Recomendados
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Semelhante a VET3703 Dissertation: Literature searching support (2022)
Semelhante a VET3703 Dissertation: Literature searching support (2022) (20)
Mais de Middlesex University
Mais de Middlesex University (20)
Último
Último (20)
VET3703 Dissertation: Literature searching support (2022)
- 2. Aims and objectives An opportunity for students to study independently and investigate a topic in depth. During the session we will: • Look at techniques for effective and thorough literature searching • Explore sources for finding research articles • Talk about inclusion and exclusion criteria
- 3. Learning outcomes • Critically examine the basic concepts along with current discussion on the subject, showing an understanding of the relationship between theory and research. • Demonstrate the systematic searching, organisation, handling, critical selection, analysis and synthesis of a wide variety of different data and information sources. • Critically review and evaluate the arguments evident in the literature and/or alternative sources of evidence relating to your topic of study. • Draw meaningful, logical and informative conclusions with recommendations for the future development of theory, practice or policy and then identify areas requiring further research.
- 4. Dissertation Layout • Students will identify 6 – 8 primary sources from a range of publications in their central theme with a view to completing a meta- analysis worthy of publication. The resources must be critiqued • The review should include an analysis of the strengths and limitations of the study and offer perspectives for future work • 4-5000 word dissertation • Title • Abstract • Contents
- 5. Section 1 • Approximately 1000 words. • The introduction should set the context for the dissertation by providing background information about the topic as well as offering a reason for the choice of topic and explaining the relevance of the topic. • The aims, objectives and area of inquiry should be clearly defined, explained and justified with relevant literature or examples.
- 6. Section 2 • Approximately 2500 words. Appraisal of primary research sources showing understanding of the methodology and/or theories. • A literature critique framework should be used to develop a logical approach to the analysis of the primary sources. Ethical issues relevant to the area of inquiry should also be addressed • Section 2 should contain evidence of a comprehensive literature search i.e. it should be explained how the literature review was conducted. • Primary research papers should be current, i.e. < 10 years old. • The literature review itself is contained within section 2. A literature review framework should be used to critique each paper. A thorough understanding and critique of the methodology of each paper must be demonstrated.
- 7. Section 3 • Approximately 1500 words. • Section 3 should discuss and reflect upon the findings of section 2. • Suggestions should be made, based on the findings, to drive future changes that would benefit the veterinary nursing profession. • A reflective model should be used to demonstrate the review of your own learning gained from completion of this work.
- 8. Section 4 • This section includes the reference list, bibliography and appendices. • The learning logs, a minimum of five to reflect the discussions with your supervisor, should be included as an appendix. • Information such as details of literature strategy, key words, inclusion and exclusion criteria, databases utilised, number of papers sourced after the initial search and how the final papers were selected for critique should be included in the appendices.
- 9. Literature Searching and Literature Reviews
- 10. What is literature? • In an academic context literature is information that has been written on a particular subject. • Literature can be a book, a book chapter, a journal article, a conference paper, a newspaper, a government report, a webpage, a thesis... • It can be published or unpublished • Literature and data is the evidence you use to support your ideas and theories
- 11. Building a literature search
- 12. What is a literature search? • Before you can write your literature review, you need to find out what’s out there. To do this you need to do a literature search. • A literature search is a systematic, comprehensive or thorough search of all types of literature in your topic. • The information can be contained in books, journal articles, reports, case studies, policy documents, conference proceedings etc. they can be print or electronic. • A literature search will enable you to find out what has already been written in your subject area and enable you to identify the main trends, weaknesses and areas for further research.
- 13. How to do a literature search • Define your terms – KEYWORDS! • Search creatively • Identify relevant quality academic information sources • Journals • Books • Conference papers • Databases • Use the library • Keep a note of the sources you have used . You will need to reference them
- 14. Search strategy
- 15. Boolean Operators • AND = LESS: You are combining search terms NARROWER • OR = MORE: You are asking for either of the search terms WIDER • * = Truncation – You enter the beginning of a key word e.g. Vet* will find all search terms beginning with these letters • “ “ = Phrase searching – You want the words to be next to each other in your search e.g. “animal behaviour” Presentation title
- 17. What is a literature review? • A literature review is an evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. • It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study. • It is a critical account of what has been written within your chosen area of research • It should highlight both widespread agreement, as well as debate and controversy in previous research • The emphasis is interpretation of primary research articles.
- 18. A literature review has four main objectives • It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study • It brings together the information in that literature into a summary • It critically analyses the information gathered by identifying gaps in current knowledge; by showing limitations of theories and points of view; and by formulating areas for further research and reviewing areas of controversy • It presents the literature in an organised way
- 19. Why write a literature review? • Because you have to! • Allows you to show that you are building on a foundation of existing knowledge and ideas • Demonstrates the depth of your knowledge about your research. • Identifies the important works in your area and shows that you’ve read them • Demonstrates your research skills • Identifies information and ideas that may be relevant to your project
- 20. Stages of writing a literature review • Define the topic area of investigation. • Identify your keywords • Locate the key literature – this is the literature search • Assess the relevance of the literature search • Access the most relevant material • Critically analyse and evaluate the literature • Structuring and writing the literature review
- 21. Section 2 contains the literature review • Appraisal of primary research sources demonstrating understanding of the methodology and/or relevant theoretical frameworks. • A literature critique framework should be used to develop a logical approach to the analysis of the primary sources. E.g. Caldwell or CASP • Section two should contain evidence of a comprehensive literature search i.e. it should be explained how the literature review was conducted. • Primary research papers should be less than 10 years old. • The literature review itself is contained within section two. A literature review framework should be used to critique each paper. It is advisable to include use of the framework in a table format in the appendices. A thorough understanding and critique of the methodology of each paper must be demonstrated.
- 22. Critique Framework • Caldwell Framework (2005) – addresses both quantitative and qualitative research within one list of questions. Said this assists the student with learning about the two approaches to research by giving consideration to aspects of the research process that are common to both approaches and also that differ between quantitative and qualitative research. • CASP – There are a set of eight critical appraisal tools which are designed to be used when reading research. CASP has appraisal checklists designed for use with Systematic Reviews, Randomised Controlled Trials, Cohort Studies, Case Control Studies, Economic Evaluations, Diagnostic Studies, Qualitative studies and Clinical Prediction Rule.
- 23. Being Critical When critiquing each paper use your chosen framework to guide you Framework will cover:- • Credibility of author • How valid and reliable are the results • Sample size • Is the sample representative of the population • Data collection method • Data analysis method
- 24. Themes • After critiquing your key papers start to develop themes from the papers findings. • Allocate papers to themes • Think about the best order to present the themes • Start with the main theme first • Think about strengths and weaknesses • The aim is not merely to summarise the paper but to examine similarities and differences
- 25. Conclusions • Summarise the main findings from your literature search and review • Make practical veterinary nursing recommendations that veterinary nurses can use to improve their professional practice • Identify gaps in the literature and make suggestions as to how those gaps could be filled with new areas of research • Identify the learning that you have gained and how it might influence your own future nursing skills or approaches
- 26. Literature Review - Key points to remember • It is not a descriptive list. • It is not a book by book and article by article summary. • It is not a survey of every single thing that’s ever been written about your topic. • It must be defined by an overall concept i.e. essay question, research project or objective. • It must tell the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established and agreed in your area and outline their strengths and weaknesses.
- 29. Keyword creation exercise What is the role of the veterinary nurse in the prevention and management of canine obesity? Imagine you have been asked to write an essay with this title What are the keywords or concepts? What alternative words can you use? What related terms can you think of? What broader and narrower terms can you think of?
- 30. What is the role of the veterinary nurse in prevention and management of canine obesity? Canines Obesity Prevention / management - Dogs/Dog - Canine - Canids (Canis lupus familiaris) - Ages? - Breeds? - Obese - Overweight - Weight management - Weight loss - Fat - Healthy weight /Unhealthy weight - Related conditions, e.g. diabetes, osteoarthritis - Diet - Nutrition - Food / feeding - Exercise - Attitudes (owners, professionals) - Education / advice
- 33. PICO Model The question needs to • Identify the patient or population you intend to study • The intervention or treatment you plan to use • The comparison of one intervention to another (if applicable) • The outcome you anticipate These make up the four elements of the PICO model: Patient/ Problem, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome.
- 34. 7 Steps to the Perfect PICO Search • Formulate the PICO Question • Identify Keywords for each PICO Element • Plan the Search Strategy • Execute the Search • Refine the Results • Review the Literature • Assess the Evidence
- 35. PICO Model for clinical questions P Patient, Population, or Problem Hospital acquired infection I Intervention, Prognostic Factor, or Exposure handwashing C Comparison or Intervention (if appropriate) No handwashing, other solutions, masks O Outcome you would like to measure or achieve Reduced infection What Type of question are you asking? Diagnosis, Therapy, Prognosis, Prevention Type of Study you want to find What would be the best study design/methodology?
- 36. Primary or Secondary Research? • Primary sources - original research written up and published by the researchers in peer-reviewed journals • The title may mention the type of research e.g. ‘a qualitative study’, ‘a controlled trial’ • Includes sections such as methods, results, discussion • Secondary sources – work that summarises, critiques or reviews primary research • e.g. A literature review, a systematic review
- 37. PRIMARY It can vary a bit by subject area what is considered ‘primary’ or ‘secondary’, but for all the health subjects it is advisable for students to look for the following ‘clues’ in the title and/or abstract: • Primary: If it is described as ‘a study’ (or any of the more specific methodologies – e.g. “a survey” “ a phenomenological analysis” “an interview study” The abstract will often be divided into subheadings: Aims/objectives, methods, results, conclusions. Even if there are no subheadings, the information will be in this order.
- 38. SECONDARY • Secondary: Anything described as ‘a review’, an overview etc. If there is a methods section it will describe their search strategy, databases used etc. • A secondary source is anything that describes, interprets, evaluates, or analyses information from primary sources. • Some journals will also put ‘Review’ or ‘Original research’ as a heading right the top of the article, which is helpful. • In Science Direct you can filter the results to show Review articles or Research articles, for example.
- 39. Evaluating resources • So you’ve found some information!! • But is it any good……
- 40. Evaluating your sources •Currency •Relevancy •Authority and Accuracy •Purpose
- 41. Currency • When was the information published or posted? • Has the information been revised or updated? • Are you using the most recent version or edition? • Does your topic require current information, or will older sources work as well?
- 42. Relevancy • Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question? • Who is the intended audience? • Is the information at an appropriate academic level? • Have you looked at a variety of sources before determining this is one you will use? • Would you be comfortable citing this source in your research paper
- 43. Accuracy/Authority • Is the information supported by evidence (e.g. references, research data)? • Has the information been reviewed or refereed? • Can you verify any of the information in another source or from personal knowledge? • Are there spelling, grammar or typographical errors? • Who is the author/publisher/source/sponsor? • What are the author’s qualifications or organisational affiliations? • Is there author or publisher contact information? • Does the URL reveal anything about the author or source? e.g. .com .edu .gov .org .net
- 44. Purpose • What is the purpose of the information? Is it to inform, teach, sell, entertain or persuade? • Do the authors/sponsors make their intentions or purpose clear? • Is the information fact, opinion or propaganda? • Does the point of view appear objective and impartial? • Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional or personal biases?
- 45. Reliable Resources With all the information out there what can you trust……
- 48. Google Scholar
- 50. VET2204
- 53. Databases • VetMed • PubMed – Veterinary Science • Proquest Natural Sciences Collection • Web of Science • CINAHL • Science Citation Index • Science Direct • http://libguides.mdx.ac.uk/vetnursing/journalsdatabases
- 55. VetMed
- 56. Results
- 57. Vetbytes: https://vetbytes.co.uk/ • VETbytes is a point-of-care clinical support tool that has been launched by Vet2Vet and the British Small Animal Veterinary Association (BSAVA)in 2020. • The app provides vet teams with an extensive library of quick-to-read medical summaries drawn from global guidelines and peer-reviewed journals. • BSAVA members benefit from discounted subscription fees and vet students can access the information free. • Created by vets Zoe Coker and Bronwen Eastwood, the app offers a centralised resource of practical and evidence-based clinical guides that vets can access on mobile, tablet or desktop.
- 58. Tips on literature database searching • Keep records of the searches that you do • Develop a consistent strategy for handling the results of your searches. • Consider using bibliographic software like RefWorks to manage your references • Use the export function provided by many databases to transfer records directly into your own reference library • Copy and paste relevant records into a text document to retain search results
- 61. Any questions?
Notas do Editor
- An opportunity for students to study independently and investigate a topic in depth Pick a topic you are interested in you will spend a lot of time on it….
- These are some of the learning outcomes from your module my learning page and these are the ones which should be reflected in your dissertation
- In addition to the 6-8 primary papers which are critiqued in section two, other primary and secondary sources should be read and utilised in section one. As a general rule aim for 10 sources per 1000 words, therefore in this case approximately 40-50 sources as a minimum. Other suitable primary and secondary sources include primary research papers, textbooks, review articles from reputable journals and reliable, relevant and reputable web sources for example RCVS Code of Conduct, Acts of Parliament, published guidelines by reputable organisations such as, but not limited to, RCVS Knowledge, NICE, DEFRA, WHO, BSAVA or WSAVA.
- Section two – approximately 2500 words. Appraisal of primary research sources demonstrating understanding of the methodology and/or relevant theoretical frameworks. A literature critique framework should be used to develop a logical approach to the analysis of the primary sources. Ethical issues relevant to the area of inquiry should also be addressed and explored in relation to the topic (if applicable) or to the literature used. Section two should contain evidence of a comprehensive literature search i.e. it should be explained how the literature review was conducted. Primary research papers should be current, i.e. < 10 years old. The literature review itself is contained within section two. A literature review framework should be used to critique each paper. It is advisable to include use of the framework in a table format in the appendices. A thorough understanding and critique of the methodology of each paper must be demonstrated. Ethical issues relevant to the subject should also be addressed and explored in this section.
- DO you know the difference between a reference list and a bibliography All sources cited in the text should be included in the reference list; those sources read but not cited should be included in the bibliography.
- As the cartoon says “the moment when not even Google knows what you’re talking about!!
- Before you can write your literature review, you need to find out what’s out there. To do this you need to do a literature search. A literature search is a systematic, comprehensive or thorough search of all types of literature in your topic. The information can be contained in books, journal articles, reports, case studies, policy documents, conference proceedings etc. A literature search will enable you to find out what has already been written in your subject area and enable you to identify the main trends.
- Define your terms - The first thing to do is to define your topic or research project; or, if you have been given a set question, make sure you understand it. Ask yourself what the key concepts are. Don’t type your assignment title into Google! Compile a list of keywords – and synonyms for them – this will help you to develop a research strategy. – Do you know what a synonym is? These are what you will use to find your evidence they are important Use a range of resources not just the obvious ones – you can look at human medical databases, biological ones, general science ones not just “your” databases
- Cyclical repeating process You won’t get it right first time! You will be constantly making adjustments Finding and Using new key words Finding and Using different databases Keep a note of the keywords you have used – Print or save your search history. Make sure you are not asked to show your search history as part of your assignment Do you remember Boolean operators?
- Courtesy of Ohio University
- A literature review shows your readers that you have an in-depth grasp of your subject; and that you understand where your own research fits into and adds to an existing body of agreed knowledge. A literature review can be a short introductory section of a research article or a report or policy paper that focuses on recent research. Or, in the case of dissertations, theses, and review articles, it can be an extensive review of all relevant research.
- demonstrates a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establishes the credibility of your work; summarises prior research and says how your project is linked to it; demonstrates that you have learnt from others and that your research is a starting point for new ideas.
- Defining the topic - should be done with your tutor Identifying your keywords – think about using subject dictionaries and thesaurus Complete your literature search Evaluate what material you have find against your topic and any other essential criteria e.g. currency and relevancy
- Think back to the aim of the dissertation ‘to produce practical veterinary nursing outcomes that can be taken forward by the veterinary profession to improve their practice’. This is the outcome you are aiming for.
- A literature review should be structured like any other essay: it should have an introduction, a middle or main body, and a conclusion.
- What is a Keyword? They are the main concepts in the topic? Are there other words/phrases for the same ideas? Not all authors will use the same terminology! Americans may spell things differently
- Some of you may remember this image from the first year library sessions What can you see in the picture…fruit If type ‘fruit’ into database will get millions of hits, how can you break it down ie. search for something more specific to get more manageable results Can you be more specific ie. Type of fruit: apples, oranges, bananas etc Location: Stall, market, outdoor market, fruit market, Britain Detail: boxes, signs, astroturf, prices, colour of fruit, lights, pound £ signs, special offer etc People in background: old, young, male, female > stall holder, customers, browsers etc Think of related subjects eg. retail, commercial, financial, point-of-sale Shopping, shops, fish/meat/clothes market, shopping centres, high street Town, city, centre, British town Nutrition: vits and mins Also: Words with more than one meaning Orange or Blackberry: fruit NOT telephone Apple: fruit NOT computer Thinking beyond the obvious, looking for the detail that might make a difference.
- Handout work sheet to write down concepts and alternative keywords 5 mins? Can use online dictionaries or thesaurus Do they know what a thesaurus is?
- The perfect article!
- There is an advanced search option in MDX Library Search It looks very similar to a commercial database search screen This is how you would enter this search in to the advanced search option in library search
- What does PICO mean? The PICO process (or framework) is a mnemonic used in evidence based practice to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question. The PICO framework is also used to develop literature search strategies, for instance in systematic reviews. P – Populations/People/Patient/Problem I – Intervention(s) C – Comparison O – Outcome
- Ask if they know the difference
- Look particularly at the methods section which will tell you how they gathered the data (e.g. a survey of 182 veterinary medical students), basically you are looking for numbers of participants and what kind of data was collected and how. If the method described is ‘we searched PubMed…’ then it is secondary.
- Secondary Sources are one step removed from primary sources, though they often quote or otherwise use primary sources. They can cover the same topic, but add a layer of interpretation and analysis. Secondary sources are created by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you're researching. Don’t forget though that if you find a literature review you can read the papers mentioned in the review if they are relevant and then they become primary resources for your piece of work
- We are going to focus on currency and authority
- How can you judge Currency of academic journal articles?
- How can you judge Authority of academic journal articles? What is your evidence? Data and references
- Possibly if group v large 2 A3 posters for Trustworthy, Risky, Be suspicious and have 2 volunteers to stand holding the posters then we hand out the cards randomly and get student to read out their card, discuss and go up and give their card to the person holding the poster Or use one set of cards per group and feedback Sources game Magazine (A regular publication aimed at a profession, business or interest....trade/popular) Good: Latest news: events, jobs, products etc, concise info, easy to obtain Bad: lacks detail, can be bias, old issues hard to come by Standards (An agreed, often legally binding level of quality or way of doing something....regional, Nat, Internat, profession/sector) Good: Created by experts, confidence Company/market research report (Well researched overview of a company or product market. Could contain future trends, financial data, competitors and SWOT analysis) Good: Up-to-date: latest research/data, Insider information: information not freely available elsewhere, objective, accurate Bad: Hard to locate Webpage Good: All subjects covered, easy to use, mobile Bad: accuracy, no editorial control, anyone can add information, provenance Newspapers Good: Daily information ie. up-to-date, edited, current issues accessible Bad: Sensationalist, biased (unbalanced), harder to get back issues Conference proceedings (Collof aca papers distributed after a conference, cont the contributions made by researchers, academics etc) Good: Up-to-date: latest research, ideas, thinking on a subject, focussed/specialist, stringent quality control Bad: Too specific Journals Good: Up-to-date, Focussed: specialist subject areas, quality Bad: Too specific Books Good: overview, background knowledge, edited/quality Bad: Currency, detailed/specific information
- What resources do you use to find information? Library Google Scholar Databases
- Have students used google scholar Link to MDX via settings and library links Mention saving Citations References Creating references Find journal articles, theses, books, and more, from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites. Search across many disciplines Locate the full-text document through your library or on the web Keep up with recent developments in any area of research Save items in a personal library
- Library Search – used it, know what it is, what it covers? Sign in to access e-resources
- Remind them about refining options Reference Save searches Refworks Peer reviewed online resources Also advanced search
- Show reference Ask if they know the difference between citation and reference list Cite them right online
- Commercial databases MDX won’t have everything Interlibrary loans available for students
- Access databases via MyUniHub – MyStudy – MyLibrary and select databases Get student to go to this page
- Get the students to try out the databases Only 2/3 concurrent users for Vet Med Video tutorial Advanced search option Again commercial database we won’t have everything
- Mention the Find in my library button to see if MDX have the article
- Remind them about always using cite them right to check their references Read basics pages to get started and for info about quotes, paraphrasing and summarising
- Subject library guide for vet nursing Can contact the librarian Look at the various tabs for more information http://libguides.mdx.ac.uk/vetnursing/evidencebased