Biohazard in Occupational environment.

1. Biohazard in occupational environment
Saugat Bhattacharjee
B.Sc. 5th Semester
ABBS

2.  Biological hazards, also known
as biohazards, refer
to biological substances that pose a threat to
the health of living organisms, primarily that
of humans.
 includes medical waste or samples of
a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a
biological source) that can affect
human health (a biological contamination).

3.  There are at least 193 important biological agents that
show infectious, allergenic, toxic, or carcinogenic
activities in the working population.
 These agents are viruses, bacteria, fungi, plant substances,
invertebrate animals (mostly arthropods), and substances
derived from vertebrate animals.
 large occupational groups are exposed to these
biohazards.

4.  The risk is greatest among health
care and laboratory workers who are
threatened by human pathogens.
 agricultural workers who are at risk
from dust-borne biological allergens
and toxins and by parasitic worms in
warm climates.

5.  biohazards are also important risk factors for many
other professions, including woodworkers, workers
of textile plants, sewage and compost
workers, miners and renovators.

7.  The biohazard symbol was developed in 1966 by Charles
Baldwin, an environmental-health engineer working for
the Dow Chemical Company on the containment products.
Generally used as a warning,
so that those potentially
exposed to the substances
will know to take
precautions.

8.  In an article in Science in 1967, the symbol
was presented as the new standard for all biological hazards
("biohazards").
 Striking in form in order to draw immediate attention;
 Unique and unambiguous, in order not to be confused with symbols used for
other purposes;
 Quickly recognizable and easily recalled;
 Easily stenciled;
 Symmetrical, in order to appear identical from all angles of approach;
 Acceptable to groups of varying ethnic backgrounds.

10.  UN numbers or UN IDs are four-digit numbers that
identify hazardous substances, and articles (such as
explosives, flammable liquids, toxic substances, etc.) in
the framework of international transport.
 There is no UN number allocated to non-hazardous
substances. These will simply not have a UN number.

11. Biohazard
Category
A, UN
2814
Category
B, UN
2900
Category
B, UN
3373
Regulated
Medical
Waste,
UN 3291

12. Category A,
UN 2814
• Infectious substances affecting humans and
animals: substance in a form capable of causing
permanent disability or life-threatening or fatal
disease in otherwise healthy humans or animals
when exposure to it occurs.
Category
B, UN 2900
• Infectious substances affecting animals only:
substance that is not in a form generally capable of
causing permanent disability of life-threatening or
fatal disease in otherwise healthy humans and
animals when exposure to themselves occurs.

13. Category B,
UN 3373
• Biological substance transported for diagnostic or
investigative purposes.
Regulated
Medical
Waste, UN
3291
• Waste or reusable material derived from medical
treatment of an animal or human, or from biomedical
research, which includes the production and testing of
biological products.

15.  The United States' Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) categorizes various diseases in levels of
biohazard, Level 1 being minimum risk and Level 4 being
extreme risk. Laboratories and other facilities are
categorized as BSL (Biosafety Level) 1-4 or
as P1 through P4 for short (Pathogen or Protection Level).

16.  Bacteria and viruses including Bacillus
subtilis, canine hepatitis, Escherichia
coli, varicella (chicken pox), as well as some cell cultures
an
 At this level precautions against the biohazardous
materials in question are minimal, most likely involving
gloves and some sort of facial protection. d non-infectious
bacteria.

18. The use of Glove and Mask in BSL 1

19.  Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or
are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, such as
hepatitis A, B, and C, influenza A, Lyme
disease, salmonella, mumps, measles, dengue fever.
 Routine diagnostic work with clinical specimens can be done
safely at Biosafety Level 2.
 Research work (including co-cultivation, virus replication
studies, or manipulations involving concentrated virus) can be
done in a BSL-2 (P2) facility.

20. Salmonella typhae

21.  A sharps container is a
container that is filled with
used medical needles (and
other sharp medical
instruments, such as
an IV catheter). They fit into
two main types:
1. single use which are
disposed of with the waste
inside,
2. reusable which are
robotically emptied and
sterilised before being
returned for re-use.

22.  Bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease
in humans, but for which vaccines or other treatments
exist, such as anthrax, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine
encephalitis, SARS virus, tuberculosis, typhus, Rift Valley
fever, yellow fever and malaria.
 Use of sterilized apparatus and sterilized equipments
should be practiced. Proper sanitation and purification of
water and other waste products is a must.

23. Trypanosoma cruzi

25.  Viruses and bacteria that cause severe to fatal disease in
humans, and for which vaccines or other treatments
are not available, such as Bolivian and Argentine
hemorrhagic fevers, Marburg virus, Ebola
virus, hantaviruses, Lassa fever virus and
other hemorrhagic diseases.
 Extreme care and precaution should be taken to work in
such kind of environment.

26.  When dealing with biological
hazards at this level the use of
a positive pressure personnel
suit, with a segregated air supply,
is mandatory.
 Multiple airlocks are
employed and are
electronically secured to
prevent both doors opening
at the same time. All air and
water service going to and
coming from a Biosafety
Level 4 (P4) lab will undergo
similar decontamination
procedures to eliminate the

27. autonomous detection system

28. Ebola Virus
Hanta virus

29. Some controls to consider to protect your workers:
• Engineering
• Administration
• PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

30. Engineering Controls
• Ventilation (HVAC)
• Isolation or quarantine areas
• Automated bathrooms
• Self-sheathing needles/needleless system

31. Administration Controls:
• Schedules
• Polices, Procedures, Programs, and Best Practices
• Medical Monitoring
• Vaccinations
• Emergency Preparedness
• Training