2. Human Life Cycle
Phase I Phase II Phase III
Child’s Marriage
Child’s Education
Housing
Child birth
Marriage
22 yrs 38 yrs 10- 20 yrs
Education Earning Years Post Retirement Years
Age- 22 yrs Age- 60 yrs
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3. Individual Investor: Life Stages
Earnings
Consumption
Savings
22 27 40 60
Young Independent Young Married Middle Age Retirement
All individuals have a finite period to save for their investment goals
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4. Value of Money over time
Impact of inflation on monthly Value of Rs. 100,000 over time
expenses of Rs. 30,000 today
100,000
79,599
78,353
62,368
48,102
38,288 37,689
30,000
Today 5 years 15 years 20 years Today 5 years 15 years 20 years
At inflation of 5%
Investors need to beat inflation
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5. OPTIONS FOR INVESTING
• Deposit in Bank – SB, RD, FD’s, Locker ;)
• Loan a Friend/Relative on Interest
• Property Investments
• Invest in Bullion - Gold, Silver..
• Investment in Capital Markets -
- Direct - Equity Share Markets
- Debt & Bonds Market
- Indirect - Mutual Funds
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6. So what are my alternatives?
• Fixed Interest Products – 8.00% 1.06%
0.71%
0.36%
7.00% 0.01%
– Bank Deposits
2.10% 2.40% 2.25%
– Corporate Deposits 6.00% 1.95%
– RBI Bonds 5.00%
– Corporate Bonds
4.00%
• Rates of Return? 3.00%
4.54% 4.54% 4.54% 4.54%
2.00%
• Returns – Net of tax?
1.00%
• Won’t Inflation eat into the
0.00%
return? Bank FD Company FD RBI Bond Co Bonds
I nflat ion Tax @ 30% Net Ret urns
Returns – net of tax/ inflation is poor hedge against inflation
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7. Why Equities
Equities produce highest long-term returns
Equities – the most attractive
18.25%
asset class
10.64% 10.27%
7.47% 7.12%
Inflation Gold G Secs Bank FD Equities
Source : CLSA
Cumulative annualised returns (1980 - 2004)
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9. How To Invest In Equities
• Direct Equity
» High risk, high return category.
» Needs a lot of time & expertise.
» Substantial initial capital required.
• Mutual Funds
– One-Time Investment
– Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)
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10. What is a Mutual Fund?
• A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of
investors who share a common financial goal.
• Anybody with an investible surplus of as little as a few thousand
rupees can invest in Mutual Funds.
• These investors buy units of a particular Mutual Fund scheme that
has a defined investment objective and strategy.
• The money collected is invested by the fund manager in different
types of securities. These could range from shares to debentures to
money market instruments, depending upon the scheme’s stated
objectives.
• The income earned through these investments and the capital
appreciation realized by the scheme are shared by its unit holders in
proportion to the number of units owned by them.
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12. Brief History
• First Phase – 1964-87
Unit Trust of India (UTI) was established on 1963 by an Act of Parliament. At the end of
1988 UTI had Rs.6,700 crores of assets under management.
• Second Phase-1987-1993 (Entry of Public Sector Funds)
marked the entry of non- UTI, public sector mutual funds set up by public sector banks
and Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC).
SBI Mutual Fund was the first non- UTI Mutual Fund established in June 1987. At the end of
1993, the mutual fund industry had assets under management of Rs.47,004 crores.
Third Phase-1993-2003(Entry of Private Sector Funds)
1993 was the year in which the first Mutual Fund Regulations came into being, under
which all mutual funds, except UTI were to be registered and governed. The erstwhile Kothari
Pioneer (now merged with Franklin Templeton) was the first private sector mutual fund registered
in July 1993. As at the end of January 2003, there were 33 mutual funds with total assets of Rs.
1,21,805 crores.
• Fourth Phase – since February 2003
In February 2003, following the repeal of the Unit Trust of India Act 1963. UTI Mutual
Fund Ltd, sponsored by SBI, PNB, BOB and LIC. It is registered with SEBI and functions under
the SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations
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14. MUTUAL FUND DATA April 30th,
2009
Category Sales Redemption Asset Under Management
Existing Total Total as on Apr as on Mar 31 Inflow/
sche 30 , , 2009 Outflo
mes 2009 w
B Bank Sponsored 118793 118793 87357 93839 81013 12826
C Institutions 55866 55866 48898 26115 23092 3023
Private Sector & Joint Venture :
Indian 239486 239605 184342 172701 153432 19269
Predominantly Foreign 23329 23329 19571 23843 22857 986
Predominantly Indian 250760 250760 198352 198866 180163 18703
D Total Private Sector 513575 513694 402265 395410 356452 38958
Grand Total
(B+C+D) 688234 688353 538520 515364 460557 54807
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16. Regulations
• Governed by SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulation 1996
– All MFs registered with it, constituted as trusts ( under Indian Trusts
Act, 1882)
• Bank operated MFs supervised by RBI too
• AMC registered as Companies registered under Companies Act, 1956
• SEBI- Very detailed guidelines for disclosures in offer document, offer
period, investment guidelines etc.
– NAV to be declared everyday for open-ended, every week for closed
ended
– Disclose on website, AMFI, newspapers
– Half-yearly results, annual reports
– Select Benchmark depending on scheme and compare
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17. Terminologies Demystified…
• Asset Allocation
– Diversifying investments in different assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate,
cash in order to optimize risk.
• Fund Manager
– The individual responsible for making portfolio decision for a mutual fund, in
line with fund’s objective.
• Fund Offer Document
– Document with investment objectives, risk factors, expenses summary, how to
invest etc.
• Dividend
– Profits given to the investor from time to time.
• Growth
– Profits ploughed back into scheme. This causes the NAV to rise.
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18. Terminologies Contd…
• NAV
– Market value of assets of scheme minus its liabilities.
• Per unit NAV = Net Asset Value
No. of Units Outstanding on Valuation date
• Entry Load/Front-End Load (0-2.25%)
– The commission charged at the time of buying the fund.
– To cover costs for selling, processing
• Exit Load/Back- End Load (0.25-2.25%)
– The commission or charge paid when an investor exits from a mutual fund. Imposed to discourage
withdrawals
– May reduce to zero as holding period increases.
• Sale Price/ Offer Price
– Price you pay to invest in a scheme. May include a sales load. (In this case, sale price is higher than
NAV)
• Re-Purchase Price/ Bid Price
– Price at which close-ended scheme repurchases its units
• Redemption Price
– Price at which open-ended scheme chopra.rajiv@icai.org
19. TYPES OF MUTUAL FUNDS
Type of
Mutual Fund
Schemes
Special
Investment
Structure Schemes
Objective
Open Ended Industry Specific
Growth Funds
Funds Schemes
Close Ended Index
Income Funds
Funds Schemes
Sectoral
Interval Funds Balanced Funds
Schemes
Money Market
Funds
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20. Types of Mutual Fund Schemes
• By Structure
– Open-Ended – anytime enter/exit
– Close-Ended Schemes – listed on exchange, redemption after period of
scheme is over.
• By Investment Objective
– Equity (Growth) – only in Stocks – Long Term (3 years or more)
– Debt (Income) – only in Fixed Income Securities (3-10 months)
– Liquid/Money Market (including gilt) – Short-term Money Market
(Govt.)
– Balanced/Hybrid – Stocks + Fixed Income Securities (1-3 years)
• Other Schemes
– Tax Saving Schemes
– Special Schemes
• ULIP
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21. SPECIAL SCHEMES-EXAMPLE
• Funds based on Size of the Companies
Invested in
• Large cap funds:Funds that invest in
companies whose total market cap is above
Rs40bn
Mid cap funds: Funds that invest in companies
whose market cap is between Rs20-40bn
Small cap funds: Funds that invest in
companies whose market cap is below Rs20bn
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22. 10 REASONS TO INVEST IN
MUTUAL FUNDS
• Expert on your side: When you invest in a mutual fund, you buy into the experience and skills
of a fund manager and an army of professional analysts
• Limited risk: Mutual funds are diversification in action and hence do not rely on the performance
of a single entity.
• More for less: For the price of one blue chip stock for instance, you could get yourself a number
of units across a number of companies and industries when you invest in a fund!
• Easy investing: You can invest in a mutual fund with as little as Rs. 5,000. Salaried individuals
also have the option of investing in a monthly savings plan.
• Convenience: You can invest directly with a fund house, or through your bank or financial
adviser, or even over the internet.
• Investor protection: A mutual fund in India is registered with SEBI, which also monitors the
operations of the fund to protect your interests.
• Quick access to your money: It's good to know that should you need your money at short
notice, you can usually get it in four working days.
• Transparency: As an investor, you get updates on the value of your units, information on specific
investments made by the mutual fund and the fund manager's strategy and outlook.
• Low transaction costs: A mutual fund, by sheer scale of its investments is able to carry out
cost-effective brokerage transactions.
• Tax benefits: Over the years, tax policies on mutual funds have been favourable to investors and
continue to be so.
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23. TAXATION
• All dividends declared by debt / equity oriented schemes are tax
free in the hands of the investor
• Dividend distribution tax @ 14.1625% for individuals and 22.66%
for corporates under debt oriented schemes
• No DDT under equity schemes
• Long term capital gain in equity schemes – exempt from tax
• Indexation benefit available for long term non equity schemes
• Equity short term capital gain @10%
• STCG in Debt funds – Rates applicable for the investor
• Deduction of Rs. 1 lac under section 80C
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25. Risks
• Historical analysis
– Return is remembered, Risk forgotten
• Risk = Potential for Harm
• Market Risk
• Non-Market Risk
• Credit Rate Risk
• MF Risk = Volatility (fluctuation of NAV)
– Standard Deviation
– Websites give star rating ( basis = risk-adjusted return)
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26. Before declaration of dividend / bonus
Growth Dividend Dividend Bonus
payout reinvestment
NAV 20 20 20 20
Units 100 100 100 100
Value (Rs) 2,000 Rs 2,000 Rs 2,000 Rs 2,000
After declaration of dividend / bonus
NAV 20 19 19 18.1818
Units 100 100 105.2631 110
Value (Rs) 2000 1900 2000 2000
Dividend - Rs 100 - -
received in
cash
Additional - - 5.2631 10
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units
27. Investment strategies
• Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)
– Invest a fixed sum every month. (6 months to 10 years-
through post-dated cheques or Direct Debit facilities)
– Fewer units when the share prices are high, and more units
when the share prices are low. Average cost price tends to
fall below the average NAV.
• Systematic Transfer Plan (STP)
– Invest in debt oriented fund and give instructions to
transfer a fixed sum, at a fixed interval, to an equity
scheme of the same mutual fund.
• Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP)
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28. What is a Systematic Investment Plan?
An investment plan to invest a
fixed amount regularly at a
specified frequency say,
monthly or quarterly.
SIP is a simple method of investing used
across the world as a means to creating wealth
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29. Benefits of SIP
• Regular
• Investments happen every month unfailingly
• Power Of Compounding
• Rupee Cost Averaging
• Forced saving
• Helps you overpower the temptation to spend fully
• Helps you build for the future
• Automated
• Completely automated process
• No hassles of writing cheque every month
• Light on the wallet
• Investment amount can be so small that you do not even feel the pinch
of it being directly deducted, yet the small amount is powerfully working
towards your financial security
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30. Systematic Investing, An Example
10 9.35
9.40 9.10
9 8.75 8.93
8.12 8.01 8.31
8 7.57
6.93
7.60
7 6.46
6
5 When the price is highest,
you buy the least number of
4 106.39
units 154.75
units
units
3 When the price is lowest,
you buy the highest number of units
2
Jan-04 Feb-04 M ar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04
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31. Investing at Peak – SIP is the way
Simple plotting of closing price of BSE Sensex for the first of every month. The
time period considered here is from 1/1/1990 to 02/12/2005 Source:
Credence Analytics
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32. Start Early : SIP
Rs. 1000 invested per month @15% p.a. till the age of 60 yrs
160 148.61
140
120
100
80 70.10
60
40 32.84
20 15.16
4.20 3.60 3.00 6.77
2.40 1.80 1.20 2.79
-
25 30 35 40 45 50
Investment Wealth at 60
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A gap of 5 only years can result in a lot of difference in wealth creation !
33. Equity Funds
• Diversified equity funds
• Index funds
• Opportunity funds
• Mid-cap funds
• Equity-linked savings schemes
• Sector funds like Auto, Health Care, FMCG etc
• Dividend Yield Funds
• Others (Exchange traded, Theme, Contra etc)
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34. Investing in Equity Funds
• Errors
– Invest in only top performing funds
– These cannot go wrong
– Replicate past performance in future
• Appropriate way
– Right Mix of equity MFs (Top 3-4 funds, may all be mid-cap funds)
– Have variety of funds like diversified funds, mid-cap funds and sector
funds – in right proportion.
– Beginner- it makes sense to begin with a diversified fund
– Gradual exposure to sector and specialty funds.
• Look at performance of various funds with similar objectives for
at least 3-5 years (managed well and provides consistent returns)
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35. Tired of your savings account?
• Extra Cash in savings A/c?? Consider Cash Funds
• Liquidity: Savings account wins
– b/w a savings account and a fixed deposit, no ATM (Now-
Rel Regular Savings Fund)
• Safety: Savings account wins
– All mutual funds are subject to market risks
• Returns: Cash funds win
– Upto about 17.5% return
• Performance: Cash funds win
– Interest rate fluctuations covered by quick maturation
• Invest when surplus money in savings a/c based on
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expense ratio
37. Investing Checklist
• Draw up your asset allocation
– Financial goals & Time frame (Are you investing for retirement? A
child’s education? Or for current income? )
– Risk Taking Capacity
• Identify funds that fall into your Buy List
• Obtain and read the offer documents
• Match your objectives
– In terms of equity share and bond weightings, downside risk
protection, tax benefits offered, dividend payout policy, sector focus
• Check out past performance
– Performance of various funds with similar objectives for at least 3-5
years (managed well and provides consistent returns)
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38. Checklist Contd…
• Think hard about investing in sector funds
– For relatively aggressive investors
– Close touch with developments in sector, review portfolio regularly
• Look for `load' costs
– Management fees, annual expenses of the fund and sales loads
• Does the fund change fund managers often?
• Look for size and credentials
– Asset size less than Rs. 25 Crores
• Diversify, but not too much
• Invest regularly, choose the S-I-P
– MF- an integral part of your savings and wealth-building plan.
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39. Portfolio Decision
• The right asset allocation
– Age = % in debt instruments
– Reality= different financial position, different allocation
– Younger= Riskier
• Selecting the right fund/s
– Based on scheme’s investment philosophy
– Long-term, appetite for risk, beat inflation– equity funds best
• TRAPS TO AVOID
– IPO Blur
• Begin with existing schemes (proven track record) and then new schemes
– Avoid Market Timing
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40. MF Comparison
• Absolute returns
– % difference of NAV
– Diversified Equity with Sector Funds– NO
• Benchmark returns
– SEBI directs
– Fund's returns compared to its benchmark
• Time period
– Equal to time for which you plan to invest
– Equity- compare for 5 years, Debt- for 6 months
• Market conditions
– Proved its mettle in bear market
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41. Buying Mutual Funds
• Contacting the Asset Management Company directly
– Web Site
– Request for agent
• Agents/Brokers
– Locate one on AMFI site
• Financial planners
– Bajaj Capital etc.
• Insurance agents
• Banks
– Net-Banking
– Phone-Banking
– ATMs
• Online Trading Account
– ICICI Direct
– Motilal Oswal, Indiabulls- Send agents
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42. Keeping Track…
• Filling up an application form and writing out a
cheque= end of the story… NO!
• Periodically evaluate performance of your funds
– Fact sheets and Newsletters
– Websites
– Newspapers
– Professional advisor
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43. Warning Signals
• Fund's management changes
• Performance slips compared to similar funds.
• Fund's expense ratios climb
• Beta, a technical measure of risk, also climbs.
• Independent rating services reduce their ratings of the
fund.
• It merges into another fund.
• Change in management style or a change in the
objective of the fund.
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Editor's Notes
[email_address]
[email_address]
[email_address]
[email_address] Surplus funds are to be invested Professionals like C.A.’s are approached by clients to give advise about investing. Pros & Cons of Investing of each type. The most attractive in terms of liquidity and returns is capital markets. To minimise Risks of volatility of stock markets, Mutual Funds investment are relevant
[email_address] Rates of Interest on Company Bonds may wary
[email_address] The Sample of 2004 still holds good with the decline of Inflation rates ofcourse with the exception of Gold but then it is too cumbersome and risky to hold gold as an investment.
[email_address] Sensex has moved back to the same point after two years, hypothetically meaning your share price is back to the same price which it was 2 years ago.
[email_address]
[email_address] Still the largest is UTI- UTI Liquid Cash Plan has 8863 Cr Asset Size. Next is Birla Cash Plus at 8372. Standard Chartered Liquidity Manager Plus at 7910 Cr.
[email_address] Sponsor: Establishes a MF, obtains Certificate of Registration from SEBI, forms a trust, appoints board of trustees & AMC, appoints Custodian Trustees: MF managed by body of individuals or a trust company (corporate body). Guardians of assets of Unitholders. Responsible. AMC: Investment Manager of Trust. Under the supervision of Board of Directors, Trustees, SEBI. Floates & manages different schemes. Mutual Fund: Formed under Indian Trusts Act, 1982. Invites subscriptions to units. Transfer agents: Issue and Redemption of units Custodian: For safekeeping of securities, participating in clearing system
[email_address] AMFI: a forum where mutual funds have been able to present their views, debate and participate in creating their own regulatory framework. the body that is consulted on matters long before regulations are framed, and it often initiates many regulatory changes that prevent malpractices that emerge from time to time. Receive Unit certificates within 6 weeks from the date your request for a unit certificate is received by the Mutual Fund. Receive dividend within 42 days of their declaration Receive the redemption or repurchase proceeds within 10 days from the date of redemption or repurchase.
[email_address] dividend is always a percentage of face value. Face value is the price of unit of a fund and is Rs 10. So 10% of face value would be Re 1 per unit. NAV of the growth option will always be higher than that of the dividend option because money is going back into the scheme and not given to investors. dividend is not guaranteed, fund distributes dividends at its discretion, guarantee or assurance- funds are not obliged to declare a dividend-no legal compulsion In the dividend re-investment option, the dividend is not paid to you. Instead, additional units are purchased at the revised NAV. The bonus option is similar to dividend re-investment, except that the fund announces the bonus ratio instead of dividend., the scheme declares a bonus of 1:10. This means an additional unit for every 10 units held. NAV- less due to – dividend option, contra option, give some time income earned, net of recurring expenses, subject to a maximum ceiling of 2.5% in equity schemes and 2.25% in debt schemes, is shared by way of dividends or capital gains. These recurring expenses include asset management fees not exceeding 1.25%, it also is due to other expenses such as Trustee Fees, Registrar Fees and Marketing expenses etc. Total Value of Securities (Equity, Bonds, Debentures etc.)Rs. 1000 Cash Rs. 1500 LiabilitiesRs. 500 Total outstanding units 100 NAV [(1000+1500-500)/100] Rs. 20 per unit
[email_address] Entry Load: If you invest Rs1,000 in a mutual fund with a 2% front-end load, Rs20 will pay for the sales charge, and Rs.980 will be invested in the fund. Sales Purchase = Applicable NAV x ( 1 + Sales Charge ) Repurchase Price = Application NAV x ( 1 - exit load)
[email_address] Ultra Short term (180 days) debt funds called liquid funds or floating rate fund or cash funds, Bond funds– fixed return instruments, term papers, G-Secs, Corporate bonds, interest rate floating – depending on interest rate in economy – return of 5.5% per annum last year– aim: preserve the principal and earn a modest return. Savings bank rate= 3.5% p.a. Balanced funds for those who are not comfortable with 100% exposure to equity. B est of both worlds-Power of equities & stability of debt market instruments- 60:40 equity debt ratio. Performance ≈ average 30% return, Volatility (Risk) = Moderate Income: fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures and Government securities. capital stability and regular income. Money Market: safer short-term instruments such as treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and inter-bank call money. easy liquidity, preservation of capital and moderate income. Unit Linked Insurance Plan - life insurance as well as an investment like a mutual fund. Part of the premium towards the sum assured (amount you get in a life insurance policy) and the balance invested whichever investments you desire - equity, fixed-return or a mixture of both. benefit under Section 80C. Gilt funds are those that only invest in government securities and are hence zero credit risk, very safe MIP - 5-25% in stocks, rest in fixed income instruments
[email_address]
[email_address] Standard Deviation: how much the actual performance of a fund over a period of time deviates from the average performance. Low SD = good Sharpe Ratio : returns that a fund delivered were commensurate with the kind of volatility it exhibited; looks at both, returns and risk, and delivers a single measure that is proportional to the risk adjusted returns. High SR =Good Market Risk: overall stock or bond markets fall Non-Market Risk: Bad news about an individual company can pull down its stock price, which can negatively affect fund holdings. Credit Rate Risk: Bonds are debt obligations. corporate defaulting on their interest and principal payment obligations
[email_address] Growth option : No change. Over time, the NAV will grow. Whenever you redeem the units, you get your entire earnings by way of capital appreciation. Dividend payout : The unit holder will get Rs 100 as dividend while the NAV falls to Rs 19. Dividend re-investment : The dividend of Rs 100 is not paid in cash but is used to purchase 5.2631 more units. Bonus option : You get 10 more units, because of which the NAV falls to Rs 18.1818.
[email_address]
[email_address] Diversified equity fund - invests in the stocks of various companies of various sectors. invest across industries as well as various market segments i.e. large cap, mid cap and small cap. Index- sensex, nifty- same proportion of equity as the index Mid-Cap - mid-cap companies, appetite for risk ELSS- tax saving, mirror image of a diversified equity fund, lock-in period of three years. tax benefit under Section 80C Opportunity : by definition diversified, but are aggressive by nature. emphasis on generating superior returns rather than risk containment. Sector : invest based on a particular dominant “prime-mover of profitability”. Theme : diversified across sectors. “outsourcing” is a theme: IT companies make money from it, so do medical companies, so do automobile ancillary companies and even textile companies. invest in any of the above-mentioned industries or all of them themes underlying the current economic resurgence of India are outsourcing, services (as opposed to manufacturing), infrastructure, debt restructuring, mergers & acquisitions etc Dividend Yield Funds : A dividend yield fund invests in shares of companies having high dividend yield. Within the diversified equity funds space, dividend yield funds are considered to be the medium risk proposition Contra Fund: Invests in out-of-favour companies but at the same time have unrecognized value. The reasoning behind this approach is the belief that sooner or later other investors will realize the true value of these companies and buy their shares, thereby increasing the stock prices. Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) is a fund that combines the features of an index fund as well as stocks. These funds are listed on the stock exchanges and their prices are linked to the underlying index. Traded on exchange at prices that are expected to be closer to the NAV at the end of the day
[email_address]
[email_address] spare cash languishing in your savings account, but don't want to block it in a fixed deposit or risk an investment in shares Cash funds are known as ultra short-term bond funds or liquid funds that invest in fixed return instruments of short maturities. aim is to preserve the principal and earn a modest return Safety : highly unlikely that your principal amount will get eroded
[email_address]
[email_address]
[email_address]
[email_address] Age 25-35: 35-40 % debt, 60% in equity Age 35-45: 45-50 debt, less than 50% in equity Age 55: mostly in debt IPO: Growth in the NAV depends on the quality of the portfolio, its exposure to various industries and segments of the market, strategy of the fund manager. Market timing – a strategy in which one tries to invest before the market goes up and sell before it declines remains one of the most tempting.
[email_address] Contra with Contra… and not contra with SEBI -mandatory for funds to have a benchmark– lets say Sensex… fund should beat Sensex if the Sensex drops by 10% over a period of two months and during that time, the fund's NAV drops by only 6%, then the fund is said to have outperformed the benchmark. Report submitted to SEBI every 6 months
[email_address] AMFI: Under the heading Investors Zone, you will find another one called ARN Search . This refers to the AMFI Registration Number. Click on it and you will arrive at a search page. You can locate an agent in your vicinity by just putting in your PIN code or name of your city