1. REPORT ON DETAILED ENERGY & WATER
AUDIT OF SHIMLA BULK WATER SOURCE TO
STORAGE SYSTEM
&
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR DEMAND
MANAGEMENT & NEW SYSTEM INSTALLATION
FROM GUMMA TO SANJAULI

2. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 2
Project Team:
World Bank Kristoffer Welsein
Dilip R Limaye
Mahesh Patankar
Consultants Development Environergy Services Ltd

3. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 3
Contents
1. ENERGY & WATER AUDIT - OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................4
1.1 SCHEMES COVERED ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL DATA ................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 FIELD MEASUREMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 15
1.4 BASELINE PARAMETERS............................................................................................................................ 19
1.5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENERGY COST REDUCTION & NRW....................................................................... 21
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY - OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ 31
2.1 SCOPE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................. 31
2.2 HYDRO POWER POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................... 31
2.3 SLUDGE TO BIOGAS – POWER ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................... 31
2.4 SOLAR PV ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................... 32
2.5 OTHER ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE VALORIZATION ...................................................................................... 34
3. LIST OF ANNEXES.................................................................................................................................. 35

4. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 4
1. Energy & Water Audit - Overview of Findings & Recommendations
The World Bank is preparing a project titled “Shimla Water Supply and Sewerage Project” (Project)
with the objective of increasing the reliability and efficiency of water supply and to enhance access to
improved sanitation services for the Greater Shimla Area. The project, which will be implemented by
the Greater Shimla Water Supply and Sewerage Circle (GSWSSC), among other objectives, seeks to
improve the efficiency of the water distribution and sanitary services, the project targets improvement
in energy efficiency and reduction of non-revenue water (NRW).
In this context, Development Environergy Services Ltd., New Delhi, were assigned to conduct a detailed
energy and water audit of the Shimla water supply system from the water sources to the main reservoir
to identify, assess and recommend opportunities for improving energy efficiency and reducing NRW.
This report summarizes the findings from the energy audit and the recommendations.
1.1 Schemes Covered
1.1.1 Summary of Schemes
The bulk water supply system in Shimla, managed by the GSWSSC comprises the following lift systems.
Table 1: Details of bulk water supply systems
S. No. Location Type Design
Capacity MLD
Type
1 Gumma
Gumma Old Lift 8.17 Treated Water
Gumma New Lift 11.8 Treated Water in 2 stages, with second stage at
Drabla
Nauti Khad – I Lift 4.54 Raw Water
Nauti Khad – II Lift - Treated Water
2 Giri at Sainj Lift 20.0 Treated Water in 2 stages with the second stage
at Ukladhar
3 Ashwani Khad Lift 10.8 Treated Water in 2 stages with the second stage
at Kawalga
4 Cherot Lift 2.5 Raw Water
Jagroti (Aug.Cherot) Lift 1.0 Raw Water
5 Chair Lift 3.0 Treated water
1.1.2 Location
The location of the various schemes is shown in the following location map.
Figure 1: Master Location Map

5. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 5
1.1.3 Process flow and description
The master process flow diagram is included as Error! Reference source not found., while a brief
description of each of the schemes in the bulk water supply scheme is given below:
Gumma Water Treatment Plant (WTP)
 Gumma is the largest scheme in the bulk water supply system and it includes Gumma Old,
Gumma New, Nauti Khad I and Nauti Khad II. Except for Nauti Khad I, all schemes are intended
for lifting treated water. Nauti Khad I operates only during the lean season to supply raw water
to Gumma. Water for all schemes is drawn from the Nauti Khad by gravity. There are three water
treatment plants and three sumps to hold treated water, each of which can hold 0.409 Million
litres.
 Gumma Old has four pumps, which are operated in pairs. Each pair has an independent rising
main to lift the treated water to Craignano. From Craignano, the water flows by gravity to
Sanjauli reservoir.
 Gumma New has eight pumps, 4 in each stage. Water is first lifted from Gumma (1st
stage) to
Drabla (2nd
stage) and then to Craignano. Under normal operations, 2 pumps are operated at
each stage and 2 are on standby. An intermediate storage tank is available at the 2nd
stage. From
Craignano, the water flows by gravity to Sanjauli reservoir.
 Nauti Khad-II also has 4 pumps, operated in pairs, with the water pumped by two operating
pumps at a time to Mashobra through Craignano.
 Nauti Khad- I has two pumps, out of which one is operated and second is on standby.
Giri WTP
 Giri has a raw water pumping system comprising 8 submersible pumps, out of which 3 are
operated under normal conditions. Water is lifted to a water treatment plant, and flows to the
1st stage by gravity.
 The first stage has 6 pumps out of which 4 are operated and 2 are standby. There are two rising
mains, one for each set of 3 pumps, for lifting water to the second stage at Ukhladar.
 At the second stage, the pump operating philosophy is the same as for the first stage. There is an
intermediate storage tank at this stage .
 Water is lifted from the second stage to the Bekhalti reservoir, and then sent onward to
Mashobra through gravity. From Mashobra, water flows to Sanjauli reservoir by gravity.
Ashwani Khad WTP
 At Ashwani Khad the raw water is received by gravity at the water treatment plant.
 The treated water pumps are in two stages with the second stage located at Kawalga. From
Kawalga, water is pumped to the Kasumpti reservoir, and directly distributed to consumers
through seven distribution lines.
 At each stage of Ashwani Khad, there are four pumps, designed to operate two at a time.
 At the second stage, a small storage tank is also available.
Cherot and Jagroti WTP
 Cherot and Jagroti are raw water pumping stations. Raw water received from various sources at
Jagroti is lifted to a storage tank at Cherot. Water received from various sources at Cherot and
the discharge from Jagroti are lifted to Dhalli, where it is treated. Some amount of water is
distributed locally at Dhalli, while the remaining is sent by gravity to Sanjauli.
 At Jagroti there are two pumps, one of which is operated and second is on standby. At Cherot
there are 4 pumps, one is normally operated.

6. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 6
Figure 2: Schematic Diagram of Water Treatment system in Shimla

7. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 7
Chair WTP
 The Chair scheme taps water from the Chair Nallah, where it is treated and supplied to a storage
tank at Kufri. Some of the water is distributed in the areas around the tank while the rest flows
by gravity to Dhalli reservoir.
 There are two pumps, of which one is normally operated and the other is kept as standby.
The intermediate storage capacity and connected reservoirs include the following:
Table 2: Summary of storage capacity (Million Litres)
Intermediate storage Reservoir
Intermediate
storage
Location Capacity Reservoir Capacity Connected to
Sump Well Old Gumma 0.409 Craignano 3.01 Gumma
Sump Well New Gumma 0.409 Mashobra 3.01 Nauti, Giri
Sump Well Nauti Gumma 0.409 Bekhalti 3.4 Giri
Storage Tank Drabla 0.08 Kasumpti 2.00 Ashwani Khad
Clear Water
Tank
Giri 1.00 Kufri 0.5 Chair
Storage Tank Ukhladar 1.00 Dhalli 3.0 Cherot, Jagroti
Clear Water
Tank
Ashwani Khad 1.00 Sanjauli 8.8 Kufri Dhalli, Craignano
and Mashobra
Storage Tank Kawalga 1.00
Storage Tank Cherot 1.00
Clear Water
Tank
Chair 2 X 0.285
The total storage capacity within the bulk water system is about 30.577 Million Litres, i.e about
75% of daily demand. In addition, there are a few large storage reservoirs in the distribution
system.
1.2 Analysis of historical data
1.2.1 Electricity Supply
Electricity Connections: GSWSSC has a total of twenty-seven (27) electricity connections (list below)
out of which fourteen (14) pertain to pumping operations. The contract demand of the pumping
connections adds up to 26,210 kVA. The supply voltage is from a 22 kV line at Gumma and Chair and
11 kV lines at Giri, Ashwani Khad and Cherot.
Table 3: Summary of Electricity Connections
Sl No Name of Connection Contract
Demand
Supply
Voltage
Metering
Voltage
Tariff Type
kVA kV kV
Gumma
1 Gumma Old (P-3&4) 4557.77 15 15 IDWPS HT
2 Gumma New & Old (P-1&2) 5868.61 2.2 22 IDWPS HT
3 Gumma New 2nd
stage 3133 2.2 22 IDWPS HT
4 Nauti Khad-I 469.68 22 22 IDWPS HT
5 Nauti Khad-II 1848 2.2 22 IDWPS HT
6 Gumma Tube Well 1 6.00 0.44 0.44 IDWPS TPT
7 Gumma Tube Well 2 9.00 0.44 0.44 IDWPS TPT
8 Gumma Tube Well 3 22.22 0.44 0.44 IDWPS TPT
9 Gumma New Filter House 16.00 0.44 0.44 IDWPS TPT
10 Nauti Khad –II Lighting 5.24 0.44 0.44 IDWPS TPT
11 Gumma New 2nd
Stage Lighting 1.00 2.2 22 IDWPS TPT

8. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 8
Sl No Name of Connection Contract
Demand
Supply
Voltage
Metering
Voltage
Tariff Type
kVA kV kV
12 Craignano Lighting 5.00 0.23 0.23 IDWPS TPT
13 Craignano Chlorination Plant 7.00 0.44 0.44 IDWPS TPT
Giri
14 Giri Stage 1, Incomer-1 1576 11 11 IDWPS TPT
15 Giri Stage 1, Incomer-2 1576 11 11 IDWPS TPT
16 Giri Stage 2, Incomer-1 1348 11 11 IDWPS TPT
17 Giri Stage 2, Incomer-2 1348 11 11 IDWPS TPT
18 Bekhalti 4.16 0.23 0.23 Single Part
Ashwani Khad
19 1st Stage Pumping Station 1434 11 11 IDWPS HT
20 2nd
Stage Pumping Station 1470 11 11 IDWPS HT
21 1st Stage Lighting Load 53 0.44 0.44 IDWPS HT
22 2nd
Stage Lighting Load 34 0.44 0.44 IDWPS HT
23 Kasumpti Reservoir 458 0.44 0.44 IDWPS TPT
Cherot
24 Cherot Pumping Station 718 11 11 IDWPS HT
25 Jagroti Pumping Station 307 11 0.44 IDWPS TPT
Chair
26 Chair Pumping Station 1000 2.2 22 IDWPS HT
27 Chair Lighting Load 31.51 0.44 0.44 IDWPS TPT
IDWPS : Irrigation & Drinking Water Power Supply HT: High Tension; TPT: Two Part Tariff
Overall energy consumption and cost: Based on analysis of available electricity bills for the period
Oct-16 to Sep-17, the total electricity consumption of the bulk water supply system is summarized in
the table below. All the electricity bills for the 12 month period was available only for 2 sites, viz. Giri
and Chair (HT). For the other connections, there are a few bills missing, (3 months for Gumma Sites, 6
months for Ashwani Khad, Cherot and Jagroti sites). Further, a few connections (e.g. Nauti Khad-I) are
not used round the year. Therefore ‘annualized’ consumption and cost shown in the table below has
been computed based on available data.
Table 4: Summary of Energy Bills
Based on Bills Annualized
Energy Consumption Energy Cost Unit Cost Energy
Consumption
Energy
Cost
kVAh kWh Rs Rs./kVAh Rs./kWh kVAh Lakh Rs
Gumma (HT) 41,256,338 35,585,669 266,748,624 6.47 7.50 56,570,043 3,655.39
Gumma (LT) 124,928 61,894 646,905 5.18 10.45 171,922 8.92
Gumma (Total) 41,381,266 35,647,563 267,395,529 6.46 7.50 56,741,965 3,664.30
Giri (HT) 32,011,610 29,033,350 201,175,287 6.28 6.93 32,011,610 2,011.75
Giri (LT) - 1,360 5,117 3.76 - 0.60
Giri (Total) 32,011,610 29,034,710 201,180,404 6.28 6.93 32,011,610 2,012.36
Ashwani Khad (HT) 1,715,007 1,547,078 15,052,886 8.78 9.73 3,305,485 288.07
Ashwani Khad (LT) 16,018 13,717 382,515 23.88 27.89 28,348 6.58
Ashwani Khad (Total) 1,731,025 1,560,795 15,435,401 8.92 9.89 3,333,833 294.65
Cherot + Jagroti 1,562,470 1,305,050 9,485,711 6.07 7.27 2,851,883 172.65
Chair (HT) 1,948,520 1,928,420 11,866,126 6.09 6.15 1,948,520 118.66
Chair (LT) 20,548 20,515 124,340 6.05 6.06 22,124 1.34
Chair Total 1,969,068 1,948,935 11,990,467 6.09 6.15 1,970,644 120.00
Total GSWSSC 78,655,440 69,497,053 505,487,512 6.43 7.27 96,909,935 6,263.96
On an overall basis 99.8% of total electricity consumption and cost is on account of the pumping
consumptions. Detailed analysis was therefore carried out for HT connections only.
Disaggregation of electricity use: The figure below summarizes the share of electricity consumption
and costs that can be attributed to each WTP. Gumma and Giri WTP together account for over 90%
of overall electricity cost and consumption.

9. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 9
Electricity Consumption (kVAh) Electricity Cost (Rs)
Figure 3 : Share of overall electricity use
Electricity Bill analysis: Key indicators for each connection, each WTP and the bulk water system as a
whole is summarized in the table below. Highlights are as follows
 The sum of contract demand of all pumping connections is 26,210 kVA. Based on the maximum
recorded demand and the corresponding power factor, the total electrical load is estimated as
16,456 kW.
 Average electricity consumption is 265,366 kVAh/day (233, 723 kWh/day).
 Average electricity bill for GSWSSC is about Rs 515 Lakhs per month
 Average power factor based on bills is 0.88.
 On an average 45% total electricity consumption is during normal hours and 39% during the night
time. 16% of the consumption is during peak hours
 Most of the systems operate for less than 20 hours a day, and there is sufficient reservoir
capacity available, providing an opportunity for demand management
 Out of the total energy cost, 57% is on account of electricity consumption (kVAh). This is net of
night time concession. Fixed charges comprising demand charges and meter rent is the second
largest component of the energy cost at 20%. Peak charges comprising peak load additional
demand charges and peak energy charges is the 3rd
highest component of the bill. Penalties
account for about 5% of total bill amount and this includes contract demand violation charges
(CDVC), power factor surcharge, low voltage metering surcharge (LVMS) and low voltage supply
surcharge (LVSS).
o CDVC is being incurred at Nauti Khad II, Jagroti and Chair
o PLADC (peak load additional demand charges) was incurred in all connections
o PF penalty was incurred at Giri (both stages)
o LVMS was incurred at Gumma New (1st
Stage), Nauti Khad II, Giri Stage 1 Connection -1
and Kasumpti
o LVSS was incurred at all sites except Ashwani Khad (both stages) and Cherot
 The average electricity cost is Rs 6.43 /kVAh (Rs. 7.27/kWh)
Gumma
59%
Giri
33%
Ashwani
Khad
3%
Cherot
and
Jagroti
3%
Chair
2%
Gumma
58%
Giri
32%
Ashwani
Khad
5%
Cherot
and
Jagroti
3%
Chair
2%

10. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 10
Table 5: Baseline electricity consumption indicators
System/ Connection Average Daily
Consumption
Max
Recorde
d
Demand
Power
Factor
Average
Monthly
Cost
Consumption % Cost % Energy Cost Overall Cost
kVAh kWh kVA Lakh Rs Peak Night Normal Fixed Energy Peak Penaltie
s
Rs./kVA
h
Rs./kWh Rs./kV
Ah
Rs./k
Wh
Gumma Old P3 & P4 6,886 6,379 1,419 0.93 26.57 11 47 41 62 30 6 1 4.52 4.88 12.54 13.53
Gumma New Pumping Station + Gumma
Old P1 & P2
55,353 46,287 4,106 0.84 114.26 14 35 51 21 58 16 5 4.63 5.53 6.45 7.71
Drabla Pumping Station Gumma New -II
Stage
51,597 46,233 2,784 0.90 91.73 23 53 23 12 54 28 6 4.73 5.28 6.04 6.74
Nauti Khad II Pumping Station 39,953 33,774 2,157 0.85 73.08 14 40 46 10 63 17 9 4.60 5.44 5.88 6.95
Nauti Khad I Pumping Station* 1,197 980 0.82 3.45 17 35 48 51 36 13 0 4.61 5.63 9.75 11.91
Total Gumma 154,986 133,653 0.86 296.39 17 43 40 20 55 19 6 4.65 5.39 6.47 7.50
Giri 1st Stage Pumping Station-1 20,008 18,360 1,576 0.92 40.39 15 36 48 25 55 16 3 4.62 5.04 6.67 7.27
Giri 1st Stage Pumping Station-2 31,440 27,559 1,576 0.88 56.84 15 36 49 13 61 18 7 4.63 5.28 5.98 6.82
Giri 2nd Stage Pumping Station-1,
Ukhladhar
17,071 15,868 1,348 0.93 35.15 15 37 48 26 54 16 4 4.62 4.97 6.81 7.32
Giri 2nd Stage Pumping Station-2,
Ukhladhar
19,667 18,195 1,348 0.93 35.27 15 36 49 17 62 18 3 4.61 4.98 5.93 6.41
Total Giri 88,186 79,982 0.91 167.65 15 36 49 19 59 17 5 4.62 5.10 6.28 6.93
Ashwani Khad 1st Stage Pumping Station 5,323 5,318 754 0.99 12.50 17 25 58 42 44 15 0 4.68 4.68 8.29 8.30
Ashwani Khad 2nd Stage Pumping Station 3,733 2,963 667 0.79 12.59 12 24 64 49 41 9 0 4.60 5.80 9.32 11.75
Total Ashwani Khad 9,056 8,281 0.91 25.09 15 24 61 46 43 12 0 4.64 5.15 8.78 9.73
Jagroti Pumping Station 2,354 2,086 349 0.89 4.00 15 32 52 4 73 21 3 4.99 5.63 5.48 6.19
Cherot Pumping Station 5,459 4,452 562 0.82 11.81 20 28 52 22 55 22 0 4.71 5.78 6.30 7.73
Total Cherot + Jagroti 7,813 6,538 0.84 15.81 19 29 52 18 60 22 1 4.79 5.73 6.07 7.27
Chair pumping station 5,324 5,269 587.40 0.99 9.89 2 17 80 23 71 3 4 4.45 4.49 6.09 6.15
Bulk Water Supply System1 265,366 233,723 0.88 514.82 16 39 45 20 57 18 5 4.64 5.24 6.43 7.27
Note:
1. Bulk water system costs are estimated assuming linear extrapolation, where bill for all 12-months are not available.
2. The above data is based on the electricity bills, and the billing period varies from connection-to-connection and from month to month.
Estimated energy cost saving by shifting peak to Normal or Night time hours range between Rs 275 Lakhs/year.

11. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 11
Month-wise variations: Since electricity bills are completely available for all connections, the
discussion on month-wise variation of electricity consumption, cost and other parameters is omitted.
However, for each site, a detailed analysis has been included in the baseline report (D-2).
Observations on the billing: In general, the billing period and number of days, are varying. The
following anomalies were observed in the electricity bills analyzed:
Table 6: Summary of billing discrepancies
Area Observation
PF (Power Factor)
Surcharge
 PF surcharge has not been billed, even though the average PF is below the
minimum prescribed level of 0.9 at three out of 5 connections at Gumma, Giri
stage-1, connection-1 (for billing months Dec-17 and Jul-17), Ashwani Khad
Stage-2, Cherot and Jagroti
 PF surcharged has been billed, even though the PF is more than 0.9 lagging at
o Giri Stage-1 connection-1: Dec-16, Feb-17 & Mar-17
o Giri Stage-1 connection-2: Mar-17
o Giri Stage-2 – Connection- 1 Dec-16, Feb-17 & Mar-17
o Giri Stage-2- Connection- 2 : Dec-16 & Feb-17
LVMS (Low Voltage
Metering Surcharge)
 LVMS has been charged even though metering is at high voltage end at
Gumma New (1st Stage) & Nauti Khad II
 LVMS has been charged from Jan-Mar-17 for Giri Stage-1, Connection-1, the
basis is not clear
 At Jagroti the metering is at 0.44 kV, while supply is at 11 kV, however LVMS
has not been billed
LVSS (Low Voltage
supply Surcharge)
 Rate at which LVSS is charged is not as per tariff order. Also the rebate which is
applicable for supply through a dedicated feeder has not been applied.
Specific discrepancies
o Gumma Old Pump 3 &4: Omitted in Nov-16. Charged at 3% in other
bills
o Gumma New (Both stages), Nauti Khad II : Charged at 8%
o Giri All connections: Charged at 3% in the bills of Apr-Jul-17 and at
5.37% in the bill of Dec-16
 At Chair where LVSS is payable, however, it was charged at 5%, against the
applicable rate of 4%
Miscellaneous  Gumma New (1st Stage) : Bill for April-17 is for 46 days, while meter rent has
been charged for two months
 At Ashwani Khad (both stages), Cherot and Chair the rates used for NTC in Jun-
17 and Sep-17 are not as per tariff order
 Demand charges omitted from bill : Giri Stage-1 Connection-2 from Apr-17 to
Jul-17 and Giri Stage-2- Connection- 2 from May-17 to Aug-17
1.2.2 Historical Discharge Volumes
Metering and Discharge Log Books: The only available operating meters in the bulk water supply
system (figure below) are:
 Meter on the 6” distribution line tapped at the outlet of receiving chamber at Craignano for
Old Gumma
 Meter installed at inlet of Sanjauli on the Craignano line (combined flow of Gumma Old and
Gumma New). There are 3 tappings on this line, for distribution at North Oak, Dhingoo Dhar
and KNH.
 Meter installed at inlet of Sanjauli on the Mashobra line (combined flow of Nauti Khad- II,
Giri). There is a 3” distribution line at Mashobra for local supply, which is not metered.
 Meter installed at inlet of Kasumpti on the line from Kawalga
One meter at Craignano at the outlet of reservoir toward Sanjauli line is not in working condition.
Meters are available at inlet lines (both Nauti & Giri) to Mashobra, which are not working.

12. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 12
Figure 4 : Installation of Main meters
The pump operating hours are manually recorded at each site for each pump in log books. The
discharge is therefore computed as the product of the design/rated discharge of the pump and the
operating hours. For intermediate distribution, volumes are mostly assumed (except for the 6” tapping
at Craignano). The data available therefore cannot support development of a water balance.
Historical Discharge data: The summary of historical discharge data for the preceding twelve month
period based on log books is as follows:
Table 7: Monthly Lifting Data as per log books (Million Liters)
Period Gumma
including
Nauti
Giri Ashwani
Khad
Cherot+
Jagroti
Chair Total
Oct-16 470.23 375.73 133.60 125.69 36.74 1141.99
Nov-16 466.63 375.71 85.59 96.43 34.65 1059.01
Dec-16 489.33 367.09 102.91 85.67 32.67 1077.67
Jan-17 466.27 314.45 74.04 56.85 22.86 934.47
Feb-17 341.63 209.78 41.26 44.47 18.21 655.35
Mar-17 515.73 354.07 55.87 77.76 30.54 1033.97
Apr-17 484.62 498.10 33.55 60.80 29.86 1106.93
May-17 499.58 512.48 28.45 69.10 27.55 1137.16
Jun-17 412.86 537.77 42.84 83.75 28.87 1106.09
Jul-17 520.36 523.85 62.18 89.99 30.26 1226.64
Aug-17 577.69 508.49 79.65 134.17 32.13 1332.13
Sep-17 614.49 515.89 90.33 112.76 21.53 1355.00
Total 5859.42 5093.41 830.27 1037.44 345.87 13166.41
Average 488.29 424.45 69.19 86.45 28.82 1097.20

13. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 13
Period Gumma
including
Nauti
Giri Ashwani
Khad
Cherot+
Jagroti
Chair Total
Average MLD 16.39 13.95 2.05 3.08 0.95 36.43
Min 341.63 209.78 28.45 44.47 18.21 655.35
Max 614.49 537.77 133.60 134.17 36.74 1355.00
Month corresponding to
Min Feb Feb May Feb Feb Feb
Max Sep Jun Oct Aug Oct Sep
Note: The above data pertain to the actual period, i.e. for example, for Sep-17, the data in the above table corresponds to
lifting during 1-30 Sep-17. However, in the case of electricity bills, the data is for “billing months” which vary from
connection to connection and month to month.
The share of each WTP to the total discharge was: Gumma-44%, Giri-39%, Ashwani Khad-6%, Cherot
and Jagroti- 8% and Chair-3%.
Month wise variation: The month-wise variation of average daily lifting is as follows:
Figure 5: Average daily discharge of Bulk Water System
Design Capacity Vs Historical: A comparison of the design capacity of each plant against the data as
per log books is summarized below. In general the operating hours of pumps are varying from actual
operating hours as shown in the table below:
Table 8: Design Vs Actual Capacity
S. No. Location Type Design
Capacity MLD
Actual
Capacity
(MLD)
Design
Operating
Hours
Actual
Operating
Hours
1 Gumma
Gumma Old Lift 8.17 10.97 2 x 16 6.21
Gumma New Lift 11.8 3 x 16 60.36, 61.69
Nauti Khad – II Lift 4.54 5.09 2 x 16 45.37
2 Giri at Sainj Lift 20 13.95 4 x 16 67.37, 57.16
3 Ashwani Khad Lift 10.8 2.27 2 x 24 -*
4 Cherot Lift 2.5 2.84 1 x 11 to 12 12
Jagroti (Aug.Cherot) Lift 1.0 1 x 9 12
5 Chair Lift 3.0 0.95 1 x 12 to 13 12
* 2017 is not a representative year, due to non-availability of original sources
1.2.3 Energy Consumption Vs Discharge
The following figure shows the variation of the water lifted and the energy consumption based on
the historical data. In general the electricity consumption follows the pattern of water lifting. Since
36.84
35.30 34.76
30.14
23.41
33.35
36.90 36.68 36.87
39.57
42.97
45.17
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
Aug-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 Jun-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Nov-17
MLD

14. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 14
the period of electricity bills and the water lifting do not coincide there is a slight rightward shift in
the electricity consumption curve.
Figure 6: Variation of water lifting and electricity consumption
1.2.4 Unit Costs
The following figure shows the month wise variation of unit cost of electricity and the cost expressed
per unit of production cost.
Figure 7: Unit Cost of Energy & Energy Component of Production Cost
While the cost of electricity purchased varies between Rs 5.73 -7.17/kVAh, energy cost component in
production cost varies between Rs 18.44-72.24 per kL. There is a wide variation in site wise average
energy cost as well as energy cost component of the production cost as shown in the figure below:
Figure 8: Variation in energy cost by Site
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
-
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17
kVAh/d
MLD
MLD kVAh/day
-
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
-
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17
Rs./Litre
Rs./kVAh
Rs,/kVah Rs./kL
6.47 6.28 8.78 6.07 6.09
7.50
6.93
9.73
7.27
6.15
61.00
39.50
41.89
16.71
34.31
-
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
-
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Gumma Giri Ashwani Khad Cherot / Jagroti Chair
Rs./kL
Rs./kWh,
Rs./kVAh
Rs./kVAh Rs./kWh Rs./kL

15. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 15
1.2.5 Specific Energy Consumption based on Historical Data
Site wise summary of baseline specific energy consumption (SEC) determined based on historical
energy consumption and corresponding discharge is as follows.
Table 9: Specific energy consumption baseline
System SEC SEC per unit design head Average
cost
kVAh/m3
kWh/m3
kVAh/m3
/m kWh/m3
/m Rs./KL
Gumma 9.43 8.14 0.0067 0.0058 61.00
Giri 6.28 5.70 0.0049 0.0045 39.50
Ashwani Khad 4.69 4.31 0.0058 0.0053 41.89
Cherot+Jagroti 2.75 2.30 0.0030 0.0025 16.71
Chair 5.63 5.58 0.0064 0.0063 34.31
1.3 Field Measurements
The following field measurements were conducted at each pumping station.
Figure 9: Coverage of field measurement
Key observations from the measured data are discussed below.
1.3.1 Electrical Measurements
Measurements were carried out using a portable power analyzer on the main incomer and the
individual pumps (except for Gumma New Stage-2 where measurement on individual pumps was not
possible). Key observations from the analysis are summarized below.
Table 10: Summary of measured electrical parameters
WTP Measurement
on
Voltage Variation Power Factor THD, %
Min Max Average Electricity
Bill
Voltage Current
Gumma Old Pump-1 -1.5% 12% 0.79 0.81 1.77 1.38
Pump-3 -9% 13% 0.79 0.98 1.31 0.76
Gumma New Stage-1 Pump-2 -4% 12% 0.83 0.81 1.93 1.52
Pump-3 -1% 13% 0.74 0.81 1.70 4.59
Pump-4 -2% 13% 0.74 0.81 1.75 5.08
Gumma New Stage-2 Incomer-1 -6% 8% 0.79 0.94 1.69 2.05
Incomer-2 -6% 8% 0.79 0.94 1.69 2.05
Nauti Khad II Pump-1 -1% 11% 0.92 0.83 2.54 2.54
Pump-2 -13% 12% 0.92 0.83 1.79 1.41
Pump-4 -3% 11% 0.92 0.83 2.28 2.08
Giri Stage-1 Incomer-1 -2% 4% 0.93 0.92 1.35 0.70
Incomer-2 -2% 4% 0.90 0.88 1.33 0.81
Giri Stage-2 Incomer-1 -7% 2% 0.93 0.93 1.35 1.39
Incomer-2 -9% 4% 0.93 0.93 1.35 1.05
Ashwani Khad Stage-1 Incomer -4% 12% 0.79 0.99 1.94 2.56
Ashwani Khad Stage-2 Incomer -4% 12% 0.78 0.79 2.56 4.49
Jagroti Pump-1 11% 4% 0.90 0.91 2.02 3.18
Cherot Pump-1 13% 5% 0.77 0.81 3.05 2.91
Chair Pump-1 -7% 1% 0.90 0.99 1.53 1.68
Voltage variation: The Himachal Pradesh Electricity Supply Code, 2009 prescribes that the Voltage at
the point of supply shall remain with the following limits for high tension supply: +6% to -9%1
. Based
1 Clause 2.1.4 of the Supply Code
Power
measurements at
incomer
Pump efficiency
testing
Power consumption
during start up and
shut down
Leakage evaluation
Observations
regarding O&M
practice

16. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 16
on the measurements, the supply voltage was within the prescribed limits at two sites – Giri and
Chair. It is recommended that this is brought to the notice of HPSEBL.
Load and demand: Multiple pumps were in operation in three sites (Gumma New, Nauti Khad and
Giri. With the exception of Giri Stage-1 and Jagroti, at all other sites, the measured power
consumption is within the contract demand. As per the electricity bills, contract demand violation
charges are being incurred at Nauti Khad- II, Jagroti and Chair. The measured maximum demand
and the contract demand at these sites are as follows:
 Nauti Khad II : Contract Demand – 1,848 kVA & Maximum demand – 1,784 kVA
 Jagroti: Contract Demand – 307 kVA & Maximum demand – 330 kVA
 Chair : Contract Demand – 556 kVA & Maximum demand – 519 kVA
 Giri Stage-1- Incomer-1 : Contract Demand – 1,576 kVA & Maximum demand – 1,658 kVA
Power Factor: At Gumma Old, Gumma New, Ashwani Khad and Cherot, the measured power factor
was below the limit of 0.9, at which PF penalty is incurred. A comparison of the power factor
measured and the PF as per the last available electricity bill is also shown in the table above.
Measured PF is higher at Nauti Khad II and Giri and marginally to significantly lower at the other sites.
Harmonic Distortion: As per the IEEE standard (519-1992), the maximum permissible voltage THD is
5% and the maximum permissible current THD is 9.1%2
. The measured voltage and current
harmonics are within this limit at all sites.
1.3.2 Pump efficiency testing
Pump efficiency testing – simultaneous measurement of pressure, head, flow and power
consumption was done on all operating pumps, to assess efficiency of individual pumps and overall
system efficiency. The key data and measured efficiency are summarized in the table & figure below:
Figure 10: Measured efficiency of pumps
1.3.3 Power consumption during start up
As part of the pump efficiency testing the power consumption during start up, shut down and normal
operation was studied for each operating pump. Power was measured using a portable power
analyzer and recording the start time, valve position at start and pressure reading. Stop time was
recorded at 100% valve opening and the corresponding pressure reading. Power consumption data
2 Application of IEEE STD 519-1992 Harmonic Limits ; TM Blooming, DJ Carnovale
48.3
74.3
48.2
62.6
60.5
63.8 64.5 64.5
62.9
59.5
61.3
43.9
49.5
41.2
67.1
70.0
66.4
60.2
61.4 62.1
67.6
57.4 57.7
55.6 56.3
47.0
50.6
58.6
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Pump-1
Pump-3
Pump-2
Pump-3
Pump-4
Pump-1
Pump-3
Pump-4
Pump-1
Pump-2
Pump-4
Pump-1
Pump-2
Pump-3
Pump-1
Pump-4
Pump-6
Pump-3
Pump-4
Pump-5
Pump-1
Pump-3
Pump-1
Pump-3
Pump-1
Pump-1
Pump-4
Pump-1
Gumma Old Gumma New Stage-1Gumma New Stage-2 Nauti Khad II Giri- Raw Water Giri Stage-1 Giri Stage-2 A Khad Stage-
1
A Khad Stage-
2
Jagroti Cherot Chair
Efficiency,
%

17. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 17
was obtained from the data recorded by the power analyzer. Pump-wise details are included in the
subsequent chapters of this report.
1.3.4 Leakages & Non-Revenue Water
Leakage measurement and establishment of water balance was done for each WTP through
simultaneous measurement of pressure and flow at dispatching and receiving points. While
measurements were done from Craignano to Mashobro, on the Nauti Khad main – and the leakage
was 4.4%. Summary of NRW based on measurements is as follows:
Table 11: Details of leakages identified
From To Leakage Distance Operating Hours Leakage
m3
/h % km Average m3
/km/d
Gumma Old Craignano 5.2 2.9% 3.23 20 32.1
Gumma New (Stage-
1)
Gumma New (Stage-
2)
15.8 2.7% 1.35 20 234.6
Gumma New (Stage
2)
Craignano 8.9 1.5% 1.884 20 24.1
Nauti Khad II Craignano 4.9 2.1% 4.44 20 30.3
Giri Stage-1 Giri Stage-2 22.5 3.0% 5.85 20 77.0
Bekhalti Mashobra 7.4 1.0% 16.5 20 8.9
Ashwani Khad (Stage-1) Ashwani Khad (Stage-2) 56 23.6% 1.95 16 459
Jagroti Cherot 7 5.3% 1.5 12 56
Cherot Dhalli 43 20.9% 0.4 12 1289
Chair Kufri 1 0.9% 2.744 12 4.4
Values above 15 m3
/km/day is considered critical in terms of NRW performance.

18. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 18
Table 12 : Pump Efficiency & Specific Energy Consumption
Design Operating Efficiency Specific energy consumption
Head Discharge Head Discharge Individual Combined Individual Combined Design Individual
(Measured
Head)
Combined
(Measured
Head)
Historical
Data (Design
Head)
m m3/h m m3/h % % kWh/m3 kWh/m3/m
Gumma Old Pump-1 1480 206 1224 145 48.3 - 6.90 - 8.14 0.0056 - 0.0058
Pump-3 1480 206 1326 210 74.3 - 4.86 - 0.0037 -
Gumma New Stage-
1
Pump-2 700 228 663 195 48.2 55.8 3.75 3.24 0.0057 0.0049
Pump-3 700 228 663 201 62.6 2.89 0.0044
Pump-4 700 228 663 190 60.5 2.99 0.0045
Gumma New Stage-
2
Pump-1 700 228 673 194 63.8 63.6 2.87 2.88 0.0043 0.0043
Pump-3 700 228 673 196 64.5 2.85 0.0042
Pump-4 700 228 673 199 64.5 2.80 0.0042
Nauti Khad II Pump-1 1350 132.5 1367 130 62.9 57.8 (P1 &
P4)
5.92 6.81 0.0043 0.0047
Pump-2 1350 132.5 1367 135 59.5 6.96 0.0046
Pump-4 1350 132.5 1367 135 61.3 6.07 0.0044
Giri- Raw Water Pump-1 52 270 43 310 43.9 44 0.27 0.28 5.70 0.0062 0.0062 0.0045
Pump-2 52 270 47 305 49.5 0.26 0.0055
Pump-3 52 270 48 288 41.2 0.32 0.0066
Giri Stage-1 Pump-1 612 250 592 252 67.1 67.8 2.40 2.38 0.0041 0.004
Pump-4 612 250 592 260 70.0 2.30 0.0039
Giri Stage-2 Pump-6 612 250 592 252 66.4 2.43 0.0041
Pump-3 612 250 551 240 60.2 62.1 2.49 2.45 0.0045 0.0045
Pump-4 612 250 551 245 61.4 2.45 0.0044
Pump-5 612 250 550.8 250 62.1 2.42 0.0044
Ashwani Khad
Stage-1
Pump-1 402 225 367 260 67.6 1.48 4.31 0.004 0.0053
Pump-3 407 225 377 220 57.4 1.89 0.0047
Ashwani Khad
Stage-2
Pump-1 407 225 398 212 57.7 1.78 0.0047
Pump-3 407 225 377 218 55.6 1.85 0.0049
Jagroti Pump-1 495 114 398 132 56.3 1.92 2.30 0.0048 0.0025
Cherot Pump-1 414 225 377 202 47.0 2.19 0.0058
Pump-4 414 228 372 210 50.6 2.01 0.0054
Chair Pump-1 950 135 887 111 58.6 4.13 5.59 0.0046 0.0059

19. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 19
1.3.5 Observations on O&M Practice
Site wise observations of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) practice include the following:
 Electrical
 All the motors are operating at almost full load
 Voltage is balanced
 Current un-balance found in a few motors (Gumma, Nauti Khad, Chair &Jagroti)
 Transformer are old and poorly maintained
 Electrical layout is not optimized at Gumma
 Hydraulic
 Valves are 100% open, there is no throttling
 In general all pumps are found to be operating at design head, indicating sound
considerations in hydraulic design of the water treatment plants
 Pumps are operating at about 80-90% of rated flow and head with a few exceptions
–(Old Gumma, Cherot and Chair pumps)
 Measurement and metering
 Electrical readings are not monitored
 Quantities are monitored only at Kasumpti, Craignano & Sanjauli. No records at
Mashobra, Bekhalti
 Historical data cannot help establish water balance  can be done based on flow
 O&M
 Since the pumps are very old, there are constraints in operating a preventive
maintenance program.
 High incidence of motor failure
 Start-up procedure for the pumps is as follows:
 Releasing air by pressure releasing valve
 Partially opening the discharge sluice valve
 Keeping watch on the Ampere meter of the motor while opening the
discharge sluice valve
 After start up, the pump discharge sluice valve is fully opened (after 2-3
minutes) to avoid the quick jerk in the current
 In most of the sites, a number of pumps were under maintenance. Reasons for
maintenance include wear and tear due to age of equipment, poor installation, over
voltage etc.
 Response time from part supplier and O&M contractor is considerably delayed
 Treated water was overflowing and drained at Gumma due to non-availability of
operational pumps
 During the study it was found one of the pump shaft had been broken due to the
miss alignment
1.4 Baseline Parameters
Based on the historical data and the measured data, the site wise baseline conditions are
summarized in the following table:

20. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 20
Table 13: Baseline parameters
Parameter Unit Gumma Giri Ashwani Khad Cherot/ Jagroti Chair
Electricity Consumption kVAh/year 56,570,043 32,011,610 3,305,485 2,851,883 1,948,520
kWh/year 48,794,511 29,033,350 3,022,671 2,386,274 1,928,420
Electricity Bill Lakh Rs/year 3,655.39 2011.75 288.07 172.65 118.66
Discharge Million litres/year 5,859.42 5,093.41 830.27 1,037.44 345.87
MLD 16.39 13.95 2.05 3.08 0.95
Power factor 0.86 0.91 0.91 0.84 0.99
Time of Use
Normal % 40 49 61 52 80
Peak % 17 15 15 19 2
Night time % 43 36 24 29 17
Electricity Bill breakup
Fixed cost % 20 19 46 18 23
Energy charges % 55 59 43 60 71
Peak charges % 19 17 12 22 3
Penalties % 6 5 - 1 4
Unit cost of electricity Rs./kVAh 6.47 6.28 8.78 6.07 6.09
Rs./kWh 7.50 6.93 9.73 7.27 6.15
Production cost on account of energy Rs./kL 61.00 39.50 41.89 16.71 34.31
System Efficiency % OG 48-74, NK-II: 58
NG S-1: 56, S-2: 64
RW: 44,
S-1: 68 S-2: 61
S-1: 57-68
S-2: 56-58
J: 56.3
C: 47-51
58.6
Specific energy consumption
Overall (historical data) kWh/m3 8.14 5.70 4.31 2.30 5.58
Actual (measured data) kWh/m3 2.88-6.90 2.38-2.45 1.48-1.89 1.92-2.19 4.13
Specific energy consumption (head)
Overall (historical data/ design head) kWh/m3/m 0.0058 0.0045 0.0053 0.0025 0.0059
Actual (measured data) kWh/m3/m 0.0037-0.0056 0.0040-0.0045 0.0040-0.0049 0.0048-0.0058 0.0046
Non-revenue water (NRW) % 2 2 24 15 1
m3/km/d 72 27 459 316 2.4
Electricity tariff (Variable Component, Weighted Average) Rs./kVAh 4.62 4.62 4.62 J: 4.99 C: 4.62 4.62
Rs./kWh 4.67 4.67 4.67 J: 5.04 C: 4.67 4.67
Demand charges Rs./kVA/month 400 400 400 50/400 400
Bulk water tariff Rs./kL 25.19

21. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 21
1.5 Recommendations for energy cost reduction & NRW
1.5.1 Electrical Measures
The following three recommendations have been proposed, which will help in reduction of overall
energy cost by 18%.
 Contract demand optimization
 Power factor improvement
 Avoidance of operations during peak hours (Demand Management)
Contract demand optimization: It is recommended to optimize the contract demand for the
following connections. In eight (8) HT connections, reduction of the contract demand is
recommended based on historical data of maximum demand recorded. This will help in saving of
fixed costs, on account of demand charge @ Rs. 400/kVA/month. For three (3) connections, the
maximum demand as per the bills is higher than the contract demand, resulting in levy of contract
demand violation charges. Enhancement of contract demand is recommended for these
connections.
Table 14 : Savings from Contract Demand Optimization
Sl No Connection Contract Demand kVA Saving
Existing Proposed kVA Lakh Rs
1 Gumma Old P3 & P4 4,557.77 1,700.00 2,857.77 123.46
2 Gumma New Pumping Station + Gumma Old P1 & P2 5,868.61 4,200.00 1,668.61 72.08
3 Drabla Pumping Station Gumma New -II Stage 3,133.00 3,000.00 133.00 5.75
4 Nauti Khad II Pumping Station 1,848.00 2,015.86 (167.86) 30.86
5 Ashwani Khad 1st Stage Pumping Station 1,434.00 1,020.00 414.00 17.88
6 Ashwani Khad 2nd Stage Pumping Station 1,470.00 1,020.00 450.00 19.44
7 Ashwani Khad 1st Stage Lighting** 53.00 10.10 42.90 1.80
8 Ashwani Khad 2nd Stage Lighting** 34.00 11.64 22.36 0.91
9 Kasumpti** 458.00 7.48 450.52 2.43
10 Jagroti* 307.00 348.35 (41.35) 0.29
11 Chair 556.00 587.40 (31.40) (1.38)
Total 26,210 20,411.52 5,798.54 273.52
* LT connection – supply at 0..44 kV, demand charges are @ Rs 50/kVA; ** can be converted to an LT connection, in which
case savings will be higher
Implementation of this recommendation will enable reduction of the total contract demand from
26,210 kVA to 20,412 kVA and a monetary saving of Rs 274 Lakhs/year (4.4% of total energy cost).
Revision of contract demand can be done as per Instruction No 18 of the HPERC Sales Manual, and
involves the following:
Figure 11 : Procedure for revision of contract demand
Power Factor Improvement: All the pumping connections have HT connections, and the billing is
based on kVAh, rather than kWh. Further, the tariff structure includes a provision for levy of penalty
if the tariff is lower than 0.9. There is scope for improvement of power factor (PF) for all the
pumping connections. The estimated savings and cost benefit analysis is summarized in the
following table.
Revision of A&A Form
Submit revised form to
HPSEB
Verification and approval

22. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 22
Table 15: Estimated savings from power factor improvement
Sl No Connections PF Savings Investment Payback
kVAh Lakh Rs Lakh Rs Months
1 Gumma Old (P-3&4) 0.98 24,000 1.11 4.09 44
2 Gumma New & Old (P-1&2) 0.83 2,892,165 133.67 99.33 9
3 Gumma New 2nd
stage 0.94 1,183,260 54.69 74.67 16
4 Nauti Khad-II 0.84 2,130,593 98.47 87.67 11
5 Giri Stage 1, Incomer-1 0.92 531,994 24.59 20.97 10
6 Giri Stage 1, Incomer-2 0.88 1,263,513 58.40 40.04 8
7 Giri Stage 2, Incomer-1 0.93 409,030 18.90 20.00 13
8 Giri Stage 2, Incomer-2 0.93 470,222 21.73 18.61 10
9 Ashwani Khad 2nd Stage Pumping Station 0.80 264,371 12.22 25.16 25
10 Jagroti* 0.90 90,171 4.50 5.41 14
11 Cherot 0.81 351,334 16.24 13.00 10
Total 9,610,653 444.53 408.97 11
* LT Connection/Supply at 0.44 kV
The estimated savings from power factor improvement is Rs 445 Lakhs/year, 7.1% of the current
energy spend. The investment estimates are based on installation at automatic power factor
controller (APFC) at all sites. The selection of sites for implementation may in order of attractiveness
i.e. shortest payback period.
Demand Management by Avoidance of operation during peak hours: The premise for this
recommendation are the following;
 With exception of Ashwani Khad, all the water treatment plants (WTP) are designed for
operation of about 16-20 hours. During the measurement and review of log books
maintained on pump operating hours it was revealed that the average operating hours is 20
hours or lesser (Table 8)
 There is sufficient storage capacity within the bulk water supply system viz. 30.6 Million
litres, about 75% of daily demand (Table 2).
 The energy tariff during peak hours [6:30 PM to 10:00 PM] is about 40% higher than the base
tariff. In addition, a peak load additional demand charge of Rs 100 /kVA /month (against the
normal charge of Rs 400/kVA/month) is also payable for energy consumption during peak
hours.
It is therefore recommended to avoid pump operations during the peak hours, which will result in
the following savings:
Table 16 : Estimated savings from avoidance of operations during peak hour
Sl No Connections Peak Consumption Saving Reduction
% Cost Lakh Rs Lakh Rs %
1 Gumma Old P3 & P4 11% 20.43 7.72 38%
2 Gumma New Pumping Station + Gumma Old P1 & P2 14% 207.47 78.39 38%
3 Drabla Pumping Station Gumma New -II Stage 23% 313.18 118.33 38%
4 Nauti Khad II Pumping Station 14% 148.15 55.97 38%
5 Nauti Khad I Pumping Station 17% 5.32 - -
Total Gumma 17% 694.54 260.41
6 Giri 1st Stage Pumping Station-1 15% 78.80 29.94 38%
7 Giri 1st Stage Pumping Station-2 15% 125.99 47.86 38%
8 Giri 2nd Stage Pumping Station-1, Ukhladhar 15% 66.92 25.43 38%
9 Giri 2nd Stage Pumping Station-2, Ukhladhar 15% 75.33 28.62 38%

23. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 23
Sl No Connections Peak Consumption Saving Reduction
% Cost Lakh Rs Lakh Rs %
Total Giri 15% 347.05 131.85
Ashwani Khad 1st Stage Pumping Station 17% 23.47 8.87 38%
Ashwani Khad 2nd Stage Pumping Station 12% 11.78 4.45 38%
Total Ashwani Khad 15% 35.25 13.32
Jagroti Pumping Station* 15% 9.70 3.30 34%
Cherot Pumping Station 20% 28.21 10.66 38%
Total Cherot + Jagroti 19% 37.90 13.96
Chair pumping station 2% 3.15 1.19 38%
Total Chair 3.15 1.19
Total GSWSSC 1,117.89 420.72
* LT Connection/Supply at 0.44 kV
Since this is an operational management measure, no investment is required. The estimated savings
of Rs 421 Lakhs /year is about 6.7% of the annual energy cost of GSWSSC.
For the long term, it is recommended to introduce a demand management program, for which
terms of reference have been developed and included as Annex-1.
1.5.2 Hydraulic Measures
The following recommendations are proposed for improvement of the pumping system operations.
 Replacement of existing pumps with more energy efficient pumps (like-to-like replacement)
 Modification of suction line
 Elimination of leakages
These recommendations will enable a reduction of the energy cost by 14%.
Energy Efficient Pumps: Performance analysis of a total of 28 pumps which were in operation was
carried out during the energy audit, which resulted in establishing the efficiency of individual pumps
as well as system. The efficiency of pumps in order of increasing efficiency is presented below. The
efficiency of the three raw water pumps at Giri range between 40-50%, as compared to 60% efficiency
achievable at their duty point. Out of the remaining 25 pumps, 10 pumps have efficiency less than 60%
and 13 pumps have efficiency between 60-70% against 75% efficiency achievable at their duty point.
A number of pumps have undergone major and minor overhauls. It is therefore recommended to
replace existing inefficient pumps with energy efficient pumps where the replacements are considered
economically viable.
Summary of the above recommendation with the simple payback period of each replacement, is
given. In the computation of savings only the variable component of energy cost (Rs. 4.67 /kWh) has
been considered. The savings amount to 7.4% of the total energy cost of GSWSSC.
Table 17 : Savings from pump replacement
WTP Estimated Savings Investment Payback
kWh/year kVAh/year Lakh Rs Lakh Rs Years
Gumma 5,638,694 5,695,650 263.25 1491.60 5.7
Giri 3,099,635 3,130,944 144.71 1179.72 8.2
Ashwani Khad 418,004 422,226 19.51 316.40 16.2
Cherot and Jagroti 508,932 514,073 23.76 293.80 12.4
Chair 238,624 241,035 11.14 113.00 10.1
Total 9,903,888 10,003,928 462.37 3394.52 7.3

24. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 24
Figure 12: Efficiency of pumps
41.2
43.9
47
48.2 48.3
49.5
50.6
55.6
56.3
57.4
57.7
58.6
59.5
60.2
60.5
61.3 61.4
62.1
62.6
62.9
63.8
64.5 64.5
66.4
67.1
67.6
70
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Pump-3 Pump-1 Pump-1 Pump-2 Pump-1 Pump-2 Pump-4 Pump-3 Pump-1 Pump-3 Pump-1 Pump-1 Pump-2 Pump-3 Pump-4 Pump-4 Pump-4 Pump-5 Pump-3 Pump-1 Pump-1 Pump-3 Pump-4 Pump-6 Pump-1 Pump-1 Pump-4
Giri- Raw
WaterPump-3
Giri- Raw
WaterPump-1
CherotPump-1 Gumma New
Stage-1Pump-2
Gumma
OldPump-1
Giri- Raw
WaterPump-2
CherotPump-4 Ashwani Khad
Stage-2Pump-3
JagrotiPump-1 Ashwani Khad
Stage-1Pump-3
Ashwani Khad
Stage-2Pump-1
ChairPump-1 Nauti Khad II
Pump-2
Giri Stage-
2Pump-3
Gumma New
Stage-1Pump-4
Nauti Khad II
Pump-4
Giri Stage-
2Pump-4
Giri Stage-
2Pump-5
Gumma New
Stage-1Pump-3
Nauti Khad II
Pump-1
Gumma New
Stage-2Pump-1
Gumma New
Stage-2Pump-3
Gumma New
Stage-2Pump-4
Giri Stage-
2Pump-6
Giri Stage-
1Pump-1
Ashwani Khad
Stage-1Pump-1
Giri Stage-
1Pump-4
Efficiency,
%

25. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 25
Considering the overall cost of electricity purchased for each connection as per Table 5 which
includes the fixed costs, the payback scenarios is as follows:
Table 18 : Savings from pump replacement considering overall unit cost
WTP Overall Unit
Cost
Savings Investment Payback
Rs./kWh Lakh Rs Lakh Rs Years
Gumma 7.50 412.82 1491.60 3.6
Giri 6.93 214.78 1179.72 5.5
Ashwani Khad 9.73 41.20 316.40 7.7
Cherot and Jagroti 7.27 36.99 293.80 7.9
Chair 6.15 14.68 113.00 7.7
Total 720.47 3394.52 4.7
Modification of suction line: While the discharge lines are mostly in good condition, the velocity in
most of the suction lines exceed the permissible limit resulting in maintenance issues and higher
losses. This can be attributed to a) the existing pipe diameters are not optimum, and b) vintage of
pipes resulting in cavitation, rusting and corrosion. The following table summarizes the opportunity
for energy saving by modification of the suction pipelines.
Table 19 : Savings from modification of suction pipeline
WTP Estimated Savings Investment Payback
kWh/year kVAh/year Lakh Rs Lakh Rs Years
Gumma 244,112 246,577 49.87 236.00 4.7
Giri 32,550 32,879 56.29 110.02 2.0
Ashwani Khad 114,632 115,790 18.01 31.86 1.8
Cherot and Jagroti (3,365) (3,399) 4.77 14.16 3.0
Chair 63,780 64,425 5.43 14.16 2.6
451,709 456,272 134.37 406.20 3.0
The savings amount to 2.2% of the total energy cost of GSWSSC. It is recommended to replace the
existing suction system with suitably sized systems (details are included in the report).
Elimination of leakages: The total leakages measured in the system (Table 11Error! Reference
source not found.), amounts to about 4.6% of total measured flow. Eliminating the leakages will help
in reduction of NRW and associated energy costs as shown in the table below:
Table 20 : Savings from reduction of NRW
WTP Estimated Savings Investment Payback
kWh/year kVAh/year m3
/year Lakh
Rs
Lakh Rs Years
Gumma 733,372 740,780 164,771 75.74 150.00 2.0
Giri 261,541 264,183 111,175 40.22 59.00 1.5
Ashwani Khad 549,856 555,410 301,087 101.51 89.00 0.9
Cherot and Jagroti 435,965 440,369 209,840 73.21 178.00 2.4
1,980,735 2,000,742 786,873 290.69 476.00 1.6
The savings amount to 4.7% of the total energy cost of GSWSSC. It is recommended to undertake a
detailed assessment of the location of the leakages and repair/replace relevant sections of the
pipeline.

26. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 26
1.5.3 Implementation of Energy & Discharge Monitoring
Along with the implementation of the energy saving projects, it is recommended to implement in all
the WTP’s a system for real time monitoring of energy consumption at each pump and discharge at
various locations, so that information can be made available for pro-active action for management of
energy costs including demand management and maintenance of pumps. A robust system, comprising
energy meters, pressure transmitters and flow meters are recommended to be installed, which can
send data on real time to a network operating centre (NOC). The system can then be integrated with
a SCADA/ PLC based system.
Table 21 : Savings from implementation of metering and monitoring
WTP Estimated Savings Investment Payback
kWh/year kVAh/year Lakh Rs Lakh Rs Years
Gumma 487,945 492,874 22.78 86.11 3.8
Giri 290,334 293,266 13.55 67.26 5.0
Ashwani Khad 29,818 30,119 1.39 26.98 19.4
Cherot and Jagroti 23,820 24,061 1.11 54.38 48.9
Chair 19,454 19,650 0.91 21.29 23.4
851,371 859,971 39.75 256.01 6.4
The savings amount to 0.6% of the total energy cost of GSWSSC. The above estimates are based only
likely energy savings, while there would also be increase in revenue water, benefits of which have
not been quantified.
1.5.4 Re-design and Re-configuration Measures
As an alternative to replacement of the existing pumps with similar, but more energy efficient
pumps, and taking into consideration the changed site conditions, the following energy saving
projects have been proposed:
 Gumma as a Greenfield Project: Design of a new scheme replacing Gumma Old, Gumma
New & Nauti Khad II, as if the existing system does not exist, for a capacity of 20 MLD. A
system comprising two pumps each at two stages has been proposed to operate for 16 hours
per day. The estimated cost of the system is Rs 3,248 Lakhs, with a payback period of a little
over three years. A detailed TOR for this project has been developed, which is included as
Annex-2.
 Reconfiguration of Giri: At present Giri WTP has 6 pumps at each stage out of which 4 are
working and 2 are standby. A proposal to replace the existing pumps with higher capacity
pumps, to replace four working pumps with only two working pumps has been proposed.
The estimated investment is Rs 950 Lakhs and the payback period is 7.6 years. The payback
period is 5.1 years considering the average cost of electricity purchased by Giri (Rs 6.93/kWh
as indicated in Table 5).
 Reconfiguration of Ashwani Khad: Ashwani Khad is operating at a capacity lower than the
initial capacity due to depletion/non-suitability of original sources. New sources have been
identified which can support a capacity of 7 MLD. It is therefore proposed to replace the
existing pumps at both stages with more energy efficient and if feasible, higher capacity
pumps. The estimated investment is Rs 610 Lakhs, with an estimated payback period of 16.3
years. Considering the current average cost of electricity purchase at Rs 9.73/kWh, the
payback period is 7.8 years.
 Reconfiguration of Jagroti and Chair: At present the raw water from Jagroti is lifted to
Cherot and then lifted to Dhalli. Due to an increase in the number of connections in the
region, it is proposed to stop the pumping operations from Cherot to Dhalli and supply water
to the downstream connections by gravity. The estimated investment is Rs 170 Lakhs and the

27. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 27
payback period is 4.5 years. Considering Rs 7.27/kWh as the average cost of energy for
Cherot and Jagroti, the payback period is 2.9 years
The above recommendations are proposed as an alternative to the like-to-like replacement of pumps
proposed under the hydraulic measures. In the case of Gumma, hydraulic study has been carried out,
based on which assessment of civil costs for new rising main has been estimated and included in the
investment. It is also proposed to replace the existing 4 connections for pumping at Gumma with a
single connection (22/11 kV) and associated electrical costs are also included in the investment. For
Giri, Ashwani Khad and Cherot/ Jagroti, the investment components include cost of pumps, cost of
modification of suction lines. Pumps have been selected so that no change in the hydraulic
components are required.
1.5.5 Summary
The above measures are summarized in the following table:

28. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 28
Table 22: Summary of recommendations
S.
No.
Energy Performance Improvement actions Energy Saving Demand
Reductio
n
Revenue
Water
Increase
Annual Cost savings Reven
ue
Increa
se
Annual
Benefit
s
Estimated
Investment
Simple
Payback
Period
Energy Demand
Charge
kWh/y kVAh/y kVA m3/y Rs.
Lakh/y
Rs.
Lakh/y
Rs.
Lakh/y
Rs.
Lakh/y
Rs. Lakh/y y
A Electrical Measures
1 Power factor improvement - 9,610,653 - - 445 - - 445 409 0.9
2 Contract demand optimization - - 5,666 - - 274 - 274 Nil Immediate
3 Avoidance of operation during peak hours - - - - 420.72 - - 421 Nil Immediate
Sub Total Electrical measures - 9,610,653 5,666 - 865 274 - 1,139 409 0.4
B Hydraulic Measures
4a Replace existing pumps with energy efficient pumps 9,226,283 9,366,148 - - 431 - - 430 3,300 7.7
4b Replace raw water pumps at Giri 683,061 689,961 - - 32 - - 32 95 3.0
5 Modification of suction pipeline 451,709 456,272 - 439,968 21 - 113 134 406 3.0
6 Leakage arresting and reduction of NRW 1,980,735 2,000,742 - 786,873 92 - 198 291 476 1.6
Sub Total Hydraulic Measures 12,341,788 12,513,122 - 1,226,840 576 - 311 887 4,277 4.8
C Metering and Monitoring
8 Implementation of information system for metering,
monitoring of energy, water flow & pressure
851,371 859,971 - - 40 - - 40 256 6.4
D Redesign Measures
9 Gumma as a greenfield project 7,607,182 7,684,022 6,972 1,317,650 355 335 332 1,022 3,248 3.2
10 Replacement of existing pumps of Giri WTP with energy
efficient pumps (2 Working + 1 Stand by)
2,686,220 2,659,357 - - 125 - - 125 949 7.6
11 Replacement of existing pumps of Ashwani Khad with
energy efficient pumps (2 Working + 1 Stand by)
802,769 810,878 - - 37 - - 37 610 16.3
12 Stop pumping from Cherot to Dhali WTP and supply water
from Cherot WTP to local connections by gravity
810,964 819,156 - - 38 - - 38 170 4.5
Total A + B + C 13,193,159 22,983,746 5,666 1,226,840 1,481 274 311 2,066 4,942 2.4
Total D 11,907,135 11,973,413 6,972 1,317,650 556 335 332 1,222 4,976 4.1

29. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 29
1.5.6 Impact
On an overall basis, the recommendations will help in reducing the energy consumption (kVAh) by 24%,
energy cost by 28% and increase revenue by at least 9%.
Impact on Quantities Monetary Impact
Figure 13 : Impact
The estimated monetary savings for each water treatment plant is on an average 24%.
Impact on Electricity Bill Percentage Savings
Figure 14 : Savings in each WTP
96,909,935
73,926,189
36
39
-
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
AS IS TO BE kVAh/y
MLD
Energy Consumption Discharge
6,247
3,317
4,492
3,628
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Energy Cost Revenue increase
Lakh
Rs AS IS TO BE
3,655
2,012
288
173 119
2,775
1,584
210
93 102
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
Gumma Giri Ashwani
Khad
Cherot and
Jagroti
Chair
Lakh
Rs
AS IS TO BE
24%
21%
27%
46%
14%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
%
Saving %

30. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 30
The breakup of the total estimated savings of Rs 2066 Lakhs per year and the investment of Rs 4942
Lakhs is as follows:
Benefits by WTP Investment by WTP
Benefits by type of intervention Investment by type of intervention
Figure 15 : Break up of Benefits
Gumma
58%
Giri
25%
Ashwani Khad
10%
Cherot and
Jagroti
6%
Chair
1%
Gumma
45%
Giri
31%
Ashwani
Khad
10%
Cherot and
Jagroti
11%
Chair
3%
Power Factor
Improvement
22%
Contract
Demand
Reduction
13%
Avoiding
peak hour
operation
20%
Energy
efficient
pumps
22%
Suction line
modification
7%
NRW
reduction
14%
Metering and
Monitoring
2%
Power
Factor
Improveme
nt
8%
Energy
efficient
pumps
69%
Suction line
modificatio
n
8%
NRW
reduction
10%
Metering
and
Monitoring
5%

31. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 31
2. Renewable Energy - Overview of Findings & Recommendations
2.1 Scope of renewable energy assessment
In addition to energy and water audit, the terms of reference also envisaged preliminary feasibility analysis
of renewable energy potential viz. hydro power from treated waste water, use of sludge or biogas
generation and roof top PV implementation in the following sewage treatment plants. The roof top solar
PV potential assessments were also required to be carried out for the water treatment plants.
The sewage treatment plants studied under this assignment were as follows.
Table 23: Sewage Treatment Plant
S. No. Name/ Location Design (MLD) Average Operating (MLD) Maximum Operating (MLD)
1. Malyana 4.44 2.48 8.14
2. Lalpani 19.35 3.36 6.78
3. Summer Hill 3.93 0.19 0.253
4. North Disposal 5.8 1.1 1.98
5. Snowdown 1.35 0.204 0.422
6. Dhalli 0.76 0.633 1.932
Total 35.63 7.958 19.50
2.2 Hydro Power Potential Assessment
Based on the site assessments, hydro power potential assessment was conducted for four out of the six
STPs (excluding Snowdown and Summerhill, which were due to low head available and low discharge
volumes). The site wise capacity ranged from 3-12 kW, as shown in the table below. This can meet part
of the power demand in the STP’s. However, the payback period and the levelized cost of energy
generation (LCOE) were found to be very high and this option is not found to be viable for
implementation.
Table 24: Hydro Potential Assessment
STP Treated water quantity Gross
Head
Net
Head
Estimated
Power
Generation
Potential
Estimated
Investment
(Net of
Subsidy)
Payback
period
LCOE
MLD
(Maximum)
MLD
(Average)
m m kW Lakh Rs. Years Rs./kWh
Malyana 8.14 2.48 69 62 12.0 41 18.75 13.96
Lalpani 6.78 3.36 49 44 12.0 41 18.75 13.96
North Disposal 1.98 1.10 34 30 3.0 20.25 37.04 24.62
Dhalli 1.932 0.633 165 155 8.0 30 20.58 15.02
2.3 Sludge to Biogas – Power Assessment
The feasibility of using treated sludge for biogas generation was assessed at all STPs. At Snowdown and
Summer Hill, due to low quantity of discharge volumes handled, the potential for biogas generation is
very small (7 kW and 12 kW respectively). Since biogas engines of this capacity are not easily available,
these two sites have been excluded from the assessment. The potential assessed ranges between 50-200
kW as shown in the table below. This is far more than the requirement of the STP and therefore there is
a need to export surplus power that can be generated. HIMURJA, the state agency for renewable energy

32. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 32
development, has policies outlined for purchase of power from hydro and rooftop PV only. Assuming that
power evacuation will be possible, the payback period and LCOE are shown in the table below. The LCOE
is lower than the current purchase price of electricity by the STPs. Therefore, if there is a policy to support
such projects, these can be considered for investment
Table 25: Sludge to power Potential Assessment
STP Treated water quantity Estimated Power
Generation
Potential
Estimated
Investment
(Net of
Subsidy)
Payback
period
LCOE
MLD
(Maximum)
MLD
(Average)
kW Lakh Rs. Years Rs./kWh
Malyana 8.14 2.48 222 197 2.81 3.22
Lalpani 6.78 3.36 185 164 2.81 3.23
North Disposal 1.98 1.10 54 48 2.81 3.62
Dhalli 1.932 0.633 53 47 2.83 3.40
2.4 Solar PV assessment
Details of solar PV potential assessed at various locations of the STP and WTPs are summarized in the
table below. In general the levelized cost of energy is higher than the current cost of power purchased
by the facilities.
Table 26 : Solar PV Potential
S. No. Area Potential Investment LCOE Payback
kW Lakh Rs Rs./kWh years
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
Malyana
1 Admin building (Rooftop) 5.0 10.79 27.70 39.09
2 Main panel room (Rooftop) 5.0 10.79 29.26 41.29
3 Sludge bed tanks 185.0 126.57 10.47 11.92
Malyana Cumulative→ 195.0 148.15 11.33 13.28
Lalpani
4 Administrative building 13.0 26.97 29.03 40.91
5 MEP building 6.0 12.95 21.50 37.68
6 Substation building 29.0 64.73 35.69 45.64
Lalpani Cumulative→ 48.0 104.65 31.86 43.22
Summer Hill
7 Main panel room cum admin bldg 8.0 17.26 37.00 52.21
8 Filter press room 6.0 12.95 28.21 39.81
9 Area on left side of aeration tank 5A 23.0 17.11 10.99 14.20
10 Area in front of Admin building and after 5A tank 31.0 21.21 7.92 11.96
11 Area between 5A and clarifier upper side 7.0 15.10 25.74 34.38
12 Area between 5A and clarifier lower side 8.0 17.26 6.21 37.87
Summer Hill Cumulative→ 83.0 100.89 15.24 22.27
North Disposal
13 Main Panel control room 6.0 12.95 35.79 50.51
14 Filter Press Building 9.0 19.42 53.58 71.35
North Disposal Cumulative→ 15.0 32.26 44.95 61.24
Snowdown

33. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 33
15 Filter Press Building 6.0 12.95 35.01 51.34
Snowdown Cumulative→ 6.0 12.95 35.01 51.34
Dhalli
16 Main panel room cum admin bldg 5.0 10.79 27.53 38.85
17 Filter Press Room 3.0 6.47 33.95 47.91
18 Shed of inlet chamber 4.0 9.71 36.70 48.54
19 Shed of diffuser 1.0 2.16 42.74 32.36
Dhalli Cumulative→ 13.0 29.13 33.00 42.87
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Gumma
1 Old Gumma Filter Plant 44.0 30.10 9.28 12.19
2 New Gumma (Stage I) Filter Plant 21.0 14.37 9.38 12.32
3 Nauti Khad Pump House 38.0 25.99 10.54 13.19
4 Nauti Khad Filter Plant 27.0 18.47 9.58 13.78
Gumma Cumulative→ 130.0 88.93 9.71 12.80
Drabla
5 Pump House 38.0 25.99 11.62 15.80
Ashwani Khad Stage II Cumulative→ 38.0 25.99 11.62 15.80
Giri Stage-I
6 Pump house 35.0 23.95 10.04 13.19
7 Panel room 19.0 13.00 9.99 13.11
8 Raw water panel room 6.0 12.95 35.61 37.82
9 Staff Quarters-1 9.0 19.42 33.68 54.83
10 Staff Quarters-2 6.0 12.95 48.44 51.17
11 Water Treatment Plant (Filter House) 80.0 54.73 84.73 13.38
Giri Stage I Cumulative→ 155.0 137 20.62 17.46
Giri Stage-II
12 Pump House 35.0 23.95 10.04 13.17
13 Electrical control room (HPSEB) 19.0 13.00 9.16 13.99
Giri Stage II Cumulative→ 54.0 36.95 9.74 13.45
Ashwani Khad Stage I
14 Pump house 21.0 14.37 10.33 13.56
15 Filter House 32.0 21.89 11.00 13.66
Ashwani Khad Stage I Cumulative→ 53.0 36.26 10.73 13.62
Ashwani Khad Stage II
16 Pump house 21.0 14.37 9.97 13.56
Ashwani Khad Stage II Cumulative→ 21.0 14.37 9.97 13.56
Chair
17 Pump house 29.0 19.84 10.23 13.43
18 Filter House 17.0 11.63 9.16 13.64
Chair Cumulative→ 46.0 31.47 9.84 13.50
Jagroti
19 Pump House 8.0 17.26 32.52 45.90
20 Electrical control room (HPSEB) 19.0 13.00 9.98 13.10
21 Staff Quarters-1 12.0 8.21 15.50 14.55
22 Staff Quarters-2 12.0 8.21 13.40 14.55
Jagroti Cumulative→ 51.0 46.68 15.40 18.70

34. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 34
2.5 Other alternatives for sludge valorization
Sludge disposal is major concern for municipalities all over the world. Also, the transportation of sludge
depends on moisture content. Higher the moisture, more difficult and it becomes to transport. The
environmental impact of disposal of final sludge are3
:
 Water pollution – change in water quality, change in concentration of contaminants (toxic
compounds and pathogens), bio-indicator species of environment quality
 Air pollution – presence of gases and toxic substance, presence of particulates, odours
 Soil pollution- Changes in physical, chemical and biological soil properties, concentration of
contaminants (toxic compounds and pathogens)
 Transmission of diseases- pathogen density in soil, vectors attractiveness on application site
(rodents and insects), pathogenic organisms and toxic compounds concentration in crops
 Food chain contamination – concentration of contaminants in water, soil and crops, disturbances
in wildlife communities, bio-indicator species
 Aesthetic and social problems- acceptability in disposal area neighborhood, consumers and
produces acceptability of goods from sludge amended areas, property value depreciation near
sludge disposal sites
Conversion of sludge to biogas is well established technique and has been commercialized. The biogas
produced from sludge is not only used to produce electricity but can also be used as fuel for vehicles or
for heating purposes such as cooking. However, this requires additional skills, space requirements etc. In
hilly & cold climates further complexities arise in implementation. Therefore, as an alternative to biogas
generation, GSWSSC requested that options for sludge valorization are explored. Sludge is being used as
an additional fuel in combustion based plants and cement kilns.
GCV and proximate analysis of the sludge samples from Malyana plant were conducted. Two samples
were collected on 23rd
November 2017, one for each Dry and Wet sludge. As per the results received,
the GCV of dry sludge was 2,771 kCal/kg (with ash content of 26.15%) and for wet sample for 2,690
kCal/kg. This is comparable to the GCV of biomass fuels. Therefore, the use of the sludge to substitute
part of fossil fuel requirements appear feasible. However further action recommended are
a) Testing of multiple samples as per prescribed standards
b) Study of logistics in transporting sludge in wet and dry form and associated costs
3
Biological Wastewater Treatment Series, Volume 6: Sludge Treatment and Disposal, Andreoli et al, 2007 (IWA
Publishing)

35. Developed By: World Bank Team
Energy Audit Conducted By: DESL 35
3. List of Annexes
Annex-1 : Terms of Reference – Management of Energy and Bulk Water Supply of Shimla Water
Distribution System
Annex-2 : Build, Operate and Transfer of proposed new scheme – Gumma to Craignano - Shimla Water
Distribution System