2. Food is the prime necessity of life.
The food we eat is digested and assimilated in the body and used for
its maintenance and growth.
Food also provide energy for doing work.
INTRODUCTION
3. The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and
growth.
NUTRITION
4. A diet that contain adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients
require for the health growth and activity such as Carbohydrate,
proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
BALANCE DIET
5. Malnutrition is defined as imbalance between the body’ s need and the
intake of nutrients, which can lead to nutritional disorders.
Malnutrition is the condition that develops when the body does not get
the right amount of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients it needs to
maintain healthy tissues and organ function.
MALNUTRITION
6. NUTRIENTS
MICRONUTRIENTS
Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals
needed by the body in very small amounts.
However, their impact on a body’s health are
critical, and deficiency in any of them can cause
severe and even life-threatening conditions.
MACRONUTRIENTS
Macronutrients are nutrients that
provide calories or energy and are
required in large amounts to maintain
body functions and carry out the
activities of daily life.
There are three broad classes of
macronutrient:
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
7.
8.
9. DEFINITION “ACCORDING TO WHO”
Malnutrition as "the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients
and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure growth,
maintenance, and specific functions”
MALNUTRITION
12. PROTEIN -ENERGY
MALNUTRITION (PEM)
(PEM), sometimes called protein-energy
undernutrition (PEU), is a form
of malnutrition that is defined as a range of
conditions arising from coincident lack
of dietary protein and/or energy (calories)
in varying proportions. The condition has
mild, moderate, and severe degrees.
Types include:[
1. Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition
predominant)
2. Marasmus (deficiency in calorie intake)
3. Marasmic kwashiorkor (marked protein
deficiency and marked calorie insufficiency
signs present, sometimes referred to as
the most severe form of malnutrition)
13. Kwashiorkor is characterized by bilateral pitting oedema (affecting both sides of the
body) in the lower legs and feet which as it progresses becomes more generalised to
the arms, hands and face.
Oedema is the excessive accumulation of fluid in body tissues which results from
severe nutritional deficiencies.
All cases of kwashiorkor are classified as severe acute malnutrition.
KWASHIORKOR
14. Kwashiorkor is classified by the severity of the oedema, as follows:
+ Mild: both feet
++ Moderate: both feet, plus lower legs, hands or lower arms.
+++ Severe: generalized oedema including both feet, legs, hands, arms and face.
15. Clinical signs of kwashiorkor include:
Loss of appetite
Apathy and irritability
Changes in hair colour (yellow/orange)
Dermatosis is described based on the severity of signs as follows:
+ Mild: Discolouration or a few rough patches
++ Moderate: Multiple patches arms and/or legs
+++ Severe: Flaking, raw skin, fissures
16. A rapid deterioration in nutritional status in a short time can lead to marasmus, one form
of acute malnutrition.
Marasmus is the most common form of acute malnutrition in nutritional emergencies
and, in its severe form, can very quickly lead to death if untreated. It is characterized by
severe wasting of fat and muscle which the body breaks down to make energy.
Wasting (Low weight-for-height)can affect both children and adults.
MARASMUS
17. The child at risk for:
Hypoglycemia
Hypothermia
Fluid overload/ heart failure
Infection
A wasted child can be classified as either moderately or severely acutely
malnourished based on body measurements.
19. Under nutrition has many inter-related causes which need to be identified in order to
effectively design an emergency response.
The UNICEF conceptual framework for under nutrition is a useful tool for
understanding the causes of under nutrition.
It describes three levels of causality: Immediate, Underlying and Basic
The immediate cause of under nutrition is due to an imbalance between the amount
of nutrients absorbed by the body and the amount of nutrients required by the body as
a consequence of too little food intake or infection.
The underlying causes of under nutrition can be grouped under the three broad
categories of food insecurity, inadequate care and poor public health.
Political, legal and cultural factors may defeat the best efforts of households to attain
good nutrition and these are described as basic causes of under nutrition.
20. Immediate cause
Reduced dietary intake
Reduced absorption of macro- and/or micronutrients
Increased losses or altered requirements
Increased energy expenditure (in specific disease processes)
Underlying causes
food insecurity
inadequate care and poor public health
Basic causes
Political, legal and cultural factors
21. Groups vulnerable to under nutrition typically include those with increased nutrient
requirements: children, pregnant and lactating women.
However, risk of under nutrition is related to more than just physiological vulnerability.
Groups within the population can be at risk of under nutrition due to geographical
vulnerability (displaced populations, inaccessible populations) as well as political
vulnerability (minority groups).
Older people, the disabled, people with chronic illness and People living with HIV and
AIDS
WHO ARE VULNERABLE TO UNDER NUTRITION ?
22.
23. Globally, 51 million under-five year olds were wasted and 17 million
were severely wasted in 2013.
Globally, wasting prevalence in 2013 was estimated at almost 8% and
nearly a third of that was for severe wasting, totaling 3%.
In 2013, approximately two thirds of all wasted children lived in Asia and
almost one third in Africa, with similar proportions for severely wasted
children.
24. The problem of malnutrition can be solved by taking action simultaneously at various
levels- family, community, national and international levels and it also requires
coordinated approach of many disciplines- nutrition, food technology, health
administration, health education, etc.
➢Action at the family level
The instrument for combating malnutrition at the family level is nutrition education.
Harmful food taboos and dietary prejudices can be identified and corrected.
The promotion of breast-feeding and improvement in infant and child feeding practices
are the two areas where nutrition education can have a considerable effect.
PREVENTION OF MALNUTRITION
25. Attention should also be focused on the nutritional needs of expectant and nursing
mothers and children in the family.
The shortage of protective foods can be met to some extent by planning a kitchen
garden or keeping poultry.
Other activities include mother and child health, family planning, immunization
services.
Community health workers and the multipurpose workers impart nutrition education to
the families.
26. ➢Action at the community level
Increasing the availability of food both in quantity and quality.
The Applied Nutrition Programme is an attempt at production of various types of
protective foods by the community for the community.
The integrated child development services (ICDS) programme to deliver a basic
minimum package of supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-ups, health
and nutrition education.
Significant improvement in overall living conditions such as health education,
improvement of water supply, control of infectious diseases.
27. ➢Action at the national level
• The strategies and approaches undertaken at the national level in India are:
✓Rural development
• The nutritional upliftment of people
• To raise the living standards and purchasing power of the people
✓Increasing agricultural production
Application of modern farming practices, the expansion of cultivated areas, the use of
fertilizers, better seeds.
Effective food distribution system by marketing, land tenure and food price policies.
28. ✓Stabilization of population
By birth spacing and a small family norm.
✓Nutrition intervention programmes
Prevention and control of endemic goitre through iodized common salt
Control of anemia through distribution of iron and folic acid tablets
Supplementary feeding programmes for preschool children
✓Nutrition related health activities
National malaria eradication programme
Programmes of immunization and improvement of environmental sanitation
Programmes of family planning
29. ➢Action at the International level:
World food programme in 1963 to stimulate and promote economic and social
development as a means of providing enough safe food to those in need.
Several international agencies such as the FAO, UNICEF, WHO, World bank, are
working in close collaboration helping the national governments in different parts of the
world in their battle against malnutrition.
30.
31.
32. 1.World Health Organization. Nutrition. [7 December 2010].
URL: www.who.int/topics/nutrition/en/index.html.
2.World Health Organization. 10 facts on nutrition. [7 December 2010].
URL: www.who.int/features/factfiles/nutrition/en/index.html.
3.Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, et al.
Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health
consequences. Lancet. 2008;371:243–60. [PubMed]
4.Shetty P. Malnutrition and undernutrition. Medicine. 2003;31:18–22.
5.Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, Hallal PC, Martorell R, Richter I, et al. Maternal
and child undernutrition 2. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for
adults health and human capital. Lancet. 2008;371:23–40. [PMC free article]
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