2. Hildegard Peplau was an outstanding leader and
pioneer in psychiatric nursing whose career
spanned decades.
She made the conscious decision that if she was
going to be a nurse ,then she would be a good
one
PEPLAU’S theory :defines nursing as a “significant
,therapeutic , interpersonal process
Published Interpersonal Relations in Nursing in
1952
3
3. Understanding of ones own behavior
To help others identify felt difficulties
According to Peplau, nursing is therapeutic in
that it is a healing art, assisting an individual
who is sick or in need of health care.
Nursing is an interpersonal process because
it involves interaction between two or more
individuals with a common goal.
The nurse and patient work together so both
become mature and knowledgeable in the
process.
4
4. Person :A developing organism that
tries to reduce anxiety caused by
needs
Environment : Existing forces outside
the organism and in the context of
culture
5
5. Health : A word symbol that implies forward
movement of personality and other ongoing
human processes in the direction of
creative, constructive, productive, personal
and community living.
Nursing: A significant therapeutic
interpersonal process. It functions
cooperatively with other human process
that make health possible for individuals in
communities
6
6. Nurse
Patient
Professional expertise &
Client need
NEED : Interpersonal theory is especially
useful in psychiatric nursing and is useful in
relation to psychosocial problems and nurse-
patient relationships in all clinical areas of
nursing.
7
7. Stranger: receives the client in the same way
one meets a stranger in other life situations
provides an accepting climate that builds
trust.
Teacher: who imparts knowledge in reference
to a need or interest
Resource Person : one who provides a specific
needed information that aids in the
understanding of a problem or new situation
8
8. Counselors : helps to understand and
integrate the meaning of current life
circumstances ,provides guidance and
encouragement to make changes
Surrogate: helps to clarify domains of
dependence interdependence and
independence and acts on clients behalf as an
advocate.
Leader : helps client assume maximum
responsibility for meeting treatment goals in
a mutually satisfying way
9
11. Identified four sequential phases in the
interpersonal relationship:
1. Orientation
2. Identification
3. Exploitation
4. Resolution
12
12. Problem defining phase
Starts when client meets nurse as stranger
Defining problem and deciding type of
service needed
Client seeks assistance ,conveys needs ,asks
questions, shares preconceptions and
expectations of past experiences
Nurse responds, explains roles to client,
helps to identify problems and to use
available resources and services
13
13. Selection of appropriate professional
assistance
Patient begins to have a feeling of belonging
and a capability of dealing with the problem
which decreases the feeling of helplessness
and hopelessness
14
14. Use of professional assistance for problem
solving alternatives
Advantages of services are used is based on
the needs and interests of the patients
Individual feels as an integral part of the
helping environment
They may make minor requests or attention
getting techniques
15
15. The principles of interview techniques must
be used in order to explore ,understand and
adequately deal with the underlying problem
Patient may fluctuates on independence
Nurse must be aware about the various
phases of communication
Nurse aids the patient in exploiting all
avenues of help and progress is made
towards the final step
16
16. Termination of professional relationship
The patients needs have already been met by the
collaborative effect of patient and nurse
Now they need to terminate their therapeutic
relationship and dissolve the links between them.
Sometimes may be difficult for both as
psychological dependence persists
Patient drifts away and breaks bond with nurse
and healthier emotional balance is demonstrated
and both becomes mature individuals
17
17. Both are sequential and focus on therapeutic
relationship
Both use problem solving techniques for the
nurse and patient to collaborate on, with the
end purpose of meeting the patients needs
Both use observation communication and
recording as basic tools utilized by nursing
18
18. Assessment
Data collection and
analysis [continuous]
May not be a felt
need
Nursing
diagnosis
Planning
Mutually set goals
Orientation
Non continuous data
collection
Felt need
Define needs
Identification
Interdependent goal
setting
19
20. Evaluation
Based on mutually
expected
behaviours
May led to
termination and
initiation of new
plans
Resolution
Occurs after other
phases are
completed
successfully
Leads to
termination
21
21. Theories can interrelate concepts in such a
way as to create a different way of looking at
a particular phenomenon.
Four phases interrelate the different
components of each phase.
The nurse patient interaction can apply to the
concepts of human being ,health,
environment and nursing.
22
22. ◦ Provides a logical systematic way of viewing
nursing situations
◦ Key concepts such as anxiety, tension, goals, and
frustration are indicated with explicit
relationships among them and progressive
phases
23
23. It provides simplicity in regard to the natural
progression of the NP relationship.
Leads to adaptability in any nurse patient
relationship.
The basic nature of nursing still considered
an interpersonal process
24
24. Has generated testable hypotheses.
Theories contribute to and assist in
increasing the general body of knowledge
within the discipline through the research
implemented to validate them.
In 1950’s two third of the nursing research
concentrated on N-P relation ship
25
25. Peplau’s anxiety continuum is still used in
anxiety patients
Theories must be consistent with other
validated theories, laws, and principles but
will leave open unanswered questions that
need to be investigated.
Consistent with various theories
26
26. Intra family dynamics, personal space
considerations and community social service
resources are considered less
Health promotion and maintenance were less
emphasized
Cannot be used in a patient who doesn’t have
a felt need eg. With drawn patients,
unconscious patients
some areas are not specific enough to
generate hypothesis
27
27. Interpersonal theory is especially useful in
psychiatric nursing and is useful in relation to
psychosocial problems and nurse-patient
relationships in all clinical areas of nursing.
28