1. FUNDAMENTALS OFFUNDAMENTALS OF
PLANT BIOLOGYPLANT BIOLOGY
(Bio 103)(Bio 103)
Nanette Hope N. Sumaya, MSc
Department of Biological Sciences
CSM, MSU-IIT, Iligan City ,
Philippines
9. Botany
is a branch of biology whichis a branch of biology which
deals with the study of PLANTS.deals with the study of PLANTS.
Modern plantsModern plants
studiesstudies
10. Kingdom Plantae
Over 325, 000 species of plants known
Have different characteristics with different sizes
ranging from microscopic to macroscopic
Diversity of plant forms leads to classification
Various classification scheme
- based on water requirements
- based on habitat or environment location
-based on life duration
-based on natural system classification
-based on their habit of body appearance
FORM OF PLANTS
11. Autotrophic or independent plants
- Can manufacture their own food
- Include ALL green plants which make
their organic food
by PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Also few non-green plants just like
bacteria which manufacture their
organic food
12.
13.
14. A. Based on Water
Requirements
1. Mesophytes – those which require
moderate supply of water.
2. Xerophytes – those which live in deserts
or dry places and can withstand
scanty supply of water.
3. Hydrophytes – those which thrive in
watery or moist places and require
abundant supply of water.
4. Halophytes- those which live in watery
places, but in which the water is
19. B. Based on their habitat or
environment location
1. Aquatic plants- live in water
2. Terrestrial plants- live on land
3. Aerial plants- are above-
ground and attached to
other plants
20.
21.
22. C. Based on their life
duration
1. Annual plants – live for one year or only one
growing season
2. Biennial plants – live for two years. The first
year is mainly limited to
vegetative growth, and the
second year is its reproductive
year
3. Perennial plants – live from year to year or
more than two years
23. Examples:
annual plants - corn, wheat, rice, lettuce, peas,
watermelon, beans, zinnia, marigold and etc.
biennial plants - onion, parsley, carrot, and etc.
perennial plants – fruits like avocado,pineapple,
strawberry, banana,apple,tomato and etc..
-herbs like garlic, basil, oregano,
ginger, black pepper and etc...
-vegetables like okra, potato, gabi,
camote, eggplant and etc
- shrubs and trees
24. D. Based on their habit of
body appearance
1. Trees – woody plants with single main
stem which is commonly about
20 ft in length
2. Shrubs– woody plants in a relatively short
3. Herbs – plants with soft or succulent
stems
4. Vines- climbing or twining plants, with
stems which may be tender or
tough
25.
26. Nonvascular Plants- lack vascular plants´
specialized means of transporting water and
organic nutrients, do not have true roots, stems
and leaves.
a. Division Hepatophyta (liverworts)
b. Division Bryophyta (mosses)
c. Division Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
E. Based on natural
systems of classification
27. Seedless Vascular Plants:
a. Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
b. Division Lycopodophyta (club mosses)
c. Division Equisetophyta (horsetails)
d. Division Pteridophyta (ferns)
Seed Vascular Plants:
Gymnosperms
a. Division Pinophyta (conifers)
b. Division Cycadophyta (cycads)
c. Division Gingkophyta (maidenhair tree)
d. Division Gnetphyta (gnetophytes)
Angiosperms
a. Division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)
Class Magnoliopsida (dicots)
Class Liliopsida (monocots)
28. Divisions Bryophyta, Hepatophyta,
Anthocerophyta –liverworts,
mosses, hornworts. All are non-
vascular and non-seed.
33. In other words, they have
naked seeds - seeds not
enclosed in a fruit.
34. The four divisions of Gymnosperms
are:
–Cycadophyta
–Ginkgophyta
–Gnetophyta
–Pinophyta
35. Cycads have a terminal rosette of leaves
and bear seeds in cones.
All cycads have separate male and female
plants.
36. Division
Ginkgophyta has
only on living
species – Ginkgo
biloba.
The leaves are
lobed.
Like Cycads,
Ginkgos have
separate male and
female trees.
40. Pinophyta is the largest and most
diverse division of the gymnosperms.
Most are evergreen – keeping their
leaves year-round.
A very few are deciduous – dropping all
of their leaves at
the same time
43. Though there is only one division of
angiosperms, Magnoliophyta ….
It is the largest and most diverse group
of seed plants on Earth.
Magnoliophytes produce flowers, then
seeds enclosed in a fruit.
Magnoliophytes can be annuals,
biennials, or perennials.
In gardening, annual often refers to a plant grown outdoors in the spring and summer and surviving just for one growing season. Many food plants are, or are grown as, annuals, including virtually all domesticated grains
A biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological lifecycle.[1] In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative structures), then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. Usually the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a rosette. Many biennials require a cold treatment, or vernalization, before they will flower. During the next spring or summer, the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, or "bolts". The plant then flowers, producing fruits and seeds before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either perennial plants or annual plants.
A perennial plant or simply perennial (Latin per, "through", annus, "year") is a plant that lives for more than two years.[1] The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter lived annuals and biennials. The term is sometimes misused by commercial gardeners or horticulturalists to describe only herbaceous perennials. More correctly, woody plants like shrubs and trees are also perennials.