Quarks Physical Science Lesson PowerPoint

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Neutron
Proton
Electron

• RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very
important and should be recorded in your
science journal.
• BLACK SLIDE: Pay attention, follow
directions, complete projects as described
and answer required questions neatly.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

• http://sciencepowerpoint.com

ATOM
Nucleus
Proton
Neutron
Quark
Electron
Molecule

• Particle Physics Standard Model
• Everything in the universe is made from
twelve building blocks called fundamental
particles. These particles are governed by
four fundamental forces.
– Our best understanding of how these twelve
particles and three of the forces are related to
each other is encapsulated in the Standard
Model of particles and forces.

 Physicists have discovered that protons
and neutrons (Hadrons) are composed of
even smaller particles called quarks.
 Just bigger than an electron.

Hadron: A composite particle
made of quarks held together
by the strong force.

The proton and neutron are
baryons (family of hadrons)
which are made of three
quarks.

quarks.
Meson: A subatomic particles
composed of one quark and
one antiquark, bound
together by the strong
interaction.

quarks.
Meson: A subatomic particles
interaction.
Mesons are Bosons.

• Spin / rotation of particles is at the heart of
quantum strangeness.
Spin spin-1/2 spin-1 spin-2
Higgs bosons Quarks, electrons,
muons, taus,
neutrinos
Photons, W, Z
bosons, gluons
Gravitons
The proton consists of two up quarks and one
down quark (if you sum up the electrical charges
of this combination you get +1, the charge of
the proton: 2/3 + 2/3 - 1/3 = 3/3 = 1)
The neutron is a combination of two down quarks
and one up quark (and again, if you combine the
electrical charges, they sum up to zero: it's therfore
electrically neutral)

muons, taus,
neutrinos
Photons, W, Z
bosons, gluons
Gravitons
of this combination you get +1, the charge of
the proton: 2/3 + 2/3 - 1/3 = 3/3 = 1)
electrical charges, they sum up to zero: it's therfore
Spin isn’t a great analogy. Don’t think
like a top spinning. Think more of
orientations in a magnetic field.

muons, taus,
neutrinos
Photons, W, Z
bosons, gluons
Gravitons
/ spin of this combination you get +1, the
charge of the proton).

muons, taus,
neutrinos
Photons, W, Z
bosons, gluons
Gravitons
/ spin of this combination you get +1, the
charge of the proton).
electrical charges, they sum up to zero: it's therefore

• Which is a Baryon, and which is a Meson?

• Which is a Baryon, and which is a Meson?
quarks.
Meson: Subatomic particles
interaction.

 Gluons: Holds Quarks together.

 The Proton is composed of two up quarks,
one down.

• If your up! (Protons have two Up Quarks)
your more positive. Positive = Proton.

• If your up! (Protons have two Up Quarks)
your more positive. Positive = Proton.
U U

“Am I a Up
Quark, or am I
a Down Quark,
or just a
kitten?”

“I am a
positive
Up Quark
Kitty!”

 A neutron is composed of two down
quarks and one up quark.

• Which is a Neutron, and which is a Proton?

Neutron

Neutron
Proton

Neutron
Proton
“I have two Up Quarks so
I’m positive.”

Neutron
Proton
“Positive means Proton.”

Neutron
Proton
“I have two
down
Quarks.”

Neutron
Proton
“I have two
down
Quarks.”
“I’m not
negative
however,
just neutral.”

Neutron
Proton
“I’m also
slightly
larger than a
Proton.”

• Which is a Meson, and which is a Baryon?

• Which is a Neutron?
Send one
volunteer up.

• Answer! Two Down  

• One of the particles below is incorrect,
which one is it?
P
N
NN
NP P
P
P
N P P N

• Answer! It should be a Proton
P
N
NN
NP P
P
P
N P P N

• Answer! It should be a Proton
P
N
NN
PP P
P
P
N P P N

• Again! One of the particles below is
incorrect, which one is it?
P
N
NN
PP P
P
P
N P P P

P
N
NN
PP P
P
P
N P P N

P
N
NP
PP P
P
P
N P P N

• Which particle is the Proton?
A
B
C
D

• Which particle is the Proton?
A
B
C
D
Letter D is the
Proton

• Which particle is the Proton? The Neutron
is slightly larger than the Proton.
A
B
C
D

• Which particle is the Neutron?
B
A
C
D

B
A
C
D
Letter C is the
Neutron

– The Neutron is slightly larger than the Proton.
B
A
C
D
Letter C is the
Neutron

• What atom is this based only the quarks
that you see?

• Answer! Two Protons

• Answer! Helium Atomic Number #2

• Answer! Beryllium

• Answer! Beryllium, Atomic Number 4,.

• Answer! Beryllium, Atomic Number 4,
Atomic Mass 9. 4 Protons, 5 Neutrons.

P
P
P
P

P
P
P
P
N
N N
N
N

P
P
P
P
N
N N
N
N
Quarks. Learn more at
http://physics.about.com/od/glossary/g/quark.htm

• Video Link!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LqeQo
wRDzM&feature=related

• How do we know so much about something
so small? Anyone know what this is?

• How do we know so much about something
so small? Anyone know what this is?
“Hoot” “Hoot” “That is one
awesome particle accelerator
/ collider.”

299,792,458 meters per second in a vacuum

These patterns are read by computers and
help scientists learn more about what
particles are made of.

These patterns are read by computers and
help scientists learn more about what
particles are made of.
Particle Accelerators: Learn more at…
http://science.howstuffworks.com/atom-smasher2.htm

• Video Link! How the CERN Hadron Collidor
works.
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dw3KuNgD-jE

• Video – Atoms, Quarks and technology.
• Inside Quarks.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMgi2j9
Ks9k

 Particle: A tiny piece of anything.

 An atom or nucleus.

 An atom or nucleus.
 Elementary particle, quark, gluon.

• The discovered quarks

All stable matter in the universe is made
from particles that belong to the first
generation.

Heavier Generation I, and Gen II
particles quickly decay to the next
most stable level.

“They were
unstable anyways.”

“I thought they were
strange and kind of
charming.”

“Oh No!”
“We are doing it
again.”

• Video Link! Quark Song
– Preview at 1:30 for language concern.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vsb2UKyxwQc

• Leptons?

• Leptons? Which one do we know?

– Answer! The Electron

– Which three have charges?

Not found in ordinary matter, because they decay
very rapidly into lighter, more stable leptons.

Found in ordinary matter.

All of the leptons can be found alone unlike the
quarks that are found in groups of two or three.

All of the leptons can be found alone unlike the
quarks that are found in groups of two or three.
Has a quark and
anti quark

“Oh No!”
“We have to do it
again.”

• Which one has a charge?

• Which one has a charge?
Leptons. Learn more at… http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html`

• Name that Elementary Particle Tic-Tac-Toe.
• Class vs. the teacher.
– Board on next slide. Teacher needs to minimize
slideshow.
– If you get the question right, you get that square. If you
get it wrong the opponent gets it.
– Each three in a row is 1 point. Most at end wins.
– Students goes first. (X) Teacher next (O)

 The 6 Leptons
 Electron
 Muon
 Tau
 3 types of Neutrinos

• The Neutrino

• The Neutrino
– Neutrinos have no electrical or strong charge,

• The Neutrino
they almost never interact with any other
particles.

• The Neutrino
they almost never interact with any other
particles.
• Most neutrinos pass right through the earth without
ever interacting with a single atom.

This is really difficult
learning ahead and I’m
going to try my best to
learn it. I’m not going to
give up.
This is really difficult and
I’m going to quit as soon as
I don’t know it. I’m going
to check out completely or
create issues for those
choosing A.

• All visible matter in the universe is made from the
first generation of matter particles

first generation of matter particles -- up quarks, down
quarks, and electrons.

first generation of matter particles -- up quarks, down
quarks, and electrons. This is because all second
and third generation particles are unstable and
quickly decay into stable first generation particles.

• What is this cake made of…
– Sugar, flour, milk, eggs, water, baking soda, etc.
– Molecules of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates,
nucleic acids.
– Atoms of Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Carbon, Hydrogen, etc.
– Protons, Neutrons, Electons
– Quarks and Leptons and Force Carrier Particles.
– ?

• What is this cake made of…
– Sugar, flour, milk, eggs, water, baking soda, etc.
– Molecules of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates,
nucleic acids.
– Atoms of Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Carbon, Hydrogen, etc.
– Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
– Quarks and Leptons and Force Carrier Particles.
– ?

• The recipe of the Universe:
– “What everything is made of”

 Everything is made of…

 6 quarks that make Protons and Neutrons

 6 leptons.

 6 leptons. The best-known lepton is the
electron.

electron.
Fermion: Any particle
that has an odd half-
integer (like 1/2, 3/2,
and so forth) spin.
Quarks and leptons, as
well as most composite
particles, like protons
and neutrons, are
fermions.

electron.
Fermions cannot exist
together. They cannot
occupy the same
quantum state.
Known as the Pauli
Exclusion Principle.

electron.
 Force carrier particles.

electron.
The ways that
elementary
particles
interact with
one another.

• Example: Think of two people on roller skates
passing a ball back and forth.

– As they toss the ball they are pushed away from
each other.

each other.
– The skaters would be the quarks and leptons and
the ball would be the force carrier particles.

each other.
Quarks and Leptons

each other.
Quarks and Leptons
They interact by exchanging Bosons

• An analogy for behavior of fermions (matter)
and bosons (photon)

electron.
These particles are
thought to be exchanged
when forces occur.
Bosons are particles
which have an integer
spin (0, 1, 2...).
All the force carrier
particles are bosons

 The four force carrier particles

The natural phenomenon by which physical
bodies appear to attract each other with a
force proportional to their masses. Weakest
force but has an infinite range.

The forces that occur between
electrically charged particles. In
electromagnetic theory these forces
are explained using electromagnetic
fields. Much stronger than gravity
and has an infinite range.

A force between elementary particles that
causes certain processes that take place
with low probability, as radioactive beta-
decay and collisions between neutrinos
and other particles. Short range and only
dominate only on sub atomic particles
.

.
Weak Force: Weakest
of the forces but still
stronger than gravity.

This force is responsible for
the binding together of
nucleons and controls their
stability, it is known as the
strong nuclear force. The
strongest force.
.
Weak Force: Weakest

This force is responsible for
the binding together of
nucleons and controls their
stability, it is known as the
strong nuclear force. The
strongest force.
.
Weak Force: Weakest
Learn more.
http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/science/standardmodel-en.html

• Matter particles transfer discrete amounts of
energy by exchanging bosons with each
other.

other.
– Each fundamental force has its own
corresponding boson particle.

other.
• Strong Force „gluon‟

other.
• Weak „W and Z bosons‟

other.
• Electromagnetic Force „photon‟

other.
• Electromagnetic Force „photon‟
• Gravity „graviton‟ not found yet

Up
Down
Charm
Strange
Top
Bottom
Electron
Neutrino
Electron
Muon
Neutrino
Muon
Tau
Neutrino
tau
Photon
Z Boson
W Boson
Gluon
EM
Weak
Weak
Strong

• Which of the four below are you most familiar
with?

with?
Gravity is not a part of the Standard
Model. It doesn’t fit in very well. It
works right now b/c gravity is a very
weak force and has negligible
effects on very small particles.

with?
Gravity is not a part of the Standard
Model. It doesn’t fit in very well. It
works right now b/c gravity is a very
weak force and has negligible
effects on very small particles.
When matter is in large
amounts the effects of
gravity are large.

• Name the Force Carrier Particle.

“Oh No!”
“We need strong
force to help him.”

• Video Link! Quark Song Again.
– Preview at 1:30 for language concern.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vsb2UKyxwQc

• Video Link! Hank explains Electromagnetism.
The four fundamental forces.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cy6kba3A8vY

• Video Link! Hank explains Strong Force. The
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3EMq2Dgq8

• Video Link! Hank explains Weak Force. The
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnL_nwmCLpY

• Video Link! Hank explains Gravitation. The
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhG_ArxmwRM

• We can move on if…
• Which letter below represents the force
carrier particles?

carrier particles?
• A.) Photon, Quark, Proton, Neutron

carrier particles?
• B.) Electron, Strong Force, Weak Force, Quark

carrier particles?
• C.) Strong Force, Weak Force, EM, Gravity

carrier particles?
• D.) Gravity, Proton, Electron, Neutron

carrier particles?
It’s over? There’s so
much more to learn.
I can’t believe the
teacher is moving
on…

carrier particles.
It’s over? There’s so
much more to learn.
I can’t believe the
teacher is moving
on…

• Nuclear Energy: The energy that deals with
the changes in the nucleus of an atom.

• Nuclear Energy: The energy that deals with
the changes in the nucleus of an atom.
– Nuclear energy is produced when the nuclei of
two atoms join together (fusion) or when the
nucleus of an atom splits apart (fission).

• Fusion – Nuclei join together
• Fission – Nuclei break apart
– Electrons are released – radiation / heat

• Fusion – Nuclei join together
• Fission – Nuclei break apart
– Particles are released – radiation / heat

Nuclear Fusion. Learn more at
http://www.atomicarchive.com/
Fusion/Fusion1.shtml

Nuclear Fission. Learn more at…
http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/text
s/fission/fission.html

• Which is Fusion? Which is Fission?

• Fission

• Fission Fusion

• Try and be the first to figure out the hidden
picture beneath the boxes.
– Raise your hand when you think you know, you
only get one guess.

• Try Again! Be the first to figure out the
hidden picture beneath the boxes.
– Raise your hand when you think you know,
you only get one guess.

“I think Part II is
Over.”

Part III better
have some
answers
because that
was crazy stuff?

• You should be close to page 3 of your
bundle.

• Video Link! Standard Model Particle Physics.
– The first three minutes will be a nice review.
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xnsMGNicho

• Video Link! The Standard Model Particle
Physics
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0KjXsGRvoA

• Intro to the atom review game.

• “AYE” Advance Your Exploration ELA and
Literacy Opportunity Worksheet
– Visit some of the many provided links or..
– Articles can be found at (w/ membership to
NABT and NSTA)
• http://www.nabt.org/websites/institution/index.php?p=
1
• http://learningcenter.nsta.org/browse_journals.aspx?j
ournal=tst
Please visit at least one of the
“learn more” educational links
provided in this unit and complete
this worksheet

• “AYE” Advance Your Exploration ELA and
Literacy Opportunity Worksheet
– Visit some of the many provided links or..
– Articles can be found at (w/ membership to and
NSTA)
• http://www.sciencedaily.com/
• http://www.sciencemag.org/
• http://learningcenter.nsta.org/browse_journals.aspx?jo
urnal=tst

• Dark Matter, Dark Energy, General Relativity, Special
Relativity, and String Theory Optional PowerPoint.
– Introductory and will generate many questions and
hopefully some answers.
– Available in activities folder. (Optional)

http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Atoms_Periodic_Table_of_Elements_Unit.html
Areas of Focus within The Atoms and Periodic Table Unit:
Atoms (Atomic Force Microscopes), Rutherford‟s Gold Foil Experiment, Cathode
Tube, Atoms, Fundamental Particles, The Nucleus, Isotopes, AMU, Size of
Atoms and Particles, Quarks, Recipe of the Universe, Atomic Theory, Atomic
Symbols, #‟;s, Valence Electrons, Octet Rule, SPONCH Atoms, Molecules,
Hydrocarbons (Structure), Alcohols (Structure), Proteins (Structure), Atomic
Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Metallic Bonds, , Precipitation Reactions,
Acids and Bases, Electron Negativity, Polar Bonds, Chemical Change,
Exothermic Reactions, Endothermic Reactions, Laws Conservation of Matter,
Balancing Chemical Equations, Oxidation and Reduction, Periodic Table of the
Elements, Organization of Periodic Table, Transition Metals, Acids and Bases,
Non-Metals, Metals, Metalloids, Ionization.

• This PowerPoint roadmap is one small part of
my Atoms and Periodic Table Unit.
• This unit includes a four part 2000+ slide
PowerPoint roadmap.
• 13 page bundled homework that chronologically
follows slideshow
• 14 pages of unit notes with visuals.
• 3 PowerPoint review games.
• Activity sheets, rubrics, advice page, curriculum
guide, materials list, and much more.
• http://sciencepowerpoint.com

• Please visit the links below to learn more
about each of the units in this curriculum
– These units take me about four years to complete
with my students in grades 5-10.
Earth Science Units Extended Tour Link and Curriculum Guide
Geology Topics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Geology_Unit.html
Astronomy Topics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Astronomy_Unit.html
Weather and Climate Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Weather_Climate_Unit.html
Soil Science, Weathering, More http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Soil_and_Glaciers_Unit.html
Water Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Water_Molecule_Unit.html
Rivers Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/River_and_Water_Quality_Unit.html
= Easier = More Difficult = Most Difficult
5th – 7th grade 6th – 8th grade 8th – 10th grade

Physical Science Units Extended Tour Link and Curriculum Guide
Science Skills Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Science_Introduction_Lab_Safety_Metric_Methods.
html
Motion and Machines Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Newtons_Laws_Motion_Machines_Unit.html
Matter, Energy, Envs. Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Energy_Topics_Unit.html
Atoms and Periodic Table Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Atoms_Periodic_Table_of_Elements_Unit.html
Life Science Units Extended Tour Link and Curriculum Guide
Human Body / Health Topics
http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Human_Body_Systems_and_Health_Topics_Unit.html
DNA and Genetics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/DNA_Genetics_Unit.html
Cell Biology Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Cellular_Biology_Unit.html
Infectious Diseases Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Infectious_Diseases_Unit.html
Taxonomy and Classification Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Taxonomy_Classification_Unit.html
Evolution / Natural Selection Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Evolution_Natural_Selection_Unit.html
Botany Topics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Plant_Botany_Unit.html
Ecology Feeding Levels Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Ecology_Feeding_Levels_Unit.htm
Ecology Interactions Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Ecology_Interactions_Unit.html
Ecology Abiotic Factors Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Ecology_Abiotic_Factors_Unit.html

• The entire four year curriculum can be found at...
http://sciencepowerpoint.com/ Please feel free to
contact me with any questions you may have.
Thank you for your interest in this curriculum.
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com

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