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Overview of Human Anatomy and Physiology

An educational presentation covering human body structure, physiology, organ systems, body cavities, and systemic anatomy, designed for pharmacy students and health science learners.

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Human Anatomy• Anatomy and Physiology•
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INTRODUCTION OFHUMAN ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY Pawan Kumar Sahu Lecturer at Rudauli College of Pharmacy
Introduction to the Human Body The human body is made of many small parts and organs that work together systematically to keep us alive, making humans the most complex living beings. The study of the human body is divided into two main branches: Anatomy:The study of body structure and how parts relate to each other. Physiology:The study of how these body parts function. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Levels of Structural Organization Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
The body is organized in increasing levels of complexity: Examples Description Level Water, proteins, DNA Atoms (smallest chemical units) combine to form molecules. Essential elements include Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (Ca), and Sulfur (S). Chemical Level Amoeba, Paramecium Independent, single cells or loose groups of uncoordinated cells. Cellular Level Nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue Groups of similar cells working together to perform a shared job. Tissue Level Heart, lungs, brain Two or more different tissues combined to perform specific functions. Organ Level Digestive system, renal system, circulatory system Multiple related organs working together for a common purpose. Organ System Level Whole human body All 11 organ systems functioning together as a complete living individual. Organism Level PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Main Subdivisions of the Human Body PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Head Trunk Thorax (Chest) Limbs / Extremities Abdomen Arm Pelvis Forearm Thigh Leg GreatToe
BodyCavities Body cavities are fluid-filled spaces that protect, separate, and support internal organs. Dorsal Body Cavity (Posterior / Back Side) Cranial Cavity: Houses the brain. Vertebral / Spinal Cavity: Formed by the spinal column; protects the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. Ventral Body Cavity (Anterior / Front Side) Thoracic Cavity: Upper chest cavity enclosed by the ribs. Abdominal Cavity:The largest, oval- shaped cavity; lined with a membrane called the peritoneum. Pelvic Cavity: Funnel-shaped lower cavity inside the pelvic bones; divided into greater pelvis and lesser pelvis. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Divisions of Systemic Anatomy: Spanchnology • Organs Osteology • Bones Myology • Muscles Arthrology Joints Neurology Nervous system Cardiology Heart Ophthalmology Eyes Otology Ears Cytology Study of individual cells. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Divisions of Systemic Anatomy: Odontology • Teeth Pulmonology • Lungs and respiratory system Endocrinology • Endocrine (hormone) glands Haematology Blood and its disorders Nephrology Excretory system / kidneys Gynaecology Female reproductive system Embryology Embryo development Histology Study of tissues PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Physiology: Scopes & HumanOrgan Systems Human Physiology: Overall functional workings of the human body. 1 Human Physiology: Overall functional workings of the human body. Cell Physiology: Cornerstone of physiology; chemical processes and interactions within cells. 2 Cell Physiology: Cornerstone of physiology; chemical processes and interactions within cells. Organ Physiology: How individual organs work (e.g., cardiac physiology). 3 Organ Physiology: How individual organs work (e.g., cardiac physiology). Systemic Physiology: Functioning of complete organ systems (e.g., respiratory, cardiovascular). 4 Systemic Physiology: Functioning of complete organ systems (e.g., respiratory, cardiovascular). 5 Pathological Physiology (Pathophysiology): How diseases disrupt normal organ and system functions. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
The 11 Body Systems and KeyOrgans Integumentary System:The integumentary system comprises the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It serves as a protective barrier against external threats, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors for touch, pain, and pressure. Skeletal System:The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. It provides support, protects internal organs, allows movement, and serves as a storehouse for minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Muscular System: The muscular system is responsible for body movement. It includes smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles. Muscles maintain posture, generate heat, and facilitate voluntary and involuntary movements. Nervous System:The nervous system is a complex network that includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It coordinates and controls bodily functions, relays messages through electrical impulses, and plays a vital role in sensory perception, motor control, and cognition. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
The 11 Body Systems and KeyOrgans Endocrine System:The endocrine system comprises glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands. It produces hormones that regulate bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and development. Cardiovascular System:The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, and blood, transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It helps regulate body temperature, pH, and electrolyte balance and assists in immune system function. Lymphatic System:The lymphatic system is a network of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and organs (such as the spleen and thymus). It aids in immunity by filtering and returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and transporting fatty acids from the digestive system. Respiratory System:The respiratory system encompasses the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm. It facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment, serving as the body's respiratory gas exchange system. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
The 11 Body Systems and KeyOrgans Digestive System:The digestive system comprises various organs, including the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas. It processes and breaks down food into nutrients for absorption in the small intestine.This system also eliminates waste through defecation. Urinary System:The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, filters blood, removes waste products, regulates fluid balance, and assists in maintaining proper electrolyte levels and blood pressure. Reproductive System:The reproductive system differs between males and females. It enables the production of gametes necessary for reproduction and includes structures such as the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
THANK YOU PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY