The presentation provides an overview of the evolution of e-Government in Europe, highlighting the current policy directions and instruments available. It introduces the need for a multidimensional perspective in addressing local governance and ICTs challenges in a global complex landscape. The presentation concludes by envisioning scenarios for Digital Europe 2030 and debating ICT-enabling ‘policy modelling’ issues for evidence-based policy making.

1. Creating Smarter Cities 2011, 30th June – 1st July, Edinburgh, UK
Emerging Scenarios &
Strategies in eGovernment
Gianluca Misuraca,
JRC IPTS, European Commission
The views expressed by the author are not necessarily those of the EC

2. Outline
1. A decade of policy lessons from e-Government
 e-Gov at the crossroads between the past and the future
2. State of play: the EU eGovernment Policy Context
 Renewed Digital Plans (& the way of measuring progresses?)
3. The impacts of Web2.0 on society and eGovernment
 Understanding eGov use and digital divides
4. A multidimensional perspective on Governance & ICTs
 Building the Information Society addressing local challenges
5. Research and Policy Challenges
 Re-thinking the way we assess eGovernment?
2

3. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
IPTS: Part of DG JRC of the EC:
7 Research Institutes across Europe
Mission: “to provide customer-
driven support to the EU policy-
making process by developing
science-based responses to
policy challenges that have both
a socio-economic as well as a
scientific or technological
dimension”

4. Information Society Unit
http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu

5. Setting the stage: a decade of working
together on e-Government in the EU

6. Interoperability Openness
The evolving eGovernment landscape
Efficiency Participation
Engagement
User-centricity
Mutually authenticated Cooperation Privacy
Electronic Identity Sharing of best practices
Improved service delivery
eProcurement
Coherence
Personalised services
Inclusion by design Transparency
User Needs
Productiveness
Innovation Modernisation CROSS-BORDER
Multi-layer
Quality Indicators Effectiveness
TRANSFORMATION Flexibility Multi-channel
Access to all AccountabilityReorganisation
Brussels 01
Brussels 01 Como 03
Como 03 Manchester 05 Lisbon 07
Manchester 05 Lisbon 07 Malmö09
Malmö 09 Today

7. Results? An unclear & fragmented picture….
Source: The Economist, Special Reports, 14 Feb. 2008

8. The eGovernment paradox: widening
unbalance growth of supply and consumption
Online availability index for citizens EU 15: 2001/2007 % of Internet users sending eGov forms EU 15: 2003/2008
50% 25%
+ 400% 20% + 100%
40%
30% 15%
10%
20%
5%
10%
0%
0% 2003 2007
2001 2007 % of Internet users
Full online availability sending eGovernment 12% 24%
10% 50%
index for citizens EU15 forms EU15
Online availability index Austria : 2001/2007 % of Internet users sending eGov forms Austria: 2003/2008
100% 20% + 54%
80% + 567% 15%
60% 10%
40% 5%
20%
0%
0% 2003 2007
2001 2007 % of Internet users
Full online availability sending eGovernment 13% 20%
15% 100% forms Austria
index Austria
Sources: Elaboration by Codagnone & Osimo, European Commission, 2008

9. State of Play: eGovernment Policy Context
A renewed political interest?
 eGovernment Ministerial Declaration (Malmö, Sweden, November 2009)
 EU Swedish Presidency Conclusions from Visby Conference (Nov. 2009)
 The Granada Strategy for a Digital Europe (April 2010)
 Granada Ministerial Declaration on the DAE2020 (April 2010)
 A Digital Agenda for Europe COM(2010)245 – 19.05.2010
 to deliver sustainable economic and social benefits from a Single
Market based on fast and ultra fast Internet and interoperable
applications
 Digital Agenda Implementation Guidelines
 eGovernment Action Plan 2011-2015 (December 2010)

10. eGoverment in the DAE2020
 EU MS are committed to making user-centric,
personalised, multi-platform eGovernment services a reality by 2015
 Develop and deploy cross-border public services online
 Implement seamless eProcurement services
 Mutual recognition of eIdentification and eAuthentication
 Make eGovernment services fully interoperable
 Overcoming organizational, technical and semantic barriers
 Supporting IPv6 implementation
 Apply the EIF at national level by 2013
 Trust and Security in the Digital Society
 Europeans will not embrace technology they do not trust – the digital
age is neither ‘big brother’ nor ‘cyber wild west’
 Enhancing digital literacy, skills and inclusion
 The digital era should be about empowerment and emancipation;
background or skills should not be a barrier to access
 Inclusive digital services

11. eGov Action Plan 2011-2015
transparency do more with less
Improve
Enable efficiency & effectiveness
roll out cross-border services
at local, regional, national and EU level Empower users
Web2.0
eProcure Promote innovation Design for inclusion
Meet users’ real needs
EC MSs Involve citizens in policy making
Citizens + Businesses
Interoperability
SPOCS
PSI Re-use
Collaborate STORK Increase use of eGov services
PEPPOL
Share
to produce weGovernment
For, with, and by
epSOS
services
Establish pre-conditions
eID
SOA
move towards open
models of design, production,
Create common key enablers Clouds & delivery
Set targets Measure benefits

15. From e-GOV expansion….
To Web 2.0 proliferation

16. Potential disruptive impacts of Web2.0
 Users empowerment in content creation, peer
support and service delivery
 Driver of social and organisational innovation
 Improvement of internal work processes,
products and services
 New knowledge and tools for learning,
healthcare management and socio-economic
inclusion
 Gathering of collective knowledge to enhance
political participation and mass-collaboration
 Better informed and evidence-based policy-
decision making
Source: IPTS, Impact of Social Computing, JRC-ST Report 2009

17. Social Computing uptake in EU27
users non users
SC users 26% 74%
Internet users 64% 36%
0 100 200 300 400 500 millions
EU 27
users non users
SC users 58% 42%
Internet users 91% 8%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 millions
Young (15-24)
Source: IPTS estimation based on EUROSTAT 2008 & Flash EB N.241

18. eGov Users (and non users)
H
Trendy & Mobile
(new services/ cross-
Digital reluctant: border services)
win minds DIGITAL
plus NATIVES
Social inclusion
simple
Colour of forms indicates
M but useful
services Radical
innovations:
basics: = currently potential
Web 2.0
simple, eGov consumers
but better Web 3.0
targeted services
Highly = currently eGov Non-
interactive consumers
L Potential
climbers:
services
ad hoc most Mashed-up
needed govt
Dropouts : services
multi-channel ,
eIntermediaries,
better policy and
service design, pre-
emptive solutions
0 L M H
Digital inclusion
Source: Codagnone & Osimo, European Commission, 2008

19.  Limitations of current policy instruments
/ measurement approaches…?

20. How to cope with the multi-dimensional nature of ICTs
in developing the Information Society?
ICTs as monitoring, ICTs as Structural
productivity and Effect transforming
communication society
Tools
Governance
«of» ICTs
Governance ICTs as
«with» ICTs Industrial
Domain of
their own
Management of technology Policy-making
Source: Misuraca, 2007

21. Going local?
 In spatial, economic and cultural terms, the Information Society is
dominated by cities and metropolitan regions [Graham, 2004]
 around 70% of all Europeans live in cities
 dominant space of ICTs industries and uses, but are also the area
where most of the poor, the disadvantaged and excluded live
 government layer closest to citizens and neighborhood initiatives
 most public services are offered on the city government level
 in some EU-MS this share amounts to 70% of all public services
 city governments are in an excellent position to engage in necessary
strategic partnerships across the public, private and third sector

22. Multiple Initiatives and funding opportunities
 FP7 (Pre-competitive research) and future CSF (FP+CIP+EIP+EIT)
 CIP: Open Innovation for Future Internet Enabled services in Smartcities
• City2020: an ICT driven transition strategy to the Low Carbon City
• JPI Urban Europe
 Smart Cities and Communities Initiative
 Structural Funds
 Funds allocated to ICTs show an important absolute and relative increase to over
EUR 15 billion or 4.4% of the total cohesion policy budget.
 Clear shift in the investment priorities from infrastructure to support for content
development, both in the public sector (eHealth, eGovernment, etc.) and for SMEs
(eLearning, eBusiness, etc.)
 In the future SFs will also fund eInclusion initiatives in the ESF
 Localizing the Digital Agenda…
 ….

23. Research & Policy Challenges
 Cities can play a key role in the development of the IS
 especially when their capacities are used in an integrated way
that allows the highest impact on social cohesion and local
economies
 It is at the city level that the appropriate use and integration of
ICT in the governance mechanisms support better social and
institutional innovation
 However, so far, research has been examining mainly the
supply side and the sophistication of e-Services offered
 reliable data on measuring the effects of ICT-enabled
applications on governance and the impacts on specific policy
areas are lacking
 or where existing not yet harmonized, incomplete or difficult to
use for comparison in other contexts or at EU level

24. Measuring impacts of ICT on
Governance (not just eServices)
• The measurement of governance mainly suffers from the lack of relevant
objective data, which has forced many organisations, which attempt to
measure governance to rely on subjective data (UN, 2002)
• According to the OECD (2009) there are several categories of international
measurement frameworks and models to assess ICT-enabled user-focused
services and modes of delivery:
– Internally focused approaches consisting of frameworks which are
mainly applied within an organisation and focus on quality assurance
processes, addressing areas such as: leadership, strategy and planning,
human resource management, process and change management, etc.
– Externally focused approaches consisting of frameworks assessing areas
such as: customer satisfaction, portal/site quality, and quality of service
for web services.

25. Linking e-Government to
governance innovation & public value
• Adopting a broad definition of e-Government, such as the one suggested by
OECD (2003): e-Government can be considered as the process of innovation
of Public Administration in order to achieve innovative forms of government
and governance through the use of ICTs
– the evaluation of an e-Government system must be referred to its capacity of
improving on the whole the performance of the organisation adopting it
• In this perspective, the concept of public value can provide an interesting
point of view for the evaluation of the performances of PAs
• In a broad sense, public value refers to the value created by government
through services, law regulations and other actions
– Public value provides a broader measure than is conventionally used within the
NPM literature, covering outcomes, the means used to deliver them as well as
trust and legitimacy.
– It also addresses issues such as equity, ethos and accountability
Source: Kelly, Mulgan, Muers, 2002

26. Measuring Public Value(s) of e-Government
Taking into consideration different roles of stakeholders…
– external roles, in which citizens receive a value from PA as users of
services or participants in democratic processes;
– internal roles, in which citizens, as directly or indirectly involved in the
processes of production of value, nevertheless receive a public value
from PA (for instance in terms of good functioning of PA);
– mixed roles, external to PA and yet involved on different levels in the
production of public value
• …the evaluation of the outcomes of different ICT-enabled policies should
consider also their capability to increase:
– the degree of policy integration in homogeneous territorial areas;
– the organizational and operational simplification of the single
institutions forming the governance network;
– the capability to maintain cooperative relations with other
administrations, suppliers, and associations
Source: Bannister, 2002, and Castelnovo and Simonetta, 2008

27. gianluca.misuraca@ec.europa.eu
http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu