1.
Human Trafficking
KASTURI MUKHERJEE
ADAMAS UNIVERSITY

2.
2
Introduction
• Trafficking is a organized crime which violates all
tenets of human dignity and rights.
• Trafficking can occur for various purposes--labour,
commercial sexual exploitation, organ trade etc.
• Trafficking is a centre and State subject
• Poverty, illiteracy, lack of livelihood options,
natural/man made disasters makes a person
vulnerable to trafficking.
• India faces both In-country and Cross Border
trafficking.

3.
What Is Human Trafficking?
• Modern-day slavery
• Defined by force, fraud or coercion
• Occurs across the globe
• Fastest growing criminal industry

4.
What Is Human Trafficking?

5.
Who Are the Victims?

6.
UGLY PHENOMENON
DRUGS AND WEAPONS CAN ONLY BE
SOLD ONE TIME,
WOMEN, and CHILDREN CAN BE SOLD
EVERY DAY, OVER AND
OVER………………..

7.
Forms of Human Trafficking

8.
What is Human Trafficking?
• Most common forms:
– Trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation (~79%
globally)
– Trafficking for the purposes of forced labor (~18% globally)
– http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-
trafficking/global-report-on-trafficking-in-persons.html

9.
Behind Closed Doors:
Sex Trafficking
• Commonly observed forms of sex trafficking
 Street prostitution
 Exotic dancing bars
 Latino Cantina bars
 Asian massage parlors
 Residential brothels
 Escort services

10.
Behind Closed Doors:
Labor Trafficking
• Exploitation of adults or children for labor using
force, fraud, coercion
• Commonly observed forms of labor trafficking
 Domestic servitude
 Restaurants
 Industrial cleaning
 Construction
 Migrant farm work
 Peddling/begging rings

11.
Distinguishing Trafficking
from other Crimes
• Human Trafficking vs. Sexual Assault
– Human Trafficking based on commercial sex requires that the person
has been forced to provide sexual services for profit. If other HT
factors are present, sexual assault can be a type of forced labor.
• Human Trafficking vs. Prostitution
– Human Trafficking requires that the person has been forced to
prostitute through force, fraud or coercion. The profit is often taken by
the trafficker.
• Human Trafficking vs. Labor Violations
– Labor Trafficking differs from other labor violations in that the victim is
forced to remain in the job and that they were “obtained” for the
purpose of economic exploitation.

12.
Distinguishing Trafficking
from other Crimes
• Human Trafficking vs. Smuggling
– Smuggling is illegal transportation of a person across international
borders.
– Smuggling is typically voluntary and the person is free to leave
afterwards.
– A trafficked person may be transported into a country, but the person
is then exploited for financial gain through labor services.
• Human Trafficking vs. Extortion
– Extortion is the collection of money through force or coercion
(Sometimes from family member after smuggling for a person’s
freedom)
– Human Trafficking involves using the victim for labor or sexual services
that result in financial gain. The victim works to pay off the trafficker.

13.
Sex Trafficking Examples
Example # 2:
Two sisters from Central America
receive help from a family friend to
migrate to the United States in order
to live with their cousins and go to
school. However after crossing the
border, the coyotes sell them to
traffickers who force them to strip,
dance and provide sexual services to
pay off the exaggerated debt for their
“transportation costs”. They are only
allowed to call family under the
supervision of the traffickers, are only
given $20 a week, and are frequently
threatened and abused.
Example #1:
A 17 year old girl* runs away from her
abusive family for the second time.
She meets a 20-something man at the
mall who befriends her and offers to
buy her something pretty. Their
romantic relationship grows slowly as
she becomes more dependent upon
him and believes he loves her. He
starts to ask her to do things for him,
eventually leading to pimping her out
for profit and resorting to violence
and psychological trauma to control
her.

14.
Labor Trafficking Examples
Example # 2:
A 40-year old woman is told by a family
friend that he knows of a business man
looking to hire a secretary. There are two
housing options, live in the basement
apartment and earn more money, or live
outside for less money. Once she begins
the work, she realizes he has different
expectations for his “personal assistant.”
He makes her clean cook, working 12
hours a day. He is always telling her how
to do things and criticizing her. She sleeps
under the stairs rather than in a room.
She is never paid, but for a while she is
hopeful that he will fulfill his promise.
When she says she wants to leave, he
resorts to violence and threatens to kill
her.
Example # 1:
After losing his factory job, a 35-year
old man answers a job advertisement
in the local newspaper for skilled
welders. The ad promises affordable,
safe housing and good pay. However,
after being coerced into signing a
“contract” in English, which he does
not speak, he is taken to his home: a
2-bedroom apartment housing 8
other men, costing him $600 per
month. The men are transported to a
restaurant where they work 15 hours
a day and their living costs always
outnumber their pay, causing them to
become burdened by an ever
increasing debt.

15.
A Growing Problem Worldwide
A Growing Problem Worldwide
According to the U.S. Dept. of State’s
2013 Trafficking in Persons
Report(TIP), 27 million people are
estimated to be victims of human
trafficking worldwide. In 2012, only
40,000 of those were identified. (2)
The 2010 TIP Report stated that: (3)
– 800,000 people are trafficked
across international borders
every year.
– Prevalence of trafficking
victims worldwide: 1.8 per 1,000
inhabitants
Every year 1 million children are
exploited by the commercial sex
trade. (4)
161 countries identified as being
affected by human trafficking. (5)
$150.2 billion dollars generated
worldwide by the human trafficking
industry. (6)

16.
Trafficking as a process …
1. Recruitment Country of Origin
2. Transportation Country of Transit
3. Exploitation Country of Destination

17.
USA ROUTES

18.
Origin & Destination Countries
UN Highlights Human Trafficking, ORIGIN & DESTINATION COUNTRIES, BBC NEWS available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6497799.stm.
The United States is one of the most popular
destinations for human trafficking.

19.
Who trafficks?
• Individual Pimps
• Gangs and criminal networks
• Brothel and fake massage parlor owners
• Intimate partners
• Family members
• People from all walks of life

20.
Why Trafficking?
• Homeless youth, especially unaccompanied
homeless youth, fall squarely within the high-risk
profile for trafficking victims
• Statistics reveal that runaway and homeless youth
are targeted frequently by traffickers
• Schools are being used as recruiting grounds

21.
Who are the Victims?
• Traffickers are masters of
manipulation and exploiting
vulnerabilities
– Target at-risk populations
– Threats
– Physical harm
– Emotional manipulation
– “Trauma bond”
– Brainwashing
• Any child may be trafficked, but a
profile of a high-risk youth has
emerged…

22.
Victim Risk Factors
• Poverty
• History of sexual or physical abuse
• History of family or individual substance abuse
• Loss of a parent or caregiver
• Running away/being thrown away
• Lack of a support system
• Special education needs

23.
Warning Signs
• Unexplained school
absences/irregular school
attendance
• Chronic running away
• References frequent travel to other
cities
• Bruising/signs of physical trauma
• Signs of emotional distress, including
depression, withdrawn behavior, and
anxiety

24.
Warning Signs
• Unusual attachment to cellphone
• Strange tattoos
• Inappropriate dress
• Sudden change in material possessions
• References to sexual situations beyond what is
appropriate for their age
• “A reputation”
• A noticeably older “boyfriend”

25.
What Can Schools Do?
• Educate staff
• Implement and enforce a policy for reporting
– Partner with law enforcement
– Partner with child welfare
• Train counselors/social workers on how to work with
victims
• Offer a developmentally appropriate prevention
curriculum to students

26.
Sex Trafficking In India
NCRB collects data under the following heads of crimes related
to human trafficking:
• Indian Penal Code (IPC) Crimes
(i) Procuration of minor girls (section 366A)
(ii) Importation of girls from foreign country (Sec. 366B)
(iii) Selling of girls for prostitution (Section372)
(iv) Buying of girls for prostitution (Section 373)
• Special & Local Laws (SLL) Crimes
(i) Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act 1956 (PITA)
(ii) Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006.

27.
Questions?