1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS IN PHARMACEUTICAL
RESEARCH
SAYEDA SALMA
SARAN KUMAR DAS
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
AL- AMEEN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

2. INDEX
• INTRODUCTION
• BRIEF ACCOUNT ON HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT
• EVLOUTION OF DIGITAL HEALTHCARE INFORMATION SYSTEM
• PHARMACOINFORMATICS
• PROVENANCE AND CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS IN
PHARMACY
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3. INTRODUCTION
Today, computers are so ubiquitous in pharmaceutical research and
development that it may be hard to imagine a time when there were no
computers to assist the medicinal chemist or biologist.
 A quarter-century ago, the notion of a computer on the desk of every
scientist and company manager was not even contemplated.
Now, computers are absolutely essential for generating, managing, and
transmitting information.
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4. BRIEF ACCOUNT ON HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT
• In the late 1950’s or early 1960’S, the first computers to have stored programs of
scientific interest were acquired.
• One of these was an IBM 650, it had a rotating magnetic drum memory
consisting of 2000 accessible registers.
• The programs, the data input, and the output were all in the form of IBM
punched cards.
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5. EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL SYSTEM
IN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
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6. Let’s review health information system trends, decade by decade,
1960s:
The main healthcare drivers in this era were Medicare and Medicaid.
The IT drivers were expensive mainframes and storage.
 Because computers and storage were so large and expensive, hospitals typically
shared a mainframe.
The principal applications emerging in this environment were shared hospital
accounting systems.
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7. 1970s:
1) One of the main healthcare drivers in this era was the need to do a
better job communicating between departments (ADT, order
communications, and results review) and the need for discrete
departmental systems (e.g., clinical lab, pharmacy).
2)Computers are now small enough to be installed in a single department
without environmental controls.
3) As a result, departmental systems proliferated.
4)Unfortunately, these transactional systems, embedded in individual
departments, were typically islands unto themselves.
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8. •1980’s:
• Healthcare drivers were heavily tied to DRG’s and reimbursement.
• For the first time, hospitals needed to pull significant information from both
clinical and financial systems in order to be reimbursed.
• At the same time, personal computers, widespread, non-traditional software
applications, and networking solutions entered the market.
• As a result, hospitals began integrating applications so financial and clinical
systems could talk to each other in a limited way.
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9. •1990’s:
• In this decade, competition and consolidation drove healthcare, along with the
need to integrate hospitals, providers, and managed care.
• From an IT perspective, hospitals now had access to broad, distributed
computing systems and robust networks.
• Therefore, creation of integrated delivery network (IDN)-like integration,
including the impetus to integrate data and reporting.
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10. •2000s:
• The main healthcare drivers were increased integration and the beginnings of
outcomes-based reimbursement.
• We now had enough technology and bedside clinical applications installed to make a
serious run at commercial, real-time clinical decision support.
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11. DECADE HEALTHCARE DRIVERS IT DRIVERS RESULTING HIT
1960 Medicare/Medicaid Expensive mainframes
Expensive storage
Shared hospital accounting
systems
1970 Hospital-wide
communications (ADT, OC,
Bed Control)
Broadened administrative
systems
Departmental systems
processing
Smaller computers
Improved terminals and
connectivity
Expanded financial and
administrative systems.
Results review
Selected clinical
department automation
(Lab)
1980 DRG’S Networking
Personal computers
Cheaper storage
Independent software
applications
Integrated financial and
clinical (limited) systems
Managed care
1990 Competition
Consolidation
Integrated hospital.
Broadened distributed
computers
Cheaper hardware and
storage
Expanded clinical
departmental solutions
2000 Increased integration
Beginnings of outcomes-
based reimbursement
More of everything
Mobility
Emerging, broad-based
clinical decision support
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12. PHARMACOINFORMATICS
• It is the new originating information technology
• It includes neuroinformatics, bioinformatics, immunoinformatics, genoinformatics,
metaboloinformatics, healthinformatics which are used as a base for the discovery of
drugs.
• The computers are needed to spread this pharmacoinformatics, i.e., transferring the
data/information and knowledge to the public.
• This evolving or emerging technology is becoming a fundamental component to
pharmaceutical sciences.
• Medical informatics focuses on using information processing with in the clinical setting
for medical billing, patient and resource scheduling, and patient care.
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13. • Clinical informatics in the use of clinical decision support systems which
provide feedback and instructions to healthcare service providers for
maximizing patient compliance at the pharmaceutical care
• “In silico” research informatics developed a pathway for medical discovery
and investigation at every aspect of healthcare from basic investigation
research to care delivery.
• With the depth analysis of medical information advances in informatics to
primary health care sector creates the opportunity for rapid learning
health applications to aid in pharmaceutical research with safety as
primary concern.
• With open access data and data sources among the health care
information will build a digital platform for medical research assuring the
proper evaluation of medical data and draw meaningful conclusions.
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14. HEALTH INFORMATICS
• Health informatics (also called health care informatics, healthcare
informatics, medical informatics, nursing informatics, clinical informatics, or
biomedical informatics) is informatics in health care.
• essentially the management and use of patient healthcare information.
• It is a multidisciplinary field, that uses health information technology (HIT)
to improve health care via any combination of higher quality, higher
efficiency (spurring lower cost and thus greater availability), and new
opportunities.
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16. • Health informatics tools include amongst others computers, clinical
guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information and
communication systems.
• It is applied to the areas of nursing, clinical medicine, dentistry,
pharmacy, public health, occupational therapy, physical therapy,
biomedical research, and alternative medicine.
• all of which are designed to improve the overall effectiveness of patient
care delivery by ensuring that the data generated is of a high quality.
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17. Healthcare informatics includes subfields of clinical informatics, such as :
• pathology informatics
• imaging informatics
• public health informatics
• community health informatics
• home health informatics
• nursing informatics
• medical informatics
• consumer health informatics
• clinical bioinformatics
• informatics for education and research in health and medicine, pharmacy
informatics.
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18. PROVENANCE AND CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF
COMPUTERS IN PHARMACY
1. Usage of computers in the retail pharmacy
2. Computer aided design of drugs (CADD)
3. Use of Computers in Hospital Pharmacy
4. Data storage and retrieval
5. Information system in Pharmaceutical Industry
6. Diagnostic laboratories
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19. 7. Computer aided learning
8. Clinical trial management
9. Adverse drug events control
10. Computers in pharmaceutical formulations
11. Computers inToxicology and Risk Assessment
12. Computational modeling of drug disposition
13. Recent development in bio computation of drug development
14. In Research Publication
15. Digital Libraries
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20. REFERENCE
• Provenance of Computers in Pharmacy Ramu Bandameedi,
Department of Pharmacy, KVK College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India .
• Applications of computers in pharmacy, by sean .
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