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ATMOSPHERE 2:
Weather
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
2
Measuring Weather:
air pressure
mercury barometer
aneroid barometer
wind
Jet Stream
pressure gradient
isobars
Highs
Lows
pressure difference
Coriolis effect
friction
air mass
cyclones
anticyclones
3
Air mass- parcel of air with the same qualities
(pressure & temperature)
• Takes on characteristics of the area that formed it
Air moves in two ways:
-- VERTICALLY due to air pressure
-- HORIZONTALLY due to tendency of moving from
HIGH H to LOW L pressure areas
(In N Hemisphere, L
tends to move
north and H tends
to move SE)
4
Air pressure: weight of air above, pressing down with gravity
• Changes with
elevation
50% of air
lies below
this altitude:
VIDEO: How Heavy is Air? (3 min)
5
MEASURING AIR PRESSURE
Air pressure: ‘weight of air’; exerted
in all directions
• Mercury Barometer-
• Inverted tube in a bath
of Mercury;
• Air pressure pushes
down on the Mercury
bath, causing the
Mercury to go up the
tube
VIDEO: How does a barometer work? (5 min)
6
Forecasting Weather
• Pressure falls: indicates storms & rain
• Pressure rises: fair weather
• Pressure steady: more of the same
7
WIND
Wind: horizontal differences in air pressure; air
moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low
pressure
VIDEO: Why does the
wind blow? (3 min)
Wind speed:
anemometer- measures
wind speed
8
Wind Direction
Prevailing winds- Where is the wind coming from?
• In the US: prevailing winds are from West to
East
9VIDEO: The Gulf Stream Explained (5 min)
10
WIND is influenced by:
Pressure difference: Solar radiation unevenly
heating atmosphere
11
WIND is influenced by:
Coriolis effect: Earth’s rotation affects movement of
objects; deflects objects to the right in N
Hemisphere
Actual
Movement
Direction of
Movement
VIDEO: Coriolis Effect (3 min)
12
WIND is influenced by:
Friction:
• Friction Layer: landforms slow air masses near
the surface
• Jet stream: high, fast moving air above the
friction layer; West to East direction
13
How do we show Wind on a map?
Start with AIR PRESSURE.
Is it rising or falling?
• pressure gradient- spacing of isobars show
amount of pressure change over a distance
How closely are the lines spaced?
• Isobars- closer spaced isobars
= steep pressure gradient
= high winds
LOW
A
B
14
H = “heavy”, high pressure:
L = “light”, low pressure
LOW
A
B
15
isobars: contour lines measuring air pressure
16
HIGHS
Highs- Anticyclones
• Areas of high (heavy) pressure
• Pressure increases from outer isobars towards
center
H
H
17
•Big Blue H
•EXAMPLE: warm air
mass stays low to the
ground, pushing on the
ground.)
•At ground: swirling cool,
dry air
•Fair weather
•Clockwise swirl in N
Hemisphere
“Hi! How are
you?” arms
HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEMS
H
anticyclone
18
LOWS
Lows- Cyclones
• Areas of low (light)
pressure
• Pressure decreases
from outer isobars
toward center
L
L
19
•Big Red L
•EXAMPLE: warm air mass
lifts and moves vertically,
causing less pressure on
the ground.)
•At ground: warm, moist
air, strong winds
•Severe weather/
thunderstorms
•Counter clockwise swirl
in N Hemisphere
Feeling “low” running
away arms
LOW PRESSURE SYSTEMS
L
L
cyclone
20
Patterns
global winds frontal wedging
Polar Air Circulation warm front
Ferrel Air Circulation cold front
Hadley Air Circulation middle latitude cyclones
Polar Easterlies occluded front
Westerlies stationary front
NE Trade winds
SE Trade winds
anemometer
prevailing winds
El Nino
La Nina
Maritime mass
Continental mass
Polar mass
Tropical mass
humidity
21
Air Masses
m
Maritime: origins over the ocean
c
Continental: origins over continents
P
Polar: low humidity
T
Tropical: high humidity
22
Air Masses
23
cool, rainy
weather
LAKES: make
Snowy
weather
warm, wet
weather
warm, dry
weatherwarm,
wet
weather
cool, snowy
weather
cool, dry
weather
mP cP mP
cT
mT
mT
24
GLOBAL WINDS
Because of uneven heating of Earth, the
atmosphere acts as a giant heat-transfer system to
maintain balance
Non-rotating Earth Model Rotating Earth Model
2 cell-convection Multi-cell convection
25
LOW pressure
LOW pressure
LOW pressure
HIGH pressure
HIGH pressure
Polar Air Circulation
Ferrel Air Circulation
Hadley Air Circulation
Atmo 2 WS-
complete
with lecture
26
LOW pressure
LOW pressure
LOW pressure
HIGH pressure
HIGH pressure
Polar Air Circulation
Ferrel Air Circulation
Hadley Air Circulation
Polar Easterlies
Westerlies
NE Trade winds
SE Trade winds
Atmo 2 WS-
complete
with lecture
27
LOW pressure
LOW pressure
LOW pressure
HIGH pressure
HIGH pressure
Atmo 2 WS-
complete
with lecture
El Nino- part of GLOBAL
WEATHER
• Cold Peruvian current
flows toward equator,
allowing upwelling & good
fishing
• In December, warm waters
replace the current, lasting
for a few weeks, upsetting
weather patterns; blocking
upwelling; inland areas get
more rain than usual
28VIDEO: El Nino 3 min
29
GLOBAL PRECIPITATION
30
Front:
boundary between two air masses
VIDEO: Weather for Pilots (5 min)
31
WARM FRONT
• Warm air moves into an area formerly covered by
cooler air
• Hard to move the cooler & denser air, so it slowly
rides on top of it… Creates HEAVY (High) pressure
• Associated with stable, fair weather, possible light rain
if front remains for a few days
Frontal Wedging
32
Half circles… SMOOTH & SLOW
Half circles on the side the
front is moving
Frontal Wedging
33
COLD FRONT
• Cold, dense air moves into a region occupied by
warmer air
• Forceful lifting of warm, wet air causes instability;
thunderstorms & strong wind
• Faster front because it’s denser
Frontal Wedging
34
Faster b/c denser
Triangles on the side the front
is moving
Triangles… SHARP CUT & FAST
Frontal Wedging
35
STATIONARY FRONT
• When air flow on either side is neither toward cold
mass or warm mass
• Stable
• Sometimes, gentle precipitation
Frontal Wedging
36
Frontal Wedging
37
OCCLUDED FRONT
• When an active cold front moves fast & overtakes an
existing warm front
• Wedges the warm air upwards causing heavy rain
• Front moves slowly, so rains for several days
Frontal Wedging
38
OCCLUDED FRONT
When a cold front
overtakes a warm front
that was moving ahead
of it.
Frontal Wedging
39
Middle Latitude Cyclones
Large centers of low pressure, moving West to
East, causing stormy weather
• between 30° and 60° latitude
US WEATHER
REMEMBER:
40
41
Anticyclone & Cyclone
A = AWAY C = to
CENTER
42
STORMS
thunderstorm
thunder
lightning
tornado
vortex
updraft
Fujita Scale
Tornado Warning System
Saffir-Simpson Scale
hurricane (typhoon, cyclone, tropical cyclone)
43
STORMS
Thunderstorm- storm generating lightening &b
thunder
• 2,000 thunderstorms happening at any given
time; highest number in the tropics (warm,
humid)
• Southeast US
• Warm, humid
air rises in an
unstable
environment
VIDEO: The most lightning
=struck place (3:40)
44
TORNADO
Tornado- violent windstorms, rotating column of
air called a vortex
• US: 770 tornadoes each year
• Form in updraft of a thunderstorms
45
VIDEO: Watch the birth of
a tornado 3 min NOT
DOWNLOADED
46
TORNADO INTENSITY SCALE
47
48
Tri-State Tornado:
March 18, 1925
• killed 695, injured 2,027
• 300 miles
• Missouri
• Illinois
• Indiana
49
Tornado Warning System
• Issued by National Weather Service
Watch: conditions are favorable for a tornado
Warning: a tornado has been spotted; seek
shelter immediately
VIDEO: How do tornadoes form (4 min)
50
TORNADO SAFETY
• Go to low ground: basement, ditch
• Avoid windows
• Leave mobile home
• At school: follow the drill- interior hallway,
cover head
• Leave vehicle, find a low ditch, cover head
AFTER:
• Do NOT touch downed power lines or sharp
objects
• Stay out of heavily damaged buildings
51
52
HURRICANE
Hurricane- whirling tropical cyclones producing
winds of at least 74 mph
• Name is regional:
• Hurricane
• Typhoon
• Cyclone
• Tropical cyclone
• Associated with storm surges and flooding
• Occurrences seem to be increasing with global
warming
53
54
55
56
57
VIDEO: Engines of Destruction (6 min)
58
Hurricane Katrina
August 2005
• Extremely destructive and deadly Category 5
hurricane
• 1,800 deaths
• Struck Gulf of Mexico
• Damage from central Florida to Eastern Texas
• New Orleans: sits below sea level & was
catastrophically flooded
VIDEO Katrina (5 min)
59
Hurricane Katrina
60
HURRICANE SAFETY
• Easily predicted, so pay attention to weather
forecasts
• Prepare: food, water, flashlight, first aid kit
• Stay indoors during hurricanes
• Heed local warnings; if an evacuation is
called, LEAVE before the hurricane
• Know evacuation routes
61
62
STATION MODELS
VIDEO TUTORIAL (12 min)
feather points in
wind direction

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Atmosphere 2 Notes

  • 2. 2 Measuring Weather: air pressure mercury barometer aneroid barometer wind Jet Stream pressure gradient isobars Highs Lows pressure difference Coriolis effect friction air mass cyclones anticyclones
  • 3. 3 Air mass- parcel of air with the same qualities (pressure & temperature) • Takes on characteristics of the area that formed it Air moves in two ways: -- VERTICALLY due to air pressure -- HORIZONTALLY due to tendency of moving from HIGH H to LOW L pressure areas (In N Hemisphere, L tends to move north and H tends to move SE)
  • 4. 4 Air pressure: weight of air above, pressing down with gravity • Changes with elevation 50% of air lies below this altitude: VIDEO: How Heavy is Air? (3 min)
  • 5. 5 MEASURING AIR PRESSURE Air pressure: ‘weight of air’; exerted in all directions • Mercury Barometer- • Inverted tube in a bath of Mercury; • Air pressure pushes down on the Mercury bath, causing the Mercury to go up the tube VIDEO: How does a barometer work? (5 min)
  • 6. 6 Forecasting Weather • Pressure falls: indicates storms & rain • Pressure rises: fair weather • Pressure steady: more of the same
  • 7. 7 WIND Wind: horizontal differences in air pressure; air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure VIDEO: Why does the wind blow? (3 min) Wind speed: anemometer- measures wind speed
  • 8. 8 Wind Direction Prevailing winds- Where is the wind coming from? • In the US: prevailing winds are from West to East
  • 9. 9VIDEO: The Gulf Stream Explained (5 min)
  • 10. 10 WIND is influenced by: Pressure difference: Solar radiation unevenly heating atmosphere
  • 11. 11 WIND is influenced by: Coriolis effect: Earth’s rotation affects movement of objects; deflects objects to the right in N Hemisphere Actual Movement Direction of Movement VIDEO: Coriolis Effect (3 min)
  • 12. 12 WIND is influenced by: Friction: • Friction Layer: landforms slow air masses near the surface • Jet stream: high, fast moving air above the friction layer; West to East direction
  • 13. 13 How do we show Wind on a map? Start with AIR PRESSURE. Is it rising or falling? • pressure gradient- spacing of isobars show amount of pressure change over a distance How closely are the lines spaced? • Isobars- closer spaced isobars = steep pressure gradient = high winds LOW A B
  • 14. 14 H = “heavy”, high pressure: L = “light”, low pressure LOW A B
  • 15. 15 isobars: contour lines measuring air pressure
  • 16. 16 HIGHS Highs- Anticyclones • Areas of high (heavy) pressure • Pressure increases from outer isobars towards center H H
  • 17. 17 •Big Blue H •EXAMPLE: warm air mass stays low to the ground, pushing on the ground.) •At ground: swirling cool, dry air •Fair weather •Clockwise swirl in N Hemisphere “Hi! How are you?” arms HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEMS H anticyclone
  • 18. 18 LOWS Lows- Cyclones • Areas of low (light) pressure • Pressure decreases from outer isobars toward center L L
  • 19. 19 •Big Red L •EXAMPLE: warm air mass lifts and moves vertically, causing less pressure on the ground.) •At ground: warm, moist air, strong winds •Severe weather/ thunderstorms •Counter clockwise swirl in N Hemisphere Feeling “low” running away arms LOW PRESSURE SYSTEMS L L cyclone
  • 20. 20 Patterns global winds frontal wedging Polar Air Circulation warm front Ferrel Air Circulation cold front Hadley Air Circulation middle latitude cyclones Polar Easterlies occluded front Westerlies stationary front NE Trade winds SE Trade winds anemometer prevailing winds El Nino La Nina Maritime mass Continental mass Polar mass Tropical mass humidity
  • 21. 21 Air Masses m Maritime: origins over the ocean c Continental: origins over continents P Polar: low humidity T Tropical: high humidity
  • 23. 23 cool, rainy weather LAKES: make Snowy weather warm, wet weather warm, dry weatherwarm, wet weather cool, snowy weather cool, dry weather mP cP mP cT mT mT
  • 24. 24 GLOBAL WINDS Because of uneven heating of Earth, the atmosphere acts as a giant heat-transfer system to maintain balance Non-rotating Earth Model Rotating Earth Model 2 cell-convection Multi-cell convection
  • 25. 25 LOW pressure LOW pressure LOW pressure HIGH pressure HIGH pressure Polar Air Circulation Ferrel Air Circulation Hadley Air Circulation Atmo 2 WS- complete with lecture
  • 26. 26 LOW pressure LOW pressure LOW pressure HIGH pressure HIGH pressure Polar Air Circulation Ferrel Air Circulation Hadley Air Circulation Polar Easterlies Westerlies NE Trade winds SE Trade winds Atmo 2 WS- complete with lecture
  • 27. 27 LOW pressure LOW pressure LOW pressure HIGH pressure HIGH pressure Atmo 2 WS- complete with lecture
  • 28. El Nino- part of GLOBAL WEATHER • Cold Peruvian current flows toward equator, allowing upwelling & good fishing • In December, warm waters replace the current, lasting for a few weeks, upsetting weather patterns; blocking upwelling; inland areas get more rain than usual 28VIDEO: El Nino 3 min
  • 30. 30 Front: boundary between two air masses VIDEO: Weather for Pilots (5 min)
  • 31. 31 WARM FRONT • Warm air moves into an area formerly covered by cooler air • Hard to move the cooler & denser air, so it slowly rides on top of it… Creates HEAVY (High) pressure • Associated with stable, fair weather, possible light rain if front remains for a few days Frontal Wedging
  • 32. 32 Half circles… SMOOTH & SLOW Half circles on the side the front is moving Frontal Wedging
  • 33. 33 COLD FRONT • Cold, dense air moves into a region occupied by warmer air • Forceful lifting of warm, wet air causes instability; thunderstorms & strong wind • Faster front because it’s denser Frontal Wedging
  • 34. 34 Faster b/c denser Triangles on the side the front is moving Triangles… SHARP CUT & FAST Frontal Wedging
  • 35. 35 STATIONARY FRONT • When air flow on either side is neither toward cold mass or warm mass • Stable • Sometimes, gentle precipitation Frontal Wedging
  • 37. 37 OCCLUDED FRONT • When an active cold front moves fast & overtakes an existing warm front • Wedges the warm air upwards causing heavy rain • Front moves slowly, so rains for several days Frontal Wedging
  • 38. 38 OCCLUDED FRONT When a cold front overtakes a warm front that was moving ahead of it. Frontal Wedging
  • 39. 39 Middle Latitude Cyclones Large centers of low pressure, moving West to East, causing stormy weather • between 30° and 60° latitude US WEATHER REMEMBER:
  • 40. 40
  • 41. 41 Anticyclone & Cyclone A = AWAY C = to CENTER
  • 42. 42 STORMS thunderstorm thunder lightning tornado vortex updraft Fujita Scale Tornado Warning System Saffir-Simpson Scale hurricane (typhoon, cyclone, tropical cyclone)
  • 43. 43 STORMS Thunderstorm- storm generating lightening &b thunder • 2,000 thunderstorms happening at any given time; highest number in the tropics (warm, humid) • Southeast US • Warm, humid air rises in an unstable environment VIDEO: The most lightning =struck place (3:40)
  • 44. 44 TORNADO Tornado- violent windstorms, rotating column of air called a vortex • US: 770 tornadoes each year • Form in updraft of a thunderstorms
  • 45. 45 VIDEO: Watch the birth of a tornado 3 min NOT DOWNLOADED
  • 47. 47
  • 48. 48 Tri-State Tornado: March 18, 1925 • killed 695, injured 2,027 • 300 miles • Missouri • Illinois • Indiana
  • 49. 49 Tornado Warning System • Issued by National Weather Service Watch: conditions are favorable for a tornado Warning: a tornado has been spotted; seek shelter immediately VIDEO: How do tornadoes form (4 min)
  • 50. 50 TORNADO SAFETY • Go to low ground: basement, ditch • Avoid windows • Leave mobile home • At school: follow the drill- interior hallway, cover head • Leave vehicle, find a low ditch, cover head AFTER: • Do NOT touch downed power lines or sharp objects • Stay out of heavily damaged buildings
  • 51. 51
  • 52. 52 HURRICANE Hurricane- whirling tropical cyclones producing winds of at least 74 mph • Name is regional: • Hurricane • Typhoon • Cyclone • Tropical cyclone • Associated with storm surges and flooding • Occurrences seem to be increasing with global warming
  • 53. 53
  • 54. 54
  • 55. 55
  • 56. 56
  • 57. 57 VIDEO: Engines of Destruction (6 min)
  • 58. 58 Hurricane Katrina August 2005 • Extremely destructive and deadly Category 5 hurricane • 1,800 deaths • Struck Gulf of Mexico • Damage from central Florida to Eastern Texas • New Orleans: sits below sea level & was catastrophically flooded VIDEO Katrina (5 min)
  • 60. 60 HURRICANE SAFETY • Easily predicted, so pay attention to weather forecasts • Prepare: food, water, flashlight, first aid kit • Stay indoors during hurricanes • Heed local warnings; if an evacuation is called, LEAVE before the hurricane • Know evacuation routes
  • 61. 61
  • 62. 62 STATION MODELS VIDEO TUTORIAL (12 min) feather points in wind direction