1. Zoonotic Viral Diseases
11/3/2022 Department of Microbiology And Veterinary Public Health 1

2. Zoonotic Viral Diseases(Bangladesh)
Presented By
Dr. Kazi Shams Al Arefin
DVM, MS (Microbiology)
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3. The word zoonosis is derived from Greek zoon(animal) and nosos(disease).
Zoonosis may be defined as (zoonotic disease or zoonoses -plural) an infectious
disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans (or from humans to
animals).
Among the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic (Taylor et al.,2001)
and among emerging infectious diseases, 75% are zoonotic with wildlife being one of the
major sources of infection.
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4. Classification of Zoonoses
Based on Example
Etiological agents Bacterial, Viral, Mycotic, Parasitic, Rickettsial,
Chlamydial
Transmission cycle Direct zoonoses, Cyclo zoonoses, Meta zoonoses,
Saprozoonoses
Reservoir Anthrapozoonoses, Zooanthroponoses
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5. List Of Zoonotic Viral Diseases
• Influenza.
• Ebola
• West Nile virus.
• Emerging coronaviruses (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle
East respiratory syndrome)
• Rabies.
• Nipah Virus Infection
• Milkers’ nodule, Cow Pox
• ND, IB
• Rift valley fever
• Yellow fever
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6. • Louping ill
• Japanese encephalitis
• Western equine encephalitis
• Eastern equine encephalitis
• BSE
• Marburg
• Lassa
• Zika virus
• Monkey Pox
• Chikungunya
• Dengue Fever
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)
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7. O Zoonotic Disease(B.D Perspective)
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Distribution of Nipah cases in Bangladesh 2001-2021(IEDCR)

9. Virus Family Genom
e
Ligand Receptor Entry Target Organ Replicatio
n Site
Exit
Avian
Influenza
Orthomyxo
viridae
-ssRNA HA protein Sialic acid
containing
receptor
Endocytosis Trachea, Lung Nucleus Budding
Nipah Virus Paramyxovir
idae
-ssRNA G glycoprotein Ephrin B2/B3 Endocytosis Endothelial,
Alveolar and
neural cells
Cytoplasm Budding
Rabies Rhabdoviri
dae
-ssRNA G glycoprotein Unknown Endocytosis Neural cells Cytoplasm Budding
Dengue Flaviviridae +ssRNA E glycoprotein Human
mannose
binding
receptor
Endocytosis Skin(Dendritic
cell), Muscle, Joint
Cytoplasm Exocytosis/
cell lysis
Chikungun
ya
Togaviridae +ssRNA E2 glycoprotein Mxra8 Endocytosis Skin, muscle, joint,
lymphoid tissue,
Cytoplasm Exocytosis
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10. Virus Family Genome Ligand Receptor Entry Target Organ Replication
site
Exit
SARS Coronavirida
e
+ssRNA Spike Protein(S) ACE2 Endocytosis Alveolar cell Cytoplasm Budding
MERS Coronavirida
e
+ssRNA Same DPP4, CD26 of
Pneumocyte
Endocytosis Alveolar cell Cytoplasm Budding
COVID 19 Coronavirida
e
+ssRNA Same ACE2 Endocytosis Alveolar cell Cytoplasm Budding
Monkey Pox Poxviridae DsDNA Viral
Glycoprotein
Glycosaminogl
ycans
Endocytosis Skin Cytoplasm Budding
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11. Structural Components
Avian Influenza
N and H are most important in the classification system.
Influenza A viruses are categorized into 17 hemagglutinin
(H) glycoprotein and 9 Neuraminidase (N) protein types.
Depending on the type of H(Rod Shape) & N(Mushroom
Shape) spike protein, Avian influenza virus categorized into
High Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAI) and Low
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (LPAI).
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12. Seg. Name Type Function
1 PB1 Polymerase complex Transcription
2 PB2 Polymerase complex Endonuclease
3 PA Polymerase complex Viral RNA replication, proteolytic activity
4 HA Integrated type I membrane glycoprotein Virus attachment to sialooligosaccharide cell receptors including
HA activity
5 NP Major structural protein associated with
viral RNA segments
Cytoplasmic to nuclear (NP) protein- transport of viral RNP
Necessary for full length vRNA synthesis
Antigen target for cytotoxic T lymphochytes
6 NA Integrated type II membrane glycoprotein Cell receptor destroying enzyme (sialic acid residues) that cause
virus elution.
Antibody mediated virus neutralization restricts virus spread
7 Matrix 1
(M1)
Non-glycosylated structural protein
beneath viral envelope
Most abundant protein- role in virus budding
Matrix 2
(M2)
Integrated type II glycosylated membrane
protein
Ion channel
8 NS1 RNA binding protein Inhibit processing of cellular mRNA
Enhance of cytoplasmic translation of viral mRNA
Possible inhibition of interferon pathway
NS2 Nuclear export protein Nuclear export of viral RNP
Functions of different structure proteins:
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13. Nipah Virus
Six structural proteins are generated:
• N (nucleocapsid),
• P (phosphoprotein),
• M (matrix),
• F (fusion),
• G (glycoprotein)
• L (Rna dependent RNA polymerase).
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14. Rabies Virus
The rabies virus (Pasteur strain) genome consists of 11,932
nucleotides that encode five genes in the order 3'-N-P-M-G-L-5’
• N is the nucleoprotein gene that encodes the major component
of the viral nucleocapsid.
• P is a phosphoprotein that serves as a cofactor for the viral
polymerase.
• M is an inner virion protein that facilitates virion budding by
binding to the nucleocapsid and to the cytoplasmic domain of
the glycoprotein.
• G is the glycoprotein that forms trimers that make up the virion
surface spikes.
• L is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions in
transcription and RNA replication.
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15. Dengue Virus
Structural proteins (3)
• Capsid protein (C).
• Membrane protein (M).
• Envelope protein (E)
E & M protein control entry into host cell
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16. Chikungunya Virus
Five structural protein and 4 non structural
protein.
✓The structural proteins: Capsid, E3, E2 , E1,
6K. E2 binds to cellular receptors.
✓E2 binds to cellular receptors in order to
enters into the host cell through receptor
mediated endocytosis.E1 membrane fusion.
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17. Corona Virus
The coronavirus virion consists of structural proteins
• Spike (S)
• Envelope (E)
• Membrane (M)
• Nucleocapsid (N)
• some beta coronaviruses, haemagglutinin-esterase
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18. Diagnosis
Virus Sample
Avian Influenza Tracheal Swab
Nipah Virus Throat swabs, Cerebrospinal fluid, urine
and blood analysis.
Rabies Virus Saliva, Hippocampus, Blood
Dengue Serum
Chikungunya Serum
Corona Virus Naso -pharyngeal or Oro-pharyngeal swab
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19. Culture Properties
Virus Cell Culture CPE
AI Multilayer Epithelial Cell Culture Vacuolization ,Membrane Blebbing, Loss of Epithelial
cells
Nipah Virus Vero CCL 81 Cell fusion and syncytia found, Multinucleated Giant
cells
Rabies BHK
PK 15
Cell rounding, Cell lysis, refractile cell
Ballooning of cell, Micro plaque, Aggregation
Dengue
Virus
Aedes albopictus cell line C6/36 Cell rounding, aggregation, syncytia
Chikungunya Vero cell, Hela Cell, Human
embryo fetal Microglial cell, A.
albopictus cell line
Apoptosis
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20. Virus Cell Culture CPE
Corona virus(SARS,MERS,SARS CoV 2) Vero E6 cell line Complete destruction of cell monolayer
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Others(Egg inoculation)
AI : Allantoic route(10-11)day
CPE: Hemorrhage, Dwarfism, Death
Incase of Rabies:
Take Hippocampus Histopathology Negri Body found

21. Serology
ELISA, FAT, CFT
Incase of Dengue virus
• NS1 tests detect the non-structural protein NS1 of dengue virus. This protein is
secreted into the blood during dengue infection.
• NS1 tests have been developed for use in serum. Most of these tests use
synthetically labeled antibodies to detect dengue NS1 protein.
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• NS1 tests can be as sensitive as during the first 0-7 days of symptoms.
• A negative NS1 test result does not rule out infection.
• People with negative NS1 results should be tested for the presence of dengue Ig
antibodies to determine possible dengue exposure.
• Detect Ig level
Ig M: Indicates Current infection
Ig G: Indicates Past infection
COVID 19 : Rapid Antigen test (sample + Ag: Agglutination)

23. Molecular Techniques
• PCR, Rt- PCR
Incase of COVID 19
Detect CT's Value
• Less than 29: Indicates Heavy viral load
• 30-37: Indicates Moderate viral load
• Greater than 37: Minimal Viral load
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24. Dengue VS Chikungunya
Traits Dengue Virus Chikungunya Virus
IP 3-5 Weeks 10-12 days
Platelet level Less than 10,000/mic.lt
blood
Less than 1,50,000/mic.lt
blood
Muscle pain Severe and Un-tolerable Less severe than dengue
Bleeding Found Not found
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25. SARS VS MERS VS COVID 19
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26. Vaccine
1. Influenza Virus
Two types of vaccine available
• Inactivated vaccine
• Recombinant Live vaccine: Recombinant fowlpox-AI-H5 and recombinant
herpesvirus-turkeyAI-H5 (rHVT-AI-H5) vaccines Vaccine Seed: H5N1, H7N2
2. Monkey Pox: Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine
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27. Nipah, Chikungunya, MERS,SARS having no vaccine
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28. Rabies
1. Pasteur desiccated oral vaccine (Fixed virus)
2. Phenolyzed vaccine : “Flurry” strain.
3. Live vaccine: HEP in chicken egg (180 or more passage) is used in domestic animal other that dog ,
LEP (40- 50 passages): used in dog.
4. Avianized adapted virus killed with beta -propiolactone. It is free from immunological disorder.
5. Cell culture vaccine for human:
Post exposure vaccine: days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28
preexposure vaccine: days 0, 7, and 28
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29. COVID 19
 MODERNA( m rna Vaccine)
 Pfizer vaccine (m rna Vaccine)
 AstraZeneca Vaccine (Viral Vector)
 Sputnik V (Viral Vector)
 Sinovac (Inactivated vaccine)
 Novavax (Protein based)
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