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Diabetes and Insulin resistance
- 1. Diabetes and Insulin resistance Dr C Rajeswaran Consultant Physician, Diabetes ,Obesity& Endocrinology Director, simplyweight Ltd www.simplyweight.co.uk www.thelondonobesityclinic.com AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 6. Insulin resistance Insulin secretion Beta cell function Beta cell dysfunction in type2 diabetes Therapeutic implications AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 7. Insulin secretion Insulin secretion can be divided into basal (postabsorptive) and stimulated (postprandial) states. Basal state prevails during the interprandial phases and plays a major role during the overnight fast. Postprandial states regulates glucose metabolism when carbohydrate is abundant and must be disposed of. AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 8. A Constellation of Complications Erectile Dysfunction Renal Disease Peripheral Vascular Diabetes Disease Gastropathy Dyslipidemia Cardiovascular Disease Peripheral Neuropathy Retinopathy/ Macular Edema Autonomic Neuropathy Hypertension AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 10. Who develops complications? Risk of developing complications is variable Nephropathy-Genetic influence Macrovascular disease-Duration of DM, glycaemic control, hypertension Microvascular disease- Smoking, hypertension, lipids and microalbuminuria AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 11. Pathophysiology Glucotoxicity: Intracellular hyperglycaemia develops in cells that cannot down regulate the uptake of glucose This stimulates metabolic and haemodynamic abnormalities Signalling molecules and growth factor are activated with consequent tissue damage Lipotoxicity Genetic factors External accelerators : overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron transport chain AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 12. Visceral Fat, Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction IL1, IL6, TNF- α, FFA,, PAI-1, RAS, leptin, resistin Adiponectin Increased Visceral Fat Genes Cytokines, Substrates Hormones Insulin Resistance Hyperglycemia Hypertension Dyslipidemia Genes Endothelial Dysfunction Modified from Caballero AE. Current Diabetes Reports 2004; 4: 237- 246 AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 13. How do I prevent - complications? Glucose control DCCT in type 1 diabetes and UKPDS in type 2 diabetes showed that lower the HbA1C achieved , lower the risk of microvascular complications Period of good glycaemic control reduces the risk of complications for longer than the duration of tight control, a phenomenon known as METABOLIC MEMORY AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 14. The association between glucose control and cardiovascular disease is less strong but is still important??? UKPDS found a 14% reduction in the risk of MI for each 1% reduction in HbA1C EDIC( long term follow up of DCCT) CV event risk reduction was 42% lower in the intensively managed group. AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 15. Most patients will not achieve glycaemic control with lifestyle changes alone % patients with HbA1c > 7% Patients failing with diet alone 100 75 88% 91% 75% 50 25 0 3 6 Years from diagnosis 9 Normal weight and overweight patients studied Turner RC et al. JAMA 1999; 281: 2005–2012. AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 16. Nathan et al. Diabetologia 2006; DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0316-2 Ref AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 17. ADA-EASD Hyperglycemia Algorithm Step 1: Lifestyle and Metformin • Metformin therapy should be initiated along with lifestyle modification at diagnosis • Titrate metformin dosage to maximum effective dose over 1-2 months • Check A1c every 3 months until <7%; every 6 months thereafter Nathan et al. Diabetologia 2006; DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0316-2 Ref AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 18. ADA-EASD Hyperglycemia Algorithm Step 2: Additional Medications • Additional medications within 2-3 months if A1c target not achieved: • Insulin • Sulfonylureas • Glitazones • Choice of agent depends on A1c level (e.g., insulin when A1c >8.5%) Nathan et al. Diabetologia 2006; DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0316-2 Ref AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 19. ADA-EASD Hyperglycemia Algorithm Step 3: Further Adjustments • Intensify insulin therapy if steps 1 and 2 not efficacious • Addition of a third oral agent may be considered when A1c close to goal (i.e., <8%) Nathan et al. Diabetologia 2006; DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0316-2 Ref AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 20. Unmet needs in T2 Diabetes Treatment Progressive loss of beta-cell function and mass Inappropriate glucagon secretion Uncontrolled postprandial hyperglycemia Possible impaired satiety signals resulting in weight gain Accelerated gastric emptying Deficient incretin effect AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 21. Newer insulins Glitazars GLP-1 DPP IV inhibitor Amylin Rimonobant Drugs for complications for diabetes AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 22. Lipids Statins should be prescribed for patient Over 40 Under 40 (who have micro/ macrovascular complications, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, or a strong Family History of CVS disease) AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 23. Total cholesterol should be < 4.5 mmol/l LDL-cholesterol should be < 2.5 mmol/l Fibrates should be prescribed if triglycerides > 2.3 mmol/l and LDL-C < 2.5 mmol/l AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 24. Limitations in Efficacy of LDL-C–Lowering Therapy • For every doubling of the statin dose, LDL-C is lowered only by another 6% –6% Statin 10 mg 0 10 20 –6% 20 mg 30 40 40 mg –6% 80 mg 50 60 % Reduction in LDL-C Adapted from Grundy SM et al J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2142–2146; Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults Circulation 2002;106:3143–3421; Knopp RH N Engl J Med 1999;341:498–509; Stein E Eur Heart J Suppl 2001;3(Suppl E):E11–E16. AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 25. Dual Inhibition for Greater Efficacy Adapted from Shepherd J Eur Heart J Supple 2001;3(Suppl E):E2–E5; Bay H Expert Opin Invest Drugs 2002;11:1587–1604. AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 26. JBS 2 guideline on prevention of CV disease TC< 4.0 mmol/l and LDL-C < 2.0 mmol/l, or a 25% reduction in TC and a 30% reduction in LDL-C whichever gets the person to the lowest absolute value. HDL-C and triglyceride values should also be considered in overall lipid management. AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 27. Blood pressure BP should be as low as possible (avoiding symptoms of postural hypotension) Aim for <130/80 OR <125/75mmHg if proteinuria present eGFR< 60ml/min/1.73m2 Presence of CVS disease AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 28. Screening for diabetic nephropathy Annually, if blood glucose control is stable Serum creatinine and eGFR Dipstick early morning urine sample for proteinuria ≥ 2++ Ur Protien:Creat Yes, repeat twice in 3/12 <2++ MCR- ♂= ♀ No, repeat annually AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 29. Indications for referring patients to nephrology GFR < 45ml/min/1.73m2 (if possible <60ml) or serum 150 micromol/l eGFR falls > 20% each year. Presence of nephrotic syndrome Diagnosis is unclear BP is uncontrolled Haemoglobin <10gm/dl Abnormalities in bone chemistry AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
- 30. Thank you! Visit http://www.simplyweight.co.uk for more information AVC/MTP/05/22270/1
Notas do Editor
- Leading cause of adult blindness Results in 2- to 4-fold increase in cardiovascular risk Nearly double the rates of diagnosed depression
- The more fat cells present the greater risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Modulating obesity helps with reducing the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. IL-1 – interleukin 1, IL-6 – interleukin 6, TNF – tumor necrosis factor, FFA – free fatty acids, PAI-1 – plasminogen activator inhibitor, RAS – renin angiontensin system.
- Even though lifestyle modifications are always beneficial due to their insulin-sensitising properties, the UKPDS demonstrated that adhering to dietary changes alone is rarely sufficient in the long term – almost all patients will eventually require pharmacotherapy to control their glucose levels.1 Even when pharmacotherapy is initiated, it is nonetheless important to continue encouraging lifestyle modifications. Reference 1. Turner RC et al. JAMA 1999; 281: 2005–2012.
- ATP III established an LDL-C goal of <100 mg/dl (2.5 mmol/L) because that goal was as low as could be supported by the clinical trials conducted up to that time. A goal of <100 mg/dl (2.5 mmol/L) was also considered the practical limit that could be achieved with standard statin therapy.8 For example, the ATP III report referred to the limitation of statin therapy recognized in the Rule of 6: each time the dose of a statin is doubled, LDL-C is reduced by only another 6%.21-23 In view of the need for better lipid-lowering therapy to achieve the lower goals now recommended, it has been suggested that combination therapy with agents such as ezetimibe plus a statin is an effective approach to reach goals.9 Ezetimibe coadministered with a statin provides innovative dual inhibition of cholesterol absorption from the intestine (ezetimibe) and cholesterol synthesis in the liver (statin).24 The result is greater lipid lowering versus the statin alone.24
- There are two main sources of cholesterol: biosynthesis of cholesterol from the liver and extrahepatic tissues, and absorption of cholesterol in the intestines. The cholesterol pool in the intestines is composed of both dietary and biliary cholesterol, with the biliary cholesterol source being the major contributor.25 Approximately 50% of this intestinal cholesterol pool is absorbed by the intestines and recirculated through the body, whereas the remainder is excreted through the feces.26 Coadministration of ezetimibe with a statin achieves dual inhibition of two sources of cholesterol.19,24 On the one hand, ezetimibe inhibits intestinal absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol, resulting in decreased delivery of cholesterol to the liver.27 On the other hand, statins inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis.28