3. Definition of utilitarianism
Example of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
Two theories
Classical utilitarianism
4. Forms of utilitarianism
Act and Rule utilitarianism
Cost benefit analysis
Conclusion
5. An ethical philosophy
Moral theories can be divided into two parts
Teleological theories
Rightness of actions is determined by
consequences
6. Deontological theories
Rightness of action is judged by morality of action
The most prominent example of teleological
and deontological theory is utilitarianism
7.
8.
9. Carl Kotchian President of Lockheed
Trip to Japan August 1972
Lockheed failure and poor financial condition
Survival of Lockheed
10. Negotiation with All Nippon Airways (ANA)
Meeting with Prime Minister of Japan Kakuei
Tanaka
Benefit for Lockheed
Meeting of Prime Minister with President
Richard Nixon in Hawaii
11. Answer of Toshiharu Okubo
Demand for pledge of five hundred million
yen about ($1.6 million)
Hesitation of Kotchian
Failure of Lockheed depends on Kotchian
decision
12. Negotiations lasted for 2 months
Result of negotiation
Executives of ANA agreed to purchase planes
from Lockheed
ANA placed order for six planes and agreed
to purchase eight more later
13.
14. Lockheed payments in Japan
High Japanese government Officials
Clear everything
15.
16. Moral Reasoning
Circumstances in which doing wrong is
actually right
Needs only to determine the consequences
17. Consequences can be non teleological in
character
Role obligations are often non teleological
Rights and justice seems to be non
teleological
18.
19. Word Deontological derives from deon the
Greek word for duty
Golden Rule
Example
20. There are seven rules of deontological theory
In Ross system
Duties of fidelity
Duties of reparation
Duties of gratitude
21. Duties of justice
Duties of beneficence
Duties of self improvement
Duties of non maleficence
22. Not a plausible solution
No order of priority
Undefined distinctions
23.
24.
25. The creators of classical utilitarianism were
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Ivory tower philosophy
As a practical guide in English
26.
27. Jeremy Bentham was a British Political
philosopher
Philosophy of law, ethics, economics
Social reformer
He is regarded as the founder of modern
utilitarianism
28. Believes on pleasure of people
Consequences should be seen before making
decisions
Hedonistic calculus
Objection of critics and pig philosphy
29.
30. John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher
He was an influential contributor to social
theory, political theory and political economy
Greatest Happiness Principle
John Stuart Mill improvised Bentham's theory
31.
32. Four basic forms of utilitarianism
Consequentialism
Hedonism
Maximalism
Universalism
36. Different consequences
Applying Act-Utilitarianism: the case goes in
the favour of Carl Kotchian
Applying Rule-Utilitarianism: the case goes
against the Carl Kotchian
37.
38. Jeremy Bentham and his hedonistic calculus
Economic point of view
Advantages
Used for making major investment decisions
39. Cost effectiveness analysis
Assigning monetary value
Trade off
Should all things be assigned a monetry
value?
40.
41. Powerful and widely accepted ethical theory
This theory justifies obligations of individuals
and corporations
Decision making
Editor's Notes
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
The actions of lockheed in japan were wrong, not because of their consiquences but because they had a duty not to bribe.
The undefined distinctions include the confusion between the actual and the prima faci obligations .e.g if we lie to save a person life by breaking a promise , one can get confused as breaking a promise and lying both are against the morals but on theother hand to let some one die is something morally un acceptable so the conflict is between what to do and what not to do, what to consider actual and what to consider prima faci obligations..
The belief that accept as the foundation of moral and utility, in other words he gave the greatest hapiness principle. According to john staurt if the end result of the actions resulted into hapiness then the belief or action is corrent. If it reults in unhapiness thn it is nt acceptable.
It is better to b a human being dissatisfied rather than a pig satisfied.he argued against the pig philosophy of bentham by saying that the idea of pleasure is different for disfferent organisms. You cannot compare human with pig. Humans have disserent standard that cannot be compared with animals. The quality of hapineesss maters.
Utilitarianism theory was revised as it receibved several obbjections for exp it was said that its ok to lie if the results are beneficial. The major objection to the theory was that individuals never calculate the consiquences of specific action in order to decide whether they have to do this or not.most of the time they follow the morality rules. For example in case they have to tel a certain thing they will choose the truth rather than ato tell a liae. Morality rules is generally sufficient. So this revised of theory is known as rule utilitarianism and principle of utility is called act utilitar.
According to act utiliti carl kochian did the right thing by spending 12 million in japan to secure the sale of 21 tri star air craft to all nippon airways. There was benefit to lackheed workers their families ,communities ,lockheed shareholders and american public.than the harm done to japanese society consumers of ANA and lockheed competirors and others.As lockheed said,that we don’t make the rules and if u dnt go along with the game as it is played we only hurt ourselves and accomplish nothng.
But according to the rule utilitarianism he has broken the rule by bribing the japanese, as bribery has harmful consequences results in higher prices and reduce quality, there fore bribery is properly regarded as morally wrong by rule utilitarianism. Lockheed could have taken small steps to work with others in rder to remove corruption which he has openly promoted.
Act utilitarianism works best for relatively straight forward decision while rule utilitarianism has wider acceptance and benefits because it not only supports the hapines and pleasure balance over pain but gives prime importance to the moral rules.