrCIs;njflfrA ljrdldr Wmfhda.s;d yd
orAYkuh lD;Hhla bgqlrkafkao hklreK jsuid nef,a'3 fuz uZ.ska l,duiQ;@.; jsIhlreKq
uQ<OrAu f,ifkdj m@dfhda.sl Ndjs;hka f,ig iudcnoaOjk whqre meyeos,s flfrA' uQ<OrAujdoS
b.ekajSuz flfrka l,du iQ;@.; b.ekajSuz fjkiajkafka l`uk moku u;ohk ldrKh fuuZ.ska
meyeos,sflfrA'wjidkjYfhka iudc m@;sudk moaO;sh iqrCIs; lsrSu mqoa., osjsmeje;au iqrCIs;
lsrSfuys,d wdOdrjk nejska ld,du iQ;@.; idrOrAu ixl,am uZ.ska iudc m@;sudk iqrCIs; lsrSfu
ys,d olajk wkq.@yh ms<snZoj jsoHd;aul f,ilreKq fuzz hgf;a js.@y flfrkq we;'4
idrOrAu hk jok bx.@Sis Values hk w:!fhka Ndjs;hg meusK we;s tlls'Values hkafkys
idudkH w:!h w.h fyj;a jgskdlu hkakhs usksiqka w.hlrk ishZM fok idrOrAu f,i.;
fkdyelsnejska w.hka j,ska idrOrAu fjkalr.ekSug huz rS;shla wjYHh'Values hk jpkfhys
we;s mg,ejs,snj .ek iZoyka lrk tan@yuz udiaf,da fufia lshhs'5
“Values hkak fkdfhla wdldrfhka ksrAjpkh lr;sfnz'fkdfhlafokd thf;areuz .kafka fkdfhla
w:!j,ska' we;a;u lshkjdkuz uSgjvdksYaps; ldrAhnoaO jpkhla fidhd.ekSu iZoyd fuz jHdcmoh
w;ayer oeuSug wmg jevsl,a fkdf.dia is|=jkq we;”(1971)'fuz |=Ialr;djh uelakso olshs'“Values
hk ixl,amh jsoHd;aul f,i Ndjs;dlsrSu ms<snZoj mj;sk |=Ialr;djhla kuz th fkdfhla fokd
fkdfhla w:!fhka jrskajr w:!udre lruskao Ndjs;lsrSuksid we;sjS;sfnk jHdl~,Fjhhs”(1980)'
1
Socialization and soiety,J.A.Clausen(ed),Little Brown & Company,Boston,1968.p.63.
2
The Development of moral values and behaviour in childhood,E.Maccoby,Boston,1968.p.71.
3
Democracy and Education,J.Dewy,Macmillan,New York,1916,p.132.
4
ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi"ik;a kdkdhlaldr"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"keosud,"foysj,"
2001"17 msgqj'
5
A Study of Values,G.W.Alloport,P.E.Vernon, & G.Lindzey,Milffin Company,Bowton,1960,p.46.

25. 25
idrOrAu ms<snZo js.@yfhaoS idrOrAuhkays Wmfhda.s;duh ,CIK ms<snZoj wjOdkh fhduql<
hq;`h'ta iZoyd idrOrAuj, ldrAhhka yZ|=kd.; hq;`h' idOrAuj, ldrAhhka lsysmhla my; oelafjk
f,iw:!l:kh l< yelsh'1
1jsZ{dk jsldYh yd fmdaIKh –bf.k .kq,nk fyda prs;dhkh lr.kq,nkiEu idrOrAuh
lskau mqoa., jsZ{dkfhys huz;,hl Yla;su;ajSula yd jsldYkhla is|=fjz'mqyq|=kanfjz isg wdrAhh
;,hlrd .ukalsrSfuzoS mqoa., fm#reIfha is|=jk Okd;aul jO!kh fuhg ksoiqkla f,i.;yelsh'
tfukau wrAy;aj fm#reIfha isg mpzfpzl nqoaO yd iuzud iuznqoaO fm#reIh olajd mqoa., fm#reI
jO!kfha Okd;aul mCIh ksrEmKh lrhs'2
wdrAh wIaGdx.sl udrA.fha iuzud iudOsfhka fl<jrjk wgjeoEreuz fiaL mgsmodj wrAy;aj
;,hg meusKSfuzoS iuzud Z[dK yd iuzud jsuqla;s hk wx.folska wu;rjO!khla fmkajkqfhao
hf:dala; lreKg wod<jk whqrlsks'fyj;a mqoa.,prs;dhkfhys by<g mdrsY`oaOs ugzguzj,oS wu;r
Z{dKjsfYaIhla jYfhka jO!kSh idrOrAu l@shdlrknj fuz uZ.ska meyeos,sfjz'3
ld,du iQ;@fhys js.@ylr we;s mrsos tys m@;sfCIams; oijeoEreuz Z{dkud.!hka ms<snZoj oelajSug
we;s lreKkuz tajd tfia m@;sfCImfldg we;af;a iuzmQrAK h:drA: oY!kh msKsi yd msrsis|=
mrsmQrAK idrOrAu ugzgulalrd t<Usug tajd wfmdfydi;a nejsks' tajdhska t<Ushyels ugzgu
idOkSh ugzgug jvd my< ugzgul mj;sk nejska wiuzmQrAK Z{dKudrA. f,i m@;sfCIams;h'
ld,du iQ;@fhka ksrAfoaY lrkakdjQ idrOrAu u; mokuzjQ ksoyia pska;khjkdyS ishZMu oDIaGsjdo
ksjdrKh lrkakdjQ l@ufjzoh fyhska wfmaCIs; idOkSh idrOrAu ugzgug meusKSug tys iZoyka
fjk fuu ksoyia pska;kh iu;afjz'4
fuys ksoyia pska;khf,i jsia;rfldg olajd we;af;a uOHu m@;smodjhs'fyj;a wdhH! wIaGdx.sl
ud.!hhs'5 l,du iQ;@.; wdhH! wIaGdx.sl ud.!fhys m@Z{d YsCIdj"m@;sfCIams; oijeoEreuz Z{dK
udrA.fhkao"iudOs YsCIdj"i;r n@yau jsyrK yd ;@sjsO l`Y, uQ<hkaf.kao"iS, YsCIdj"mxpYS,
m@;smodj ;`<skao ksrEms;h' taksid prs;dhk ixjO!kfhaoS fnd|=oyuska ksrAfoaYs; by<u Ndjuh yd
nqoaOsuhmrsmdlh fmkakquz lrkqfha ld,du iQ;@.; by; iZoyka b.ekajSuz;`<nejz fmkajdoSug
yelsh'6
1
Value Oriented Education,E.S.Brightman,1978,Kane,1962, as cited by Lalith Kishore,1990,Doaba
House,Nai Sarak,Delhi,11006,1688,p.211.
2
u. ks. 3"f.dml fud.a.,a,dk iq;a;"nq'c'uq"100 msgqj'kF:s fLd n@dyauK tl NslaLqu ms f;ys Ouzfuys
inzfnk inznx inzn:d inznx iukakd.f;d"fhys Ouzfuys iukakd.f;d fid N.jd wryx iuzud iuznqoafOd'
3
u. ks. 3"uydp;a;drSxil iq;a;"nq'c'uq"218 msgqj'iuzud osgzGsiai NslaLfj iuzud ixlmafmd mfyd;s' iuzud
ixlmamiai iuzud jdpd mfyd;s'iuzud jdpdiai iuzud luzukaf;d mfyd;s'iuzud luzuka;iai iuzud wdcSfjd
mfyd;s'''iuzud Z[dKiai iuzud jsuq;a;s mfyd;s'
4
u. ks. 3"fijs;nzndfijs;nzn iq;a;"nq'c'uq"182 msgqj'h:d rEmxp fLd idrsmq;a; osgzG mgs,dNx fijf;d
wl`i,d Ouzud mrsydhka;s l`i,d Ouzud wNsjvzVka;s'tjrEfmd osgzGsmgs,dfNd fijs;nzfnd'
5
u. ks. 1"pQ< fjo,a, iq;a;"nq'c'uq"706 msgqj'k fLd wdjqfid jsidL wrsfhk wgzGx.slflk u.af.k ;fhd
LJOd ix.yS;d ;Sys p fLd wdjqfid jsidL LkafOys wrsfhd wgzGx.sfld u.af.d ix.ySf;d'hd pdjqfid jsidL
LJOd
iuzud jdpd"fhd p iuzud luzukaf;d fhd p iuzud wdcSfjd bfu OuzfuiS,laLkafO ix.yS;d fhd p iuzud
jdhdfud hd p iuzud i;s fhd p iuzud iudOs bfu Ouzud iudOslaLkafO ix.yS;d hd p iuzud osgzGs"fhd p
;d
iuzud ixlmafmd bfu Ouzud mZ[aZ[dlJOkafO ix.yS;d;s'
6
ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi"ik;a kdkdhlaldr"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"keosud,"foysj,"
2001"21msgqj

26. 26
1
2 wdfjzokSh fmdaIKh – iEu idrOrAuhlu wdfjzokSh me;slvla we;snj wms fmr|=gqfjuq' fufia
idrOrAu hla jO!khfj;au th yd iuznJO wdfjzok jsfYaIho jO!khfjz'ohdj lreKdj fi#kaorAh
h mrs;Hd.h wdosh jsuidne,Ql< fuh meyeos,sfjz'ld,du iQ;@fhka ksrAfoaYs; i;r n@yaujsyrK
;`<skao fulS wdfjzokSh fmdaIKh ksrAfoaYlr;sfnz'tysoS ffu;@sh lreKdj uqos;dj yd WfmaCIdj hk
idrOrAuhkaf.a wdfjzokSh mCIh;`<ska iudcm@;sudk iqrCIs;jSuflfrys we;sjk wkqn,h ukdj
js.@ylr ;sfnz'
3 iodpdr jsksYaph – huz wjia:djl l@shdl<hq;` ksjeros wdldrh l`ulaoehs jsksYaph lsrSfuzoS
mdollr .kafka idrOrAuhs'2fuzwkqj idrOrAu yd iodpdrh w;r iuSm iuznJO;djhla ;sfnz.
ld,duiQ;@fhysoS idrOrAuixl,amjk i;rn@yaujsyrK ;s@jsOl`Y, uQ< yd mxpYS, m@;smodj fyj;a
iudciodpdr uQ<OrAu my w;r mj;sk inZo;djfha iajrEmho fujekakls'3tysoS uqZMuy;a iudch
flfrysu mqoa.,fhl` jsiska we;slr.kakd,o idrOrAu ixl,amkdjka jHjydrsl;,fhaoS(l@shd;aul
lsrSfuzoS fyj;a m@dfhda.SlFjhg meusKjSfuzoS)iodpdrd;aull@shdf,i jHjydrfjz'iodpdrh jsYajjSh
fohlaf,i ms<s.efka' fyj;a fmd|=njla fmd|=fjz ishZM udkjhkagu jsYajidOdrKnjla olakg
,efnz'4tnZ|= jsYajidOdrK m@;smodjla mekkeZ.Su msKsi uQ<sl nScf,i bjy,ajkakdjQ huzlsis
idrOu!nSchla fjf;d;a tu idrOrAuo fmd|= jsYajjSh;,hg wh;a jSu ksrdhdifhkau is|=fjz' ta
Tjqfkdjqka w;r wka;rAneZoSulrK fldgf.kh'5 fuzksid ld,du iQ;@.; idrOrAu iodpdr
jsksYaphka jsfYaIs; wd.ulg cd;shlg iSudjQ foa fkdj fmd|= jsYajjSh uQ<OrAu f,i wmg
yZ|=kd.; yelsh'
4 ixialD;sllrKh – fndfyda idrOrAu iudchjsiska ms<s.;a fydZou yeisrSfuz wdldrhfmkajhs'6
iudchl idrOrAu wm;`, frdamKh lr.kakd ;rug wmsta iudcfha ixialD;shg msjsfiuq'ld,du
iQ;@h uZ.ska jsjrKh flfrkafka m@;sffjosl ixialD;shg wh;ajkakdjQ idrOu! ms<snZojhs'l,la
;siafia n@dyauK ixialD;sfhys wdOsm;Hhg hg;aj mej;suq;a m@;sffjosl ixialD;sh ;`,ska
mekkeZ.`kdjQ Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`jQ ta wNsudkj;a pska;khg msjsiSfuz udrA.h jegS we;af;a tlS
pska;kh i;`jQ ksoyia orAYkh yeoErSu u;hs'
nuqKka jsiska iudch mSvdjg m;alruska f.k.shdjQ urAOkldrS jevms<sfj,g tfrysj
l@shd;aul jSug kuz uq<skau pska;kh fj,df.k mej;shdjQ lv;`rdj bj;al< hq;`h'tu lv;`rdj
1
Moral development and the concept of values in Moral development and Socialization(ed), J.P.
Milkinney,Myra Wind miller et al.Allyn and Bacon inc,Boston,1980,p.137.
2
Moral Development and the concept of Values in Moral Development and Socialization,(ed),J.P.
Milkinney,Myra Wind .Miller et al Allyn and Bacon inc,Boston,1980,p.138.
3
w. ks. 2"m;a;luzu iq;a;"nq'c'uq"124 msgqj'l;ud p .ym;s iS, iuzmod$bO .ym;s wrsidjfld
mdKd;smd;d mgsjsrf;d fyd;s"woskakdodkd mgsjsrf;d fyd;s"ldfuiq uspzPdpdrd mgajsrf;d fyd;s"uqidjdod
mgsjsrf;d fyd;s"iqrdfuzrh ucAcmudogzGdkd mgsjsrf;d fyd;s"whx jqpzp;s .ym;s iS,iuzmod'
4
i. ks. 2"mxpNh fjr iq;a;"nq'c'uq"106 msgqj'hx .ym;s mdKd;smd;s"mdkd;dmd; mpzphd osgzGOuzusluzms
Nhx fjrx mi;s'iuzmrdhsluzms Nhx fjrx mij;s fp;isluzms |=laLx fodukiaix mgsixfjzosh;s'mdKd;smd;d
mgsjsr;iai tjx ;x Nhx fjrx jQmika;x fyd;s'
5
u. ks. 1"fldaiuznsh iq;a;"nq'c'uq"756 msgqj'bfu fnd NslaLfj P idrdKShd Ouzud mshlrKd
.relrKd"ix.ydh wjsjdodh idud.a.shd talSNdjdh ixj;a;ka;s'
6
oS. ks. 3"isZ.d,l iq;a;"nq'c'uq"308 msgqj'ud;d ms;d osid mqnznd-wdpdrshd olaLskd osid"mq;a;odrd osid mpzPd-
d- d-
us;a;dupzpd p W;a;rd"odi luzuldrd fygzGd-WaOx iuKn@dyauKd"t;d osid kuiafihH-w,u;af;d l`f,
;dupz d- ihH-
.syS'

27. 27
nuqKka jsiska ;ukaf.a iglmg jevms<sfj< fy,sorjq jSu je,elajSuz jia lD;suj we;slrk
,oaols'usksiqka ksoyfia is;Su je<elajSu iZoyd n@dyauKhska iEu Wmdhlau fhojQy'tlS Wmdhkaf.ka
usfok udrA.h oelafjkafka ld,du iQ;@ foaYkdj ;`,hs'ld,du iQ;@ foaYkdj uZ.ska m@;sffjosl
ixialD;sh;`,g msjsiSfuz Nd.Hh Wodfjz'f,dalfha fndfyda merKs YsIaGdpdrhka i;`jQ woajs;Sh oekquz
fldgzGdYhka rdYshla m@;sffjosl ixialD;sh;`, .enzfjz'1
m@;sffjosl ixialD;sl lrKhg fhduqjSu ;`,ska tu ixialD;sfhys fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wNdIh
jsZo .ekSfuz Nd.Hh ysusfjz'mqZM,a jYfhka .;fyd;a i;rn@yaujsyrKhka;`< wka;rA.; jkakdjQ
iuia; jsYajh jsIfhys ys;j;anjla we;slr .ekSu hk ldrKh ld,du iQ;@fhys losug ksrEmKh
fjz'fuu ksrEmKh jkdyS m@;s ffjosl ixialD;sh i;``jQ mdruzmrsl idrOu! moaO;sh foig wdmiq
.ukalsrSuls'2tkuz fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wdNdIh ,nd.ekSuhs'fuu l@shdj,sh ixialD;sllrKh
kuska yeZoskafjz'
5 cSjk udrAf.damfoaYh – idrOrAu mqoa.,fhl`g mQrAKcSjs;hlrd jO!khjSug
uZ.fmkajhs';jflfkl`f.a wdOsm;Hhlska f;drju ;ukag i;H oelshyelsnj mejiSu uZ.ska cSjk
orAYkfhys,d iajdOsm;Hh ;yjqre lsrSu fm#reI jO!kfhys,d w;sYhskau jeo.;ah'ld,du iQ;@fhka
js.@yjkafka fujeks cSjk udrAf.damfoaY hla ms<snZojhs'3mxpYS, m@;smodj yd tlS m@;smodj
mrKjSug fya;`jQ udkisl miqnsu ukdj fy<slrjkakla f,io ld,duiQ;@d.; b.ekajSuz f.kyer
oelajsh yelshs
6 iudc talShFjh – huz idrOrAuhla fyda idrOrAu moaO;shla cklKavdhula jsiska fmd|=fjz
ms,s.kq ,nkjsg Tjqka w;r iudc talShFjhla we;sfjz'4ld,du iQ;@h uZ.ska fmkajdfokq ,nkakdjQ
i;rn@yau jsyrK jevSu iudc talFjfhys,d w;sYhskau jeo.;afjz'tfukau tysu js.@yjk mxpYS,
m@;smodj jQ l<S iudc iy fhda.S;djh flfrys iDcqju odhlFjhla olajkakdjQ iudc m@;sudkhls'5
m@;sudkhls'5
idrOrAuj,g huz cSjjsoHd;aul mokula we;snj fmfkkakg;sfnz'fuh f;areuz .ekSug ir,
ksoiqkla f,i ujzfifkyi kue;s idrOrAuh .;yel'6usksia orefjl`g ldhslj udkislj yd
idudcslj kSfrda.S f,i jevSu iZoyd ujzfifkyi fyda Bg fnfyjska iudkjQ ljfrl`f.a fyda
fifkyila wjYHfjz'uj;`< orefifkyi my<jkafka wehf.a iakdhqmoaO;sfha yd fud<fha tnZ|=
YlH;djhla ckldkquh jYfhka we;snejsks'irAmfokqka lgqiaishka jeks iuyr .eyeKq i;`kag fuz
ckldkquh YlH;dj ke;snejska Tjqka;`, ore fifkyi my<fkdfjz'7
1
ffjosl idys;Hh"fcA' ;s,lisrs",xldfjz iSudiys; tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"1958"31 msgqj'
2
''tu"32 -33 msgq'
3
w. ks"1 ;sl ksmd;h"ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"338 msgqj'
4
u. ks1"fldaiuzznsh iq;a;"nq'c'uq"754-756 msgq'
5
u. ks 1"llpQmu iq;a;"nq'c'uq"318 msgqj'
6
The Father reaches of human nature,A.Maslow,Vi-King Penguine,New York,1971,p.59.
7
The Father reaches oj Human nature,A. Maslow,Vi-Kind Penguin,New York,1971,p.63.

28. 28
idrOrAu flfrys ukqIH fud<fha jHqyho iDcqju n,mdkq ,nhs.fud<h ms<snZo mrSCIKj,oS
.eyekq yd msrsus jYfhka fud<fha fjkialuz ;snSu lemS fmfkk ,CIKhla jS we;.fud<fha ;ka;`
folla hdlrk ;ka;` iuQyh nqoaOs jrAOkhg uq,ajk nj;a ta ksid msrsus fud<fha u;`msg m@foaYfha
jvd mqZM,a njla we;ehs jsoHdZ{fhda mji;s.
fndfyda jsoHdZ[hkaf.a u;h jS we;af;a iuia;hla jYfhka .;al< msrsus fud<h .eyeKq fud<hg
jvd 10% lska jsYd, njhs.tanj fuf;la lrwe;s wOHhk j,oS ;yjqre fjz icSjs fud<fha m@;srEm
.ekSfuzoS kj ;dCIKh mrAfhaIK lghq;`j,g jsYd, rel`,la jS we;.jrA;udkfhys mrs.K;
;dCIh b;du;a oshqKq ;;ajhkag m;ajS we;s ksid mrs.Kl Wmldr lrf.k fud<fha iQCIu
;@sudK m@;srEm .ekSu yd jvd;a oshqKq ;dCIKsh l@u Ndjs;fhka(ialEka lsrSu jeks) icSjS fud<fhys
l@shdldrSFjh wOHhkh lsrSu l<yelsh.
.Ks; .egZMjloS hula m@ldY lsrSfuzoS |=lla fyda fjzokdjla oekSfuzoS msrsus fud<fha we;euz
ksYaps; m@foaY muKla l@shd;aul fjz.fiiq fldgia tjsg ksoyiaj fyda fjk;a l@shdjl ksr;j ;nd
.ekSug mqZMjkalu msrsuskag fuz hgf;a ksrdhdifhkau ,efnz.fndfydajsg tla jrloS tla lghq;a;lg
jvd jevs ;ud wNsu; lghq;` ixLHdjl ksr;jSug msrsuskag b;d myiqfjka bv m@ia;djkdj ie<iS
we;af;a Tjqkaf.a fud< jHqyfha ffcj jsoHd;aul Odrs;djh ia;@Skag idfmaCIlj b;d wOsl w.hla
.kakd nejsks.tfukau b;d ksjeros ;SrK b;d CIKslj ,nd.; yelshdjla jevs uykaishlska
f;drj ,nd.ekSfuz m@jK;djh msrsuskag fuz hgf;a ksrdhdifhkau ,enS we;.fuz ksid fndfydajsg
/lshdj, jqj;a b;d j.lSuz oershhq;` CIaKsl ;SrK .ekSu w;HjYHjk wjia:dj, mqreI mCIh
yg ffcj jsoHd;aulj ta l`Y,;djh ,enS we;.
uSg iudkj .eyeKqkaf.a CIKsl ;SrK .ekSfuz yelshdj b;d wju ugzgul mj;sk w;r
tajdo ksrjoH ;SrK fkdjSfuz m@jK;djla mj;sh..eyeKqka huz fyhlska fuhg iudk jkakg
s
W;aiy l<o ta iZoyd uqZM ukfiys WmrSu Yla;sh fhdojd WmrSu ugzgulska l@shdl< hq;` jk w;r
b;d blaukskau fuz fya;`j ksid .eyeKqka jsvdjg m;afj;s.fuh iudk l< yelafla wOsfjz.S
Odrs;djla we;s psmhlska iukajs; mrs.Klhla yd b;d m@d:usl ugzgfuz uq,a ld,Sk .Kl
hka;@hlgh.fndfydajsg ;dCIKsl lafIa;@fha fyda tjeks fjkhuz lafIa;@ tllg jvd jevs ixLHdjl
tlajr ks;rjSfuz yelshdjo tfukau wdfjzok lafIa;@fhys fi#kaorAhh jeks lghq;`j, tla
fi#kaorAhh lafIa;@hlg jvd jevs ixLHdjl ksr;fjuska jevs Ndjuh ridiajdohla .@yKh
lr.ekSfuz yelshdj msrsuskag cSjjsoHd;aulj jvd jevs bvlvla ksrAudKh lroS we;.
msrsuska fuka fkdj .eyeKqka f.a fuf,i fud<fha tla m@foaYhla muKla W;af;ackhg
,lalsrSfuka wjYH f;dr;`re ,nd .ekSfuz fkdyelshdjla mj;sh.ta iZoyd .eyeKqkaf.a iuzmQrAK
s
fud<hu l@shd;aul l< hq;`fjz.fuh tla;rd |=rlg fud<fhys ldrAhCIu;djh wvqlrjkakls fuz
hgf;a b;d iqZM W;af;ackhla Tiafia l@shdlsrSug mjd .eyeKqka ksrka;rfhka ish iuzmQrAK
uia;sIal Yla;shu fuz ksid jeh l< hq;`h.

29. 29
tnejska msrsuskag idfmaCIlj .eyeKqka b;d blaukskau udkisl jsvdnr njg m;ajk nejz
jsoHZ{fhda m@ldY lr;s.fuh Tjqfkdjqkaf.a ffoksl osjs fmfj; ;`,oSo oel.; yelsh fuz ksid
idudkH ffoksl osjs fmfj; ;`<oS fukau nqoaOsuh yd Ndjuh ldrAhhka j,oS b;d ldrAhCIu yd
jevsM,odhs;djhlska hq;`j lsrSug msrsuskag cSjjsoHd;aulj yelshdjla we;snjg ;yjqre jS ;sfnz.
.eyeKq fud<fha olakg ,efnk jsfYaI ,CIKhla jkqfha NdIdj yd l:kh iuznJO lghq;`
md,kh lrkq ,nk fud<fha wfkla fldgia iuZ. .eyeKq fud<h jvd jevs iuSm iuznJO;djhla
meje;ajSuhs.fufia jSug .eyeKq fud<hg bvm@ia;dj ,enS we;af;a msrsuskag idfmaCIlj .eyeKq
fud<h uqZMukskau tlajr l@shd;aul jSfuz wjYH;djh we;s nejsk.fuz ksid .eyeKqka ;u ps;a;dfjz.
s
wjg mrsirh ms<snoj lsis|= wjOdkfhka f;drj t,smsgu l:dny lsrSug yd tajd msg; uqod yerSug
fm<fU;s lsis|= iudc j.lSulska f;drj ;u ps;a; wdfjz.hkg k;`j lghq;` lsrSfuz m@jK;djh
iEu .eyeKshlau Wm;skau ffcj jsoHd;aulj ,efnkakls ienjskau ;u ps;a;fjz. ord .ekSug yd
tajd md,kh lr.ekSug .eyeKqka olajk wiu;alu iajNdjfhkau mj;akdjQ tla;rd ffcj
jsoHd;aul udkisl |=rAj,Fjhls.tfukau fuh fud<fhys CIu;djh my;fy<kakls.fuhg
idfmaCIlj msrsuskaf.a fud<fhys jHqyfhys fcj jsoHd;aul fjkialuz ksid msrsuska tajd ys;;`<
oevsj rZojdf.k isgsknj;a taksid Ndjuh ;;ajhka yd yeZ.suz md,khlr.ekSu w;ska fuz ksid
msrsuska ldka;djkag jvd by< iu;alula olajk nj;a jsoHdZ{hkaf.a u;h jS ;sfnz.
le,sfdakshd jsYajsjsoHd,fha ufkdajsoHd uydpdrAh rsprAvz fyhsrA fkdfndaod jsYajjsoHd, isiqka yd
isiqjshka /ila yjq,a lrjdf.k lrk,o mrAfhaIKhloS msrsus iy .eyeKq fud<fha nqoaOshg
iuznJO fldgiaj, by; olajk ,o jsjsO fjkialuz wOHhkhlr fidhdf.k ;sfnz.fuhska fy,sjQfha
ia;@sh yd mqreIhd w;r fud<fha wNHka;r jHqyfhys cSj jsoHd;aul fjkialuz rdYshla we;snjhs.
fuu fjkia luz ksid tlS ia;@shg yd mqreIhdg cSj jsoHd;aulj fjkia fjkia ldrAhNdrhka folla
Wreu jS we;snj;a fidhd f.k we;.
tlu jia;`jla foi tljr n,disgsk .eyekshl yd msrsusfhl` fulS ffcj jsjsOFjh fya;`fjka
ienjskau olskakd jQ foh tlsflkg fjkiah. uShka jeks i;`ka fidhodf.k fuu lrKq wOHhklr
ne,Sug mrAfhaIl lKavdhuz W;aiql jQ w;r tysoS Tjqka jsiska wmQre fidhd .ekSuz rdYshla bosrsm;a
l<y.uShdf.a msrsus i;df.a oDIaGsjs;dkh i;`j jevsmqr ffi, ixLHdjla we;s nejska hul p,kh
blaukska oel.kshs.tfukau jvd;a ksjeros ;rAldkajs; ;SrKj,g t<USu iZoyd fuu mqZM,a
oel.ekSu ufydamldrS fjhs.thg idfmaCIlj .eyekq i;dg ,enS we;s tu ffi, jeo.;a jkafka
jrAKh yd jshuk ms<snZo we;euz iqZM iqZM f;dr;`re Wlyd.ekSu iZoyd muKs.
fuu iqjsfYaIS ,CIKh usksiqka;`< o we;ehs f,kdvz ielaia jsoHdZ{hd fmkajdfohs.thg
WodyrKhla jYfhka Tyq l`vd msrsus <uhka g@lar: jeks pxp, iajNdjfha fi,a,uznvqj,g
m@shlsrSu iy .eyekq orejka jrAKj;a fndakslalka ;`re,q lr.ekSfuz mqreoao f.kyermdhs.fuu
udkj ,CIK jsOsu;aj fhdod .ekSu uZ.ska idrOu! wOHdmkfhysoS jvd;a myiqfjka .eyeKqkag yd
msrsuskag Tjqkaf.a cSj jsoHd;aul YlH;djhka Tiafia th is|=l< yelshdj we;snj fuhska fmkajdfoa.

30. 30
.eyekq iy mrsus orejkaf.a fud<fha jrAOkh tlsfklg fjkia whqrska is|=jk ksid fomdrAYh
tlu mdie,l bf.kSu ys;lr fkdfj;shs wOHdmk ufkdajsoHd jsfYaIZ{ u;hla m<jS we;..eyeKq
<uqka fndfydajsg wdfjzod;aul mCIhg nrj lghq;` lsrSug fm<fUk w;r msrsus <uqka nqoaOsuh
jYfhka jevs iuzNdjs;djla ork m@cdkk mCIhg nrj lghq;` lsrSug fm<fUz.fuh msrsus yd
.eyeKq <uqka Wm;ska f.k tkakdjQ cSj jsoHd;aul jHqyfha fjkialuz u; is|=jkakls.fuu
fidhd.ekSuz usksia j.!hdf.a Wkak;sh msKsi fhojSug wfmaCIdlrk jsoHdZ{hska jsiska nqoaOsh
jevslsrSfuz l@ufjzohka ms<snZoj oekg fndfyda mrAfhaIK is|=lruska mj;S. oekg fidhdf.k we;s
mrsos ta iZoyd T#IO mdjspzpslsrSu o is|=fjz.
cdk cSj jsoHdj iq|=iq mrsos fhdod .ekSfuka bvd;a idOkSh m@;sM, ,nd .ekSug yelsfj;ehs
jsoHdZ{fhda l,amkd lr;s.cSj jsoHd;aul m@jk;djhka md,kh lsrSu iuznJOfhka lrk,o
mrAfhaIKhloS l`vd <oershka huz fohla lsrSug wfmdfydi;ajQjsg th w;ayer oud laIKhlska
wZvkakg .kakduq;a tjeksu jsgloS jvd;a Wkka|=jg m;ajk msrsus orejd os.ska os.gu ta ldrAhfhys
ksr;jS idrA:l m@;sM, w;am;a lr.kakdnj fidhdf.k ;sfnz.
osrs .ekajSu yd wNsfm@arKh uZ.ska usksia fud<hg jsYd, n,mEula l< yelsnj ;j;a tla
fidhd.ekSuls. wNsfm@arKh yd osrs .ekajSu uZ.ska idrOrAu jrAOkh flfrys usksiqka fhduql<
yelsnjo ta uZ.ska uyZ.` m@;sM, w;am;a lr.ekSug ye;shdj we;snjo wOHdmk ufkdjsoHdZ{hska
jsiska fidhdf.k we;.whsia,ka;fha iy iajSvkfhys mdie,aj, yd Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khkays fuu
l@ufjzohka idrA:lj Ndjs;hg f.k we;.
wOs;dCIKh ms<snZo jsIfhys mj;akd ;rZ.ldrSFjhg uqyqKoSu iZoyd we;euz |=rneyer m@foaYj,
isg ckhd uyk.r lrd msjsfi;s.fjz.j;a ;rZ.ldrS cSjk rgdj ksid fyuzn;aj isgsk Tjqkaf.a
cSjs;j, fndfyda .egZM mekkeZ.Sug idrOrAu lafIa;@fhka ,efnkakdjQ udkisl iykh |=riajSuhs.
fuhg fya;`j oekqu u; yd ;dCIKfjzoh Tiafia mdie,a yd Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khkays wOHdmkh
iliaj mej;Su nj;a fuz ksid fndfyda fofkla l`vdl< isgu idrOrAu wOHhkfhka neyer yqfola
jsIh.; oekqu Tiafiau yUdhdu ksid ish cSjs;fhys we;sjkakdjQ l`vd .egZM yuqfjz mjd
buy;af,i udkisl mSvkhg yd bpzPd Nx.hkg m;afjk nj;a wOHdmk ufkdajsoHdj ms<snZo
fvkaudrAla jsYajjsoHd,fha kS,aia rcA,kavz mjihs.
idrOrAu bf.kSug yeZ.Sug jsZoSug yd jO!khlr.ekSug wmg yelshdj ,enS we;af;a
cSjjsoHd;aulj iycfhka ta iZoyd wmg ,enSwe;s YlH;dj fyaa;`fldgf.kh' tfiafkdjSkuz ohdj
i;`g fi#kaorAhh jspdrh ffu;@sh lreKdj uqos;dj WfmaCIdj jSrAhh i;siuzmckHh jeks.`K
wmg wjsIh jkakg fnfyjska
bv ;snsKs'1
1
The DECS Values education framework(paper),Department of edducation,Culrure &
Sports,Republic of Pillipines,Manila,p.45.

31. 31
tfiau fu;a;d ixl,amfhys wka;rA.; jkakdjQ idrOu! jkafkao by; olajk,o ohdj"i;`g"
fiduzki jeks .`Khkaf.a tluq;`jhs'idrOu! iliajkafka fud<fhys msysgs jsfYaIs; ffi, j.!hl
l@shdldrSFjh u;nj jsoHdZ{hska msrsila jsiska uE;loS fidhdf.k ;sfnz'1tuksid fuzjdg udkj
idrOu! ffi,(Cellular of Anthrope Values)hk kduh jHjydr lrkq,efnz'cSjs;fha TzkEu
;SrKd;aul ldrAhhloS wjika ks.ukh ,ndfokafka fuu ffi,j.!h yrydnj fidhdf.k
;sfnz'tfukau fuu ffi, j.!h msysgd we;af;a usksidg yd mrskdukh w;ska usksidg iudkFjh
olajkakdjQ jdkr j.!fha i;`ka w;r muKlanj;a kuq;a usksidg idfmaCIlj th b;du;a wju
w.hla olajk nj;a fidhdf.k ;sfnz'2
idrOrAu ms<snZo iyc YlH;djhla usksiqkag ;sfnzkuz iudcfhys fuz ;ruz wudkqIsl
prAhdflfiakuz is|=jsh yelsoehs flfkl`g isf;kakg mqZMjk'3huz YlH;djhla m@fjzKsfhka
f.kwdj;a thg iq|=iq mrsirhla fkd,efnzkuz th jslis; fkdjkafkah' wdrhg mrsirfha
iyfhda.h ;snshhq;`h'fuhska meyeos,sjk fohla kuz yqfola idrOrAu wOHdmkfhka muKla hym;a
iudchla my<lr .ekSu |=Ialr njhs'wOHdmkh iuZ. foaYmd,ksl wdrA:sl ffk;sl wdoS jYfhka
iudc ixjsOdkhka tlaj l@shdl<hq;`h'idrOrAu b.ekajSuiuZ. idrOrAu.rel iudc
4
jd;djrKhlao f.dvkeZ.SuwjYHjkafkah' mjq, iudch we;`ZM TzkEu ixjsOdkhla;`< fuh
l<yelalls'mjq,a ixia:dfjys ixjsOs; meje;auWfoid mxpYS,m@;smodj iq/lSu b;du;au
jeo.;afjz'5 mjq,a ixia:dj iudchi;` l`vdu iudctallh jk ksid mjq,a ixia:dj wdrCIdlr
.ekSu hkq iudch wdrCIdlr.ekSula jkafkah'fuzksid mxpYS, m@;smodj;a mxpYS,m@;smodj
iqrCIs; lr.ekSu msKsi mqoa., uki ilia lsrSug odhljkakdjQ i;rn@yau jsyrK Ndjkdj
jevSu;a b;du;a wjYHfhka 6l<hq;`jQfoa fjhs'ta iZoyd wjYHlrkakdjQ udkisl ksoyi ishZM
wdldrfha pska;kwOsldrhkaf.ka usoS lghq;`lsrSu uZ.ska Wodfjz'
wjidk js.@yfhaoS idrOrAu mqoa.,hdf.a yd iuia; udkjjrA.hdf.a meje;augwjYHjk uQ,sldx.
jsfYaI hlshs hkqfjka ks.ukhl< yelsh'7ukqIH iajNdjh yd ffkirA.sl hk idrOrAuj,ska
iuyrla cSjshdf.a meje;augo iuyrla cSjj.!hd f.a iduQysl meje;augo wjYHfjz'fojkqj lS
fldgig wms iudcShh idrOrAu hehs lshuq' idOdrKh iudkd;au;dj wdpdrYS,sFjh wfkHdakH
f.#rjhkdoS idrOrAu tfia cSj j.!hdf.a iduQysl meje;aug wjYHjkafkah' idrOrAuhla uQ<sljQ
;rug th cSjjsoHd;aul mCIhg iuSmfjz'8
1
The psychology of interpersonal relations,F.Heider,Weily,New York,1958,p.72.
2
...Do..,p.76.
3
The Moral Law or Kant's ground work of the metaphysic of Morals,H.J.Paton,Hutchinson of
London, Reprinted,1958,p.350.senses do not err-not because they always judge rightly,but because
they do not judge at all.
4
In Attitude Organization andChange,W.J.A.Mc Guire,Rosenberg M.I.et al,Yale University Press,
New York,1960,p.29.
5
w. ks. 2"m;a;luzu iq;a;"nq'c'uq"124 msgqj'
6
W. md"fuz>sh iq;a;"fidaudf,dal ;siai ixia'"49 msgqj'fu;a;d Ndfj;nznd jHdmdoiai mydkdh'
7
Critiue of Practical Reason,IKant,T.K.Abbort 4 th edition,1889,p.169.Higher faculties of knowledge,
These are understanding iudgement and reason,In accordance with the functions and order of these
metal powr,wich in current speech are comprehended under the general tile of understanding.
8
The father reaches of human nature,H.Abraham Maslow,Penguin,1971,p.58.

32. 32
1
flfiafj;;a idrOrAu iycfhka wms /f.k tuqhs fuhska wms ks.ukh fkdlruq' by;l<
js.@yfhka meyeos,sjkafka idrOrAu bf.kSug yeZ.Sug jsZoSug yd jO!khlr.ekSug ukqIHhdg
cSjjsoHd;aul YlH;dj hla we;snj muKls'fuysoS tlS cSjjsoHd;aul YlH;djh uqZMuy;a
ukqIHj.!hdg fmd|=jqjo thu; f.dv kZ.k idrOrAu yq|= ixialD;sfha ksrAudKhls' tlu yrh we;s
idrOrAuhla ck iudcfhka ckiudchg fjkia iajrEm.kS'2uSg ksorAYk f,i “iFjlreKdj”
“jevsysgs i;aldrh”jeks idrOrAu ckiudcfhka ckiudchg fjkia iajrEm .kakd iegs
n,kak'wfkHdakH us;@Fjh fm@auh fyda ffu;@sh fyda ifydaorFjh jYfhka ta ta ck lKavdhuz
yZ|=kd.kshs'kuq;a fn#oaO fu;a;dixl,amfhys wka;rA.;jk ishZMu foa lf;da,sl fm@auh kue;s
ixl,amfhys fyda bia,duz ifydaorFjh kue;s ixl,amfhys wka;rA.;jk nj fuhska lshfj;ehs
jrojd jgyd fkd.;hq;`hs'
tlu ixialD;shla ;`<mjd ld,fhka ld,hg tlu idrOrAuhg msrskuk w.h fukau iajrEmho
fjkia fjz' tlahq.hl uq|=kska ms<s.;a idrOrAuhla flfuka w.fhka msrsyS fkdi<ld yrsk,o
wjia:d iudc b;sydifhys ;sfnz'wfkla w;g tlahq.hl fkdi<ldyer fyda fkdoekisgs
idrOrAuhla flfuka w.fhka jevs jS uq|=kska ms<s.kq ,enQjla jQ wjia:do wdkdrAh ixilD;sh;`<
.enzjS mej;`kdjQ ksoyia pska;kh wdrAh ixilD;sh jsiska wkdrAh ixialD;sh wNsNjd.sh l,ays
hgm;aj fkdkeiS ;snS Y@uK iuzm@odh uZ.ska m@ldYhg m;ajsk.n@uK iuzm@odh;`,;a fn#oaO Y@uK
s
iuzm@odfhys muKla th irAj iuzmQK!j ;sfnz'3
iEu jevsysgs mruzmrdjla jsiskau B<Z. mrmqfrys idrOrAu mrsydkshla .ekfpdaokdlr ;sfnz'
ienjskau fuh is|=jSkuz jrA;udkfhys ukqIH YsIaGdpdrhla fkd;sfnkakgmjd ;snqKs'4wZM;a
idrOrAuhla wjOdrkh lsrSu ksid tafjkqjg ;snQmrK idrOrAu fkdi,ldyerSug Ndckhjsh
yel'idrOrAu fjkiajshyels wdldrh iuSmjn,oaoS fndfydajsg fmfkkafka tlu idrOrAufha yrh
fjkiajSug jvd tys l,ska ;snQ ixialD;sliajrEmh yd tysl,ska wjOdrKhl< me;slv
fjkiajSuhs'uydpdrAh vnz,sjz tia lreKdr;ak uy;d t;`udf.a fn#oaO orAYkh yd prKh kuz
fmdf;a fuu lreK olajdwe;af;a mrK fnda;,aj,g kj jhska msrjSula f,ih'
fuz hgf;a Ndr;Sh iudcfha Wiia l`,j;d l`,iuzmkakhd yeZoskajSu iZoyd n@dyauKhska w;r
jHjydr lrk,o “wdrAhhd”hk jpkh nq|=rcqka jHjydrlf,a l`,hjeks mokulai,ldfkdj
wOHd;auslmCIfhka by,jsYsIaG ia:dkhlg m;ajQ .`Kj;d yeZoskajSu iZoydh'5tfukau iudcfha
l`,h yZ.jk ia:rhlajQ ‘n@dyauK’jHjydrh nq|=r|=ka Ndjs;dlf<a ‘ndys; mdmS’fyj;a mjq neyer
1
Psychology,B.R.E.Ekstrand,Lyle Bourne,Holt,Rine hart and Winston,New York,1973,p.113.
2
Psychology,J.Freedmn,(ed)Andrew Crider B.et.al.,Scott Foresman & Co.Glenview,1965,pp.46-76.
3
Education and Social Order,Bertrand Russell,U.K.,1970,p.8.
4
Essays on Education,Herbert Spencer,U.K.,1954,p.7.
5
w. ks. 2"m;a;luzu iq;a;"nq'c'uq"124 msgqj'l;ud p .ym;s iS,iuzmod$bO .ym;s wrshidjfld mdKdmd;d
f;d
mgsjsrf;d fyd;s"woskakdodks mgsjsrf;d fyd;s'ldfuiq uspzPdpdrd mgsjsrf;d fyd;s"uqidjdod mgsjsrf;d
fyd;s"iqrdfuzrh ucAcmudogzGd kd mgsjsrf;d fyd;s'whx jqpzp;s .ym;s iS,iuzmod'

33. 33
1
l< fyhska ry;ka jykafia yeZoskajSu msKsih' fuz whqrska tod iudch fj,d mej;s us:Hd w.hka
hym;a idrOrAu yd w.hka yZ|=kajdoSu ;`,ska ksjeros lsrSug nq|=r|=ka m@h;ak .;ay'2
jsjsO iudcfya;` ksid we;euz idrOrAu tla wka;hlisg wfkla wka;hg fjkijk iegso
olakg,efnz' ngysr iudcfha idrOrAu oDVwd;auYsCIKfha isg ksoyia ksrdhdiS yeisrSu lrdo
iduQyslnfjz isg mqoa.,jdoh lrdo .ukalruska mj;shs'3
flfiafj;;a idrOrAu udkqIsl jsfrdaOS me;a;g fjkialsrSug kuz wmyiqnj fmfka' f,dal
b;sydifha we;euz taldOsm;s yd n,lduSkdhlfhda(Wod ysgz,rA uqfid,SkS isge,ska fmd,afmdgz)
idrOrAu ;ukag jqjukd w;g jsfYaIfhka udkqIsl jsfrdaOs osidjg fjkialsrSug h;akoerEy' tfy;a
Tjqkaf.a m@h;ak jevsl,a fkdf.dia nsZojegqks'fuhg fya;`j ukqIHhd Tyqf.a uQ<sl ukqIHiajNdjhg
mgyeksj fjkia lsrSug wmyiqjSuhs'4huz iudcwe.hquz moaO;shla ukqIHiajNdjhg jsreoaOosYdjg
jrAOkhjkjsg th ksjeroslrk iudc n,fjz. my<jkafkah'we;euzjsg fuh iajNdjOrAufhys huz
l`ms;jSula f,i fyda u;`jkafkah' .x j;`r";on, kshZ."l`Kdgq wl`Kq .eiSuz"N~usluzmd"pKav
udre;"uqyqo f.dv.e,Su5"f,vfrda.jix.;wdoSfoa
z Wmfhda.Slr.ksuska usksiaiudch idrOrAu
iq/lSug fhduqlrjhs'fuhska idrOrAu wOHdmkhg jefgk wdf,dalhla we;'6 thskawmg fmfkkafka
idrOrAu wOHdmkh ukqIHhska udkqIsllrjk l@shdj,shlajshhq;` njhs' ukqIHhka f,i mrsmQrAKj
jO!khjSug idrOrAu wOHdmkh uZ.fmkajshhq;`h' fm<Tjshhq;`h'ta iZoyd wjYHjk bf.kquz
w;aoelSuz ,ndoshhq;`h'fuz hgf;a ld,duiQ;@.; idrOrAu wOHdmkh ta iZoyd wjYHlrk bf.kquz
w;aoelSuz ukqIHj.!hdg ,ndfohs'7
iEu idrOrAuhlau m@cdkk wdfjzokSh yd phH!duhhk me;slv;`klska iEoSwe;s nj fmfka'
m@cdkk me;slv kuz ixl,amkhlsrSu yZ|=kd.ekSu ta ms<snZoj lreKq oek.ekSu wdoS nqoaOsuh
l@shdldrluz yd iuznJOh'8fuys idlpzPdflfrk oijsOjQ pska;k wOsldrhka m@;slafCIamh
wh;ajkafka fuu m@ckk me;slvgh ksjeros ixcdkkhla nsysjkafka fuu oijsOjQ wOsldruh
pska;kfhka neyerjSu uZ.sks wdfjzokSh me;slv iEfokafka ta yd iuznJO yeZ.Suz ps;a;fjz.
ufkdaNdj wdosfhks' idrOrAuhla hkq yqfola jshqla; ixl,amhla fkdfjz' th wjidkjYfhka
l@shfjka m@ldYs;jk prAhdjls' fuh meyeos,s lsrSu msKsi ‘I;r n@yau jsyrK’hk idrOrAuh
jsYaf,aIKhlr ne,shyelsh'9
1
oS. ks. 1"iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;"nq'c'uq"110 msgqj'mdkdmd;x mydh mdkd;smd;d mgsjsrf;d fyd;s ksys; oKafvd
ksys; i;af:d ,cAcs ohdmkafkd inznmKN~; ys;dkqluzmS jsyr;s bouzmsiai fyd;s iS,iausx'
,ia
2
oS. ks. 1"l~g oka; iq;a;"nq'c'uq"274 msgqj';iausx fLd n@dyauK hZ[afZ[ fkj .dfjd yZ[aZ[sxiq'k wfc<ld
yZ[aZ[xiq'k l`lal`g iQlrd nZ[aZ[sxiq'k jsjsOd mdKd"ix>d;x wdmcaCsxiq"k relaLxcscAcsxiq hQm;a:dm'k onznd
,qhsxiq nrsysiF:dh'
3
Philosophical Analysis of Education,R.D.Archambault,U.K.,1968,pp.113-115.
4
The Doctrines of the Gret Educators,R.R.Rusk,U.K.,1957,p.204.
5
u. ks. 1"Tmuzu j.a.h"uydyF:smfodamu iq;a;"454-456 msgqj'fyd;s fLd fid wdjqfid iufhd hx
uydiuqoafo i;a;d;d ,uzms Wolx iKaGd;s"P;d,uzms Wolx iKaGd;s"mZ[ap;d,uzms Wolx iKaGd;s" p;`;d
Wolx
,uzms Wolx iKaGd;s";s;d,uzms Wolx iKaGd;s"oajs;d,uzms Wolx iKaGd;s";d,uzms Wolx iKaGd;s" '''ndysrd
wdfmdOd;` ml`mam;s'id .duuzms jy;s"ks.uuzms jyls"k.ruzms jy;s"ckmouzms jy;s"ckmfoiuzms jy;s'
6
Philosophy of Education An Introduction,Max G.Wingo,U.S.A.,1975,p.15.
7
Freedom in an Educative Society,Fred Clark,London,1974,p.13.
8
Groundwork of Educational Thoery,J.S.Ross,U.K.,1958,p.12.
9
Modern Philosophies of Education,J.S.Brubacher,New York,1962,p.3.