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DNA
DNA is a nucleic acid
• A nucleic acid is a polymer of
  nucleotides
• A nucleotide is made from a
  phosphate, sugar and base.
•   www.chemsoc.org
Phosphate
• From phosphoric acid
•   http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ChemStructures/Phospha2.gif
Sugar
• Deoxyribose in DNA (Ribose in RNA)
•   http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Deoxyribose_vs_Ribose.gif
Nucleotide
• Condensation between the phosphate
  and sugar (at C5) and between the
  sugar (at C1) and base
•   http://distancelearning.ksi.edu/demo/bio378/DNA_files/image002.gif
Dinucleotide
• Two nucelotides join by condensation
•   http://pages.towson.edu/jdrawn/Chapter_1_Intro_to_Bioinfo_files/image005.jpg



• Condensation gives phosphodiester
  bridge
Polynucleotide
• Up to 5 x 106 nucleotides long
•   http://seqcore.brcf.med.umich.edu/doc/educ/dnapr/oligo.gif




• 5’ end




• 3’ end
DNA double helix
• The bases of the DNA nucleic acid
  form H bonds to bases of a second
  molecule of DNA
• A bonds to T with two hydrogen bonds
• G bonds to C with three hydrogen
  bonds.




•   http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/BasePairing.gif
• A is the ~same amount as T
• G is the ~same amount as C
• Amount of purines equals the
  amount of pyrimidines

• A always bonds to T
• G always bonds to C
• Known as Chargaff’s Rule
Table from Biological Science – Green, Stout, Taylor
• The two nucleic acids wind into a double helix,
  with H bonds between polar groups of sugars
  keeping the shape of the helix.
•   (diagram from Bioligical Sciences, green, Stout & Taylor)
• The two strands are ANTIPARALLEL
• i.e. they are parallel, but run in
  opposite directions.
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/dna2.gif
Arrangement of DNA in chromosomes




http://www.biology.emory.edu/research/Lucchesi/multimedia/images/insert2.jpg
Histones in nucleosome
• DNA is wrapped around a group of 8
  histone proteins and held together
  by another histone molecule
•   http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/nucleosome.gif
• Nucleosomes:
• Help in supercoiling of DNA
• Help to regulate transcription
DNA from a single skin cell, if
straightened out, would be about six feet
 long but invisible. Half a gram of DNA,
   uncoiled, would stretch to the sun.
        Again, you couldn't see it.

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Dna

  • 1. DNA
  • 2. DNA is a nucleic acid • A nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides • A nucleotide is made from a phosphate, sugar and base. • www.chemsoc.org
  • 3. Phosphate • From phosphoric acid • http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ChemStructures/Phospha2.gif
  • 4. Sugar • Deoxyribose in DNA (Ribose in RNA) • http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Deoxyribose_vs_Ribose.gif
  • 5.
  • 6. Nucleotide • Condensation between the phosphate and sugar (at C5) and between the sugar (at C1) and base • http://distancelearning.ksi.edu/demo/bio378/DNA_files/image002.gif
  • 7. Dinucleotide • Two nucelotides join by condensation • http://pages.towson.edu/jdrawn/Chapter_1_Intro_to_Bioinfo_files/image005.jpg • Condensation gives phosphodiester bridge
  • 8. Polynucleotide • Up to 5 x 106 nucleotides long • http://seqcore.brcf.med.umich.edu/doc/educ/dnapr/oligo.gif • 5’ end • 3’ end
  • 9. DNA double helix • The bases of the DNA nucleic acid form H bonds to bases of a second molecule of DNA
  • 10. • A bonds to T with two hydrogen bonds • G bonds to C with three hydrogen bonds. • http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/BasePairing.gif
  • 11. • A is the ~same amount as T • G is the ~same amount as C • Amount of purines equals the amount of pyrimidines • A always bonds to T • G always bonds to C • Known as Chargaff’s Rule
  • 12. Table from Biological Science – Green, Stout, Taylor
  • 13. • The two nucleic acids wind into a double helix, with H bonds between polar groups of sugars keeping the shape of the helix. • (diagram from Bioligical Sciences, green, Stout & Taylor)
  • 14. • The two strands are ANTIPARALLEL • i.e. they are parallel, but run in opposite directions.
  • 16. Arrangement of DNA in chromosomes http://www.biology.emory.edu/research/Lucchesi/multimedia/images/insert2.jpg
  • 17. Histones in nucleosome • DNA is wrapped around a group of 8 histone proteins and held together by another histone molecule • http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/nucleosome.gif
  • 18. • Nucleosomes: • Help in supercoiling of DNA • Help to regulate transcription
  • 19. DNA from a single skin cell, if straightened out, would be about six feet long but invisible. Half a gram of DNA, uncoiled, would stretch to the sun. Again, you couldn't see it.