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Managing Emerging Diseases in
An Emerging Grape Growing Region
José Ramón Úrbez-Torres, Ph.D
Summerland Research and Development Centre
Summerland B.C.
BC Agricultural Climate Adaptation Research Network
December 2, 2019
Baco Noir
Vidal
Fosch
Riesling
Himrod
Okanagan
Riesling
Verdelet
Buffalo
Cascade
MuskatWatkins
Sherindan
De Chaunac
Moore Early
Diamond
Chelois
New Yort
Bath
Chancellor
Niagara
Concord
Campbell
Early
Worden
1988
1,500 hectares
Merlot
Pinot Noir
Cabernet Sauvignon
Syrah / ShirazCabernet
Franc
Rest Red V. vinifera
Red hybrids
Pinot GrisChardonnay
Gewürztraminer
White hybrids
Rest White
V. vinifera
Riesling
Sauvignon
Blanc
2018
4,200 hectares
• Significant change of the BC industry after 1989 (NAFTA)
- Federal pullout program: 1,200 ha of hybrids pulled-out
700 ha of Vitis vinifera planted
EMERGING GRAPE-GROWING REGION
EMERGING GRAPE-GROWING REGION
Bacteria
Bacterial blight
Crown gall
Pierce’s disease
Fungi
30 fungal diseases
> 120 fungal species
Viruses
> 70 viruses identified
Highest number of viruses ever
found in a single crop (J.P.P. 2014)
• Vitis vinifera hosts the most pathogens of any crop (Martelli 1997)
• 32 M pounds in products applied for just one disease in CA in 2011
(Sambucci et al. 2014)
BIG SUCCES BRINGS BIG CHALLENGES
Have occurred previously but affected only a small population in
isolated places
or
Have occurred throughout human history but have only recently
been recognized as a distinct disease due to different factors
US National Institutes of Health; Biological Sciences Curriculum Study. Bethesda (MD) 2007.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20370/
• GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES
EMERGING DISEASES
• Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTD)
- Caused by fungi (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes)
- Infect grapevines primarily through wounds and openings
Pruning wounds
- Latent pathogens (?)
- Symptoms include
Slow, rapid or sudden vine decline
Eventual death of the plant
GTD are currently considered the main biotic factor limiting both
vineyard longevity and productivity worldwide
• Late 2000s BC starts experiencing yield and plant losses
- Historically attributed to abiotic factors (winter kill/damage)
- Also attributed to diseases favor by climatic conditions (Crown gall)
• BC Industry priority: To investigate other possible causes
• Research Approach to Find Solutions for GTD in BC
1) Determine the incidence/importance of GTD in BC
2) Identification/characterization of GTD fungi prevalent in BC
3) Determine the epidemiology of GTD fungi under BC conditions
4) Use above information to develop/implement control strategies
1) Incidence/importance of GTD in BC
- Field surveys > 200 vineyards
> 500 samples
> 60.000 vines inspected
• GTD vines in 95% of vineyards
• Overall 10% GTD infected vines in BC
• Up to 38.2% incidence in a single
young vineyard (< 6 year-old)
• Up to 54.5% incidence in a single
mature vineyard (> 6 year-old)
• High young vine decline incidence
2) Identification/characterization of GTD fungi in BC
- Morphological/Molecular studies (multi-locus phylogenies)
• Identified > 40 GTD fungi in BC
Botryosphaeria, Cadophora, Cytospora,
Diaporthe, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Diplodia,
Eutypa, Ilyonectria, Neofusicoccum,
Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella,…
• Low incidence of foliar symptoms
• Pathogenicity/virulence determined
Neofusicoccum parvum (most virulent)
Diplodia seriata (most prevalent)
• Significant impact in nursery
planting material
Úrbez-Torres et al. 2014. Plant Disease 98:469-482
Úrbez-Torres et al. 2014. Plant Disease 98:456-468
Gramaje and Armengol 2011. Plant Disease 95:1040-1055
3) Epidemiology of grapevine trunk diseases
- Sources of inoculum (nursery planting material)
• Epidemiology of grapevine trunk diseases
- Health status of planting material coming to Canada
- Lack of domestic production of planting material
- Material imported from USA, France and Germany
• Fungal species associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases
- 2000: 15 fungal spp. belonging to 10 genera
- 2018: 130 fungal spp. described belonging to 34 genera
• Development and implementation of diagnostic tools
- DNA-macroarray: Simultaneous detection of 61 fungal pathogens
- Young vine decline complex fungi
Úrbez-Torres et al. 2015. Phytopathology 105:1373-1388
* Detection based on PCR using primers BOT472R / BOT100F (Ridgway et al. 2011)
• Development and implementation of diagnostic tools
- Nursery material evaluation in Canada using the DNA-macroarray
Úrbez-Torres et al. 2017. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 56:528
150 plants evaluated (550 samples total)
Incidence(%)ofYVDfungi
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
Dactylonectria macrodidyma
Neofusicoccum parvum
Phaeoacremonium minimum
Cadophora luteo-olivacea
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
Dactylonectria macrodidyma
Neofusicoccum parvum
Dactylonectria pauciseptata
Cylindrocarpon obtusisporium
NA-A1-3B NA-O1-5B
• Development and implementation of diagnostic tools
- Young vine decline fungi in asymptomatic and symptomatic tissue
Úrbez-Torres et al. 2017. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 56:528
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora concentration varies significantly
primers PchQF/PchQR adapted from Pouzoulet et al. 2017
H2O
Basal end rootstock ready-to-plant nursery material
• Development and implementation of diagnostic tools
- Nursery material evaluation using ddPCR
• Management of GTD: from nursery to the vineyard
- Importance of effective diagnostic/detection tools
Improve health status of planting material
Determine infection thresholds detrimental for young plants
Can biotic/abiotic stress factors trigger disease development?
Enviromental factors in cool climate regions (winter/freezing injury)
• Epidemiology of grapevine trunk diseases
Esca Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Perithecia and life cycle of Phaeoacremonium minimum
Courtesy Dr. A. Eskalen (UC Davis) and S. Rooney-Latham (CDFA)
16.5 l/min
- Burkard volumetric spore traps deployed May 2014 – Sept. 2017
• Epidemiology of GTD under BC conditions
DNA extraction Droplet generation
multiplex PCR amplification
ddPCR analyses
Totalspores/weekAvg.T(°C)Precipitation(mm)
Sp-14 Su-14 F-14 W-14/15 Sp-15 Su-15 F-15 W-15/16 Sp-16 Su-16 F-16 W-16/17 Sp-17 Su-17
*
*
*
Úrbez-Torres et al. 2017. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 56:541-542
Botryosphaeriaceae spore trapping studies in British Columbia
- Industry interested in organic products
20% of the acreage farmed organic
Sustainable grape-growing production in BC
- Development of local biocontrol agents against GTD
Identification of 8 different species of Trichoderma and 2 species of Bacillus
MSc Student Jinxz Pollard
4) Development/Implementation of control strategies
4) Development/Implementation of control strategies
- Development of local biocontrol agents against GTD
Identification of 8 different species of Trichoderma and 2 species of Bacillus
% Inhibition =
𝑅1
−𝑅2
𝑅1
x 100
R1 = Distance growth by the pathogen alone
R2 = Distance growth by the pathogen in presence of the
biological control (Trichoderma)
- Data generation for registration
- Field trials 2019-2023
- Evaluation of best performing chemical / biological products
4) Development/Implementation of control strategies
4) Development/Implementation of control strategies
- Pruning wound protection
Vineyard pruned and treated on April 16, 2019
Neofusicoccum parvum (2,000 spores/wound)
24 hours 7 days 21 days 60 days
4) Development/Implementation of control strategies
- Managing pruning to minimize infection by GTD
%pruningwoundinfection
40% less infection
Pruning date Pruning date
%pruningwoundinfection
80% less infection
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Chardonnay – Inoculated with Neofusicoccum parvum (105 spores/ml) on April 16, 2017 & 18
4) Development/Implementation of control strategies
- Managing pruning to minimize infection by GTD
Seasonal susceptibility of grapevine pruning wounds to Botryosphaeriaceae spp.
Early pruning can help to reduce infection by Botryosphaeriaceae spp. in BC
Similar results obtained in Catalonia region (NE of Spain). Elena and Luque2016. Plant Disease 100:1651-1659
• Management of GTD: from nursery to the vineyard
- Importance of understanding epidemiology at a regional level
Identifying inoculum availability in the field
Low/high periods of infection throughout the year
- Determine optimum treatment/pruning times
- Determine number of applications for best control
New promising chemistry
High control with biological products
High level of protection for up to 60 days
Understand how pruning time can reduce infection
(up to 80% in BC)
- Sanitation/Remedial surgery/control applied since year 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
THANK YOU!

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Managing emerging diseases in an emerging grape-growing region - Jose Ramon Urbez-Torres, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

  • 1. Managing Emerging Diseases in An Emerging Grape Growing Region José Ramón Úrbez-Torres, Ph.D Summerland Research and Development Centre Summerland B.C. BC Agricultural Climate Adaptation Research Network December 2, 2019
  • 2. Baco Noir Vidal Fosch Riesling Himrod Okanagan Riesling Verdelet Buffalo Cascade MuskatWatkins Sherindan De Chaunac Moore Early Diamond Chelois New Yort Bath Chancellor Niagara Concord Campbell Early Worden 1988 1,500 hectares Merlot Pinot Noir Cabernet Sauvignon Syrah / ShirazCabernet Franc Rest Red V. vinifera Red hybrids Pinot GrisChardonnay Gewürztraminer White hybrids Rest White V. vinifera Riesling Sauvignon Blanc 2018 4,200 hectares • Significant change of the BC industry after 1989 (NAFTA) - Federal pullout program: 1,200 ha of hybrids pulled-out 700 ha of Vitis vinifera planted EMERGING GRAPE-GROWING REGION
  • 4. Bacteria Bacterial blight Crown gall Pierce’s disease Fungi 30 fungal diseases > 120 fungal species Viruses > 70 viruses identified Highest number of viruses ever found in a single crop (J.P.P. 2014) • Vitis vinifera hosts the most pathogens of any crop (Martelli 1997) • 32 M pounds in products applied for just one disease in CA in 2011 (Sambucci et al. 2014) BIG SUCCES BRINGS BIG CHALLENGES
  • 5. Have occurred previously but affected only a small population in isolated places or Have occurred throughout human history but have only recently been recognized as a distinct disease due to different factors US National Institutes of Health; Biological Sciences Curriculum Study. Bethesda (MD) 2007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20370/ • GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES EMERGING DISEASES
  • 6. • Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTD) - Caused by fungi (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes) - Infect grapevines primarily through wounds and openings Pruning wounds - Latent pathogens (?) - Symptoms include Slow, rapid or sudden vine decline Eventual death of the plant
  • 7. GTD are currently considered the main biotic factor limiting both vineyard longevity and productivity worldwide
  • 8. • Late 2000s BC starts experiencing yield and plant losses - Historically attributed to abiotic factors (winter kill/damage) - Also attributed to diseases favor by climatic conditions (Crown gall) • BC Industry priority: To investigate other possible causes
  • 9. • Research Approach to Find Solutions for GTD in BC 1) Determine the incidence/importance of GTD in BC 2) Identification/characterization of GTD fungi prevalent in BC 3) Determine the epidemiology of GTD fungi under BC conditions 4) Use above information to develop/implement control strategies
  • 10. 1) Incidence/importance of GTD in BC - Field surveys > 200 vineyards > 500 samples > 60.000 vines inspected • GTD vines in 95% of vineyards • Overall 10% GTD infected vines in BC • Up to 38.2% incidence in a single young vineyard (< 6 year-old) • Up to 54.5% incidence in a single mature vineyard (> 6 year-old) • High young vine decline incidence
  • 11. 2) Identification/characterization of GTD fungi in BC - Morphological/Molecular studies (multi-locus phylogenies) • Identified > 40 GTD fungi in BC Botryosphaeria, Cadophora, Cytospora, Diaporthe, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Diplodia, Eutypa, Ilyonectria, Neofusicoccum, Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella,… • Low incidence of foliar symptoms • Pathogenicity/virulence determined Neofusicoccum parvum (most virulent) Diplodia seriata (most prevalent) • Significant impact in nursery planting material Úrbez-Torres et al. 2014. Plant Disease 98:469-482 Úrbez-Torres et al. 2014. Plant Disease 98:456-468
  • 12. Gramaje and Armengol 2011. Plant Disease 95:1040-1055 3) Epidemiology of grapevine trunk diseases - Sources of inoculum (nursery planting material)
  • 13. • Epidemiology of grapevine trunk diseases - Health status of planting material coming to Canada - Lack of domestic production of planting material - Material imported from USA, France and Germany
  • 14. • Fungal species associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases - 2000: 15 fungal spp. belonging to 10 genera - 2018: 130 fungal spp. described belonging to 34 genera
  • 15. • Development and implementation of diagnostic tools - DNA-macroarray: Simultaneous detection of 61 fungal pathogens - Young vine decline complex fungi Úrbez-Torres et al. 2015. Phytopathology 105:1373-1388
  • 16. * Detection based on PCR using primers BOT472R / BOT100F (Ridgway et al. 2011) • Development and implementation of diagnostic tools - Nursery material evaluation in Canada using the DNA-macroarray Úrbez-Torres et al. 2017. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 56:528 150 plants evaluated (550 samples total) Incidence(%)ofYVDfungi
  • 17. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Dactylonectria macrodidyma Neofusicoccum parvum Phaeoacremonium minimum Cadophora luteo-olivacea Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Dactylonectria macrodidyma Neofusicoccum parvum Dactylonectria pauciseptata Cylindrocarpon obtusisporium NA-A1-3B NA-O1-5B • Development and implementation of diagnostic tools - Young vine decline fungi in asymptomatic and symptomatic tissue Úrbez-Torres et al. 2017. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 56:528
  • 18. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora concentration varies significantly primers PchQF/PchQR adapted from Pouzoulet et al. 2017 H2O Basal end rootstock ready-to-plant nursery material • Development and implementation of diagnostic tools - Nursery material evaluation using ddPCR
  • 19. • Management of GTD: from nursery to the vineyard - Importance of effective diagnostic/detection tools Improve health status of planting material Determine infection thresholds detrimental for young plants Can biotic/abiotic stress factors trigger disease development? Enviromental factors in cool climate regions (winter/freezing injury)
  • 20. • Epidemiology of grapevine trunk diseases
  • 21. Esca Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Perithecia and life cycle of Phaeoacremonium minimum Courtesy Dr. A. Eskalen (UC Davis) and S. Rooney-Latham (CDFA)
  • 22. 16.5 l/min - Burkard volumetric spore traps deployed May 2014 – Sept. 2017 • Epidemiology of GTD under BC conditions
  • 23. DNA extraction Droplet generation multiplex PCR amplification ddPCR analyses
  • 24. Totalspores/weekAvg.T(°C)Precipitation(mm) Sp-14 Su-14 F-14 W-14/15 Sp-15 Su-15 F-15 W-15/16 Sp-16 Su-16 F-16 W-16/17 Sp-17 Su-17 * * * Úrbez-Torres et al. 2017. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 56:541-542 Botryosphaeriaceae spore trapping studies in British Columbia
  • 25. - Industry interested in organic products 20% of the acreage farmed organic Sustainable grape-growing production in BC - Development of local biocontrol agents against GTD Identification of 8 different species of Trichoderma and 2 species of Bacillus MSc Student Jinxz Pollard 4) Development/Implementation of control strategies
  • 26. 4) Development/Implementation of control strategies - Development of local biocontrol agents against GTD Identification of 8 different species of Trichoderma and 2 species of Bacillus % Inhibition = 𝑅1 −𝑅2 𝑅1 x 100 R1 = Distance growth by the pathogen alone R2 = Distance growth by the pathogen in presence of the biological control (Trichoderma)
  • 27. - Data generation for registration - Field trials 2019-2023 - Evaluation of best performing chemical / biological products 4) Development/Implementation of control strategies
  • 28. 4) Development/Implementation of control strategies - Pruning wound protection Vineyard pruned and treated on April 16, 2019 Neofusicoccum parvum (2,000 spores/wound) 24 hours 7 days 21 days 60 days
  • 29. 4) Development/Implementation of control strategies - Managing pruning to minimize infection by GTD
  • 30. %pruningwoundinfection 40% less infection Pruning date Pruning date %pruningwoundinfection 80% less infection BRITISH COLUMBIA Chardonnay – Inoculated with Neofusicoccum parvum (105 spores/ml) on April 16, 2017 & 18 4) Development/Implementation of control strategies - Managing pruning to minimize infection by GTD Seasonal susceptibility of grapevine pruning wounds to Botryosphaeriaceae spp. Early pruning can help to reduce infection by Botryosphaeriaceae spp. in BC Similar results obtained in Catalonia region (NE of Spain). Elena and Luque2016. Plant Disease 100:1651-1659
  • 31. • Management of GTD: from nursery to the vineyard - Importance of understanding epidemiology at a regional level Identifying inoculum availability in the field Low/high periods of infection throughout the year - Determine optimum treatment/pruning times - Determine number of applications for best control New promising chemistry High control with biological products High level of protection for up to 60 days Understand how pruning time can reduce infection (up to 80% in BC) - Sanitation/Remedial surgery/control applied since year 1