satellites used for purpose of earth observation is dscissed

1. Meteorological Application
Of Satellites
Pothina Surya Rao
Rutuja Anandgaonkar
Saranya VS
Department of Space Engineering and Rocketry
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MESRA : RANCHI

2. Flooding events across Europe in August 2002 cost in the
region of €20 billion;
20,000 people died as a result of the summer heat wave in
Europe in 2003;
In summer 2004 annual monsoons left 5 million homeless and
more than 1,800 dead in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh;
An unusual number a major hurricanes struck the US between
August and September in 2004 and 2005 killing a large number
of people and causing $bns of damage.
The Need of Forecasting Severe Weather
Meteorological weather balloons, Sounding Rockets and satellites
are mainly used to Evaluate large scale weather forecasting..

3. Sounding Balloon Meteorology
Picture taken at approximately 30 km
above Oregon, Portland using a 1,500 gram
weather balloon
Rawinsonde weather balloon just after
launch. Notice a parachute in the center of
the string and a small instrument box at the
end. After release it measures many
parameters. These include
temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and
wind speed and wind direction. This
information is transmitted back to surface
observers

4. Sounding Rocket Meteorology
A sounding rocket, sometimes called a research rocket, is an
instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and
perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight.
 The rockets are used to carry instruments from 50 to 1,500
kilometers (31 to 932 mi)[ above the surface of the Earth.
Its altitude generally lies between weather balloons and satellites
the maximum altitude for balloons is about 40 kilometers (25 mi)
and the minimum for satellites is approximately 120 kilometers
(75 mi)

5. Satellite Meteorology
Heat wave and forest fire Hurricane Track Forecasting
Detection of storms …

6. History Of Meteorological Satellites
Year Item Country
1960
1966
1970
1975
1977
1982
1994
1997
First meteorological satellite TIROS
1 launched
First geostationary meteorological
satellite ATS-1 launched
NOAA series launched
GOES launched
GMS and METEOSAT launched
INSAT launched
GOMS launched
FY- II launched
USA
USA
USA
USA
Japan, Europe
India
Russia
China

7. NASA satellites GOES East and GOES West
Hurricane Joaquin
providing data on rainfall, heat levels,
& cloud height.
Atlantic ocean , Cuba coast

9. Television & Infra - Red
Observation Satellite
 TIROS 1 launched on April 1, 1960,
was intended as a scientific
experiment and was very simple.
 Its observation instruments consisted
only of two television- type cameras,
together with tape recorders and radio
equipment.
 Within a short time of its going into
orbit, TIROS 1 began transmitting
pictures that showed clearly a variety
of cloud formations and patterns.
Image Of The TIROS 1

10. First TV Picture From TIROS 1
Earth From TIROS 1

11. Satellites
Satellite Launch Date Failure/Deactivated
TIROS-1 April 1, 1960 June 15, 1960
TIROS-2 November 23, 1960 January 22, 1961
TIROS-3 July 12, 1961 February 28, 1962
TIROS-4 February 8, 1962 June 30, 1962
TIROS-5 June 19, 1962 May 13, 1963
TIROS-6 September 18, 1962 October 21, 1963
TIROS-7 June 19, 963 June 3, 1968
TIROS-8 December 21, 1963 July 1, 1967
TIROS-9 January 22, 1965 February 15, 1967
TIROS-10 July 2, 1965 July 31, 1966
 As of June 2009, all TIROS satellites launched between 1960 and 1965 (with
the exception of TIROS7) were still in orbit.

12. Structure
 The first eight TIROS, launched between April 1, 1960 and December 21, 1963, are similar
in general design.
 They have a drum like shape, 42 inches in diameter and 19 to 20 inches high, and weigh
about 270 pounds.
 The top sides are covered with solar cells to generate electricity for the cameras and radio
transmitters.
 The orbital period of the orbit of TIROS is close to 100 minutes, and so during each day,
i.e., 1440 minutes, the satellite makes roughly 14 orbits.
 All the TIROS satellites have carried two small vidicon – type cameras, one at least having
a wide field of view 450 to 750 miles.
 In addition to the cameras, several of the later TIROS spacecraft were equipped with
radiometers or radiation sensors

14. Operation
 Operation of the cameras on the TIROS spacecraft is controlled from
3 command and data acquisition centres in U.S.A.
 During each pass of the TIROS within communication range of one
of the CDA stations, instructions can be transmitted, at 30 second
intervals, of up to 32 photographs of a remote location.
 The pictures are stored on magnetic tape and are read out upon
command the next time the satellite is within 1500 miles or less of a
CDA station
 The transmission period for 32 pictures is about 3 minutes

15. TIROS-N/NOAA
The TIROS-N/NOAA Program was NASA's next step in improving
the operational capability of the TIROS system.
 The TIROS-N/NOAA satellite series carried the Advanced Very High
Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR).
 The satellite also carried an atmospheric sounding system and a solar
proton monitor.
 This satellite carried a data collection platform used to receive,
process and store information from free floating balloons and buoys
worldwide.

16. An Image Of The TIROS – N/NOAA

17. The objective of the series is to provide high resolution, day and
night quantitative environmental data on local and global scales.
 The spacecraft was rectangular shaped (146" long by 74" high)
with one large solar panel attached.
The satellite was Earth oriented, three-axis stabilized and
weighed 1594 pounds.
 TIROS-N was placed in a near circular, (470nm) polar orbit. The
craft provided high-resolution scanned images, vertical
temperature and moisture profiles to both operational
meteorologists and private interests.
Structure

18. AN HRPT IMAGE FROM A NOAA SATELLITE

22. NIMBUS Satellites
There are certain limitations of the Tiros satellites, like:
 The orbital inclination was at 580, the earth coverage is limited.
 The Tiros satellites are spin stabilised, so that they are oriented
with reference to inertial space.
 The spin axis as a result of magnetic and gravitational effects
caused the observed area to shift between the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres of the globe.
To overcome these limitations the next generation satellites the
NIMBUS satellites are designed.
Why NIMBUS Satellites Designed??

23. How It Differs From TIROS Satellite
NIMBUS Satellite TIROS Satellite
Nimbus is Earth-oriented, so that its
television cameras and radiometers always
point directly to Earth.
Tiros is inertial space oriented and not
always point towards the earth.
The nimbus satellite orbits are nominally
circular at an altitude of about 500 to 700
miles.
The Tiros satellite orbits are nominally
Elliptical at an altitude of about 400 to 470
miles.
The angle of inclination of the nimbus orbits
to the equator is 80 degree; are almost polar,
the expected Earth coverage is from 800 N to
800S latitude.
The orbital inclination was at 580 at most,
the earth coverage is limited.
The orbital periods of Nimbus satellite is
about 105 minutes and there are slightly 14
orbits per day.
The orbital periods of Tiros satellite is close
to 100 minutes and it makes 14 orbits per
day.

24. Design Structure of Nimbus Satellite
 The NIMBUS instrumentation and
associated equipment like television
cameras, radiometers and transmitters
are carried in an annular ring called
sensory ring which is always directed
towards the earth, which is at the lower
end of the space craft.
 The hexagonal housing, above the
sensory ring, containing the attitude
stabilization and control system.

25. •
 The two panels covered with 10500
solar cells (on each side of central
housing) can rotate about a shaft and
a Sun sensor located on this shaft
keeps the two panels always facing
the sun.
 The total height of the nimbus
satellite is about 10 feet and its
weight is 830 pounds.
Design Structure of Nimbus Satellite

26. NIMBUS Series and Their Missions Duration
Spacecraft Launch Date End of Operation
NIMBUS - 1 Aug. 28, 1964 1964
NIMBUS - 2 May 15, 1966 Jan. 17, 1969
NIMBUS - 3 April 14, 1969 Jan. 23, 1972
NIMBUS - 4 April 8, 1970 Sept. 30, 1980
NIMBUS - 5 Dec. 11, 1972 1973
NIMBUS - 6 June 12, 1975 1983
NIMBUS - 7 Oct. 24, 1978 1995

27. NIMBUS – 7 Satellite
 Orbit: Sun-Synchronous polar orbit
 Apogee: 954 km
 Perigee: 941 km
 Orbital inclination: 99.150
 Orbital period: 104.16 minutes

28. Mission Status of NIMBUS - 7
 The NIMBUS-7 spacecraft was
turned off in 1995 after more
than 16 years of service, was
regarded as the single most
significant source of experimental
data from Earth’s orbit relating
to atmospheric and oceanic
processes.
 Nimbus observations on these
globes show ozone concentrations
(blue areas) over Antarctica in
selected Octobers from 1979-85
began to drop.

29. Nimbus Program Key Achievements
 NIMBUS paved the way for future earth observing systems such
as Aqua, Terra, Aura, Landsat, and many more.
 First to provide daylight and night-time pictures of intense
hurricane clouds viewed from space, which initiated the use of
satellite technology to provide hurricane warnings.
 First to measure ozone columns and profiles from space, which led
to confirmation of the ozone hole.
 First to provide global, direct observations of the amount of solar
radiations entering and existing Earth’s system.

30.  Demonstrated the first technology that allowed satellites to track
movements of people, animals and items on the Earth. This paved
a way for GPS technology.
 First capability to globally measure the temperature in a planetary
atmosphere quantitatively and qualitatively from space. This
paved the way for instruments on NASA’s Voyager, Cassini, etc...
 First to provide snow depth and snow accumulation rates over
Arctic and Antarctica. This paved a way for other NASA
satellites such as Terra and Aqua.
 First solar panels on a satellite that track the Sun during the
daylight portion of an orbit.
Nimbus Program Key Achievements cont..

31. Geostationary Operational
Environmental Satellite (GOES)
The GOES supports weather
forecasting, severe storm tracking and
metrological research.
Designed to operate in geostationary
orbit 35,790 km (22,240 statute miles)
above the earth, the advanced GOES
I–M spacecraft continuously view
the continental United States, the
Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans, Central, South America and
southern Canada.Launch Of The GEOS- N Satellite

32.  The three-axis, body-stabilized spacecraft
design enables the sensors to "stare" at
the earth and thus more frequently
image clouds, monitor earth's surface
temperature and water vapour fields.
 GOES spacecraft also provide a platform for
the Solar X-Ray Imager (SXI), and space
environment monitoring (SEM) instruments.
 The SEM measures in situ the effect of the sun
on the near-earth solar-terrestrial
electromagnetic environment, providing real-
time data to the Space Environment Services
Centre (SESC).
 The SXI provides high-cadence monitoring of
large scale solar structures to supports SESC's
monitoring mission.
Operation

33. Observations
Visible Light Image Water Vapour Image

34.  Four GOES satellites are currently available for operational use:
 GOES-12 is designated GOES-South, currently located at 60°W .
 GOES 13 is designated GOES-East, currently located at 75°W. It
was placed in orbit on 24 May 2006, underwent Post-Launch Testing
through early 2007, then replaced GOES 12 as GOES-East.
 GOES 14 is currently in storage at 90°W. It was launched on 27 June
2009, underwent Post-Launch Testing until December 2009 and then
was placed in on-orbit storage at 105° W.
 GOES 15 was launched on 4 March 2010 and is designated GOES-
West, currently located at 135°W over the Pacific Ocean.
Current Status

35. Meteorological Satellites Of India
India Meteorological Department (IMD) is the primary user of
meteorological payload on INSAT satellites
At present, KALPANA-1, INSAT-3A and INSAT-3D
satellites are supporting the meteorological imaging and data
collections.
The monitoring of cyclone intensity, its location, and various
other weather systems such as fog, thunderstorms, Western
disturbances and Norwesters, etc., are done by Satellite images
and data

36. Indian National Satellite (INSAT)
INSAT is a series of multi-purpose geo-stationary satellites
launched by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) to satisfy
the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search and
rescue operations.
These satellites have the Very High resolution Radiometer
(VHRR), CCD Cameras for metrological imaging.
INSAT is the joint venture of the Department of Space,
Department of Telecommunications, India Meteorological
Department, All India Radio and Doordarshan.
INSAT is the largest domestic communication system in Asia
Pacific Region.

37. INSAT System
 INSAT system ushered in a
revolution in India’s television
and radio broadcasting,
telecommunications and
metrological sectors.
 The first successfully launched
INSAT is INSAT-1B in august
1983.
 These satellites are monitored
and master control facilities that
exist in Hassan and Bhopal.
INSAT-1B

38. Satellites in Service
 Of the 24 satellites launched by India in the course of INSAT program,
10 satellites are still in operation.
 The signals broadcasting from the ground to satellite is called Up-
linking and reverse is called Down-linking.
Downlink Frequency (GHz) Up-link Frequency (GHz)
S Band 2.555 to 2.635 5.885 to 5.935
Extended C Band
(Lower)
3.4 to 3.7 5.725 to 5.925
C Band 3.7 to 4.2 5.925 to 6.425
Extended C Band
(Upper)
4.5 to 4.8 6.425 to 7.075
Ku Band 18.3 to 22.20 27.0 to 31.00

39. INSAT – 2E INSAT - 3A
Launched in April 1999,
positioned at 83 degree east
longitude. It carries payloads
include 17 C-Band and lower
extended C-Band
transponders.
Some of them are:
Launched in April 2003,
positioned at 93.5 degree east
longitude. It carries payloads
include 12 C-Band transponders,
6 lower extended C-Band
transponders and 6 Ku
transponders.
Satellites in Service (Cont..)

40. INSAT – 3D
Launched in Jan. 2002, positioned
at 74 degree east longitude. It
carries payloads include 24 normal
C-band transponders, 6 extended
C-Band transponders and 2 S-
band transponders.
Launched in July 2013,
positioned at 82 degree east
longitude. It carries payloads
include imager, sounder, data
relay transponder and research
and rescue transponder.
INSAT – 3C

41. INSAT – 3E
Launched in Sept. 2003,
positioned at 55 degree east
longitude. It carries payloads
include 24 normal C-band
transponders and12 extended C-
Band transponders.
It is an exclusive meteorological
satellite launched by PSLV in
Sept. 2002. It carries VHRR and
DRT payloads to provide
meteorological services. It is
located at 74 degree East
longitude.
KALPANA – 1

42. Kalpana-1
 MetSat-1 is ISRO's first dedicated GEO Weather satellite project
built by ISRO
 Feb.6,2003, the MetSat-1 satellite of ISRO was renamed to
Kalpana-1
 meteorological services had been combined with telecommunication
and television services in the INSAT series

43. infrared image of cyclone Phet from
satellite kalpana -1

44. Kalpana-1
 The MetSat-1 spacecraft was launched into GEO on Sept. 12, 2002 with
ISRO's PSLV -C4 (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) from the "Satish
Dhawan Space Center, SHAR," India (initial GTO of ~ 220 km x 34,500
km with 17.67o inclination).
 The Kalpana-1/MetSat-1 spacecraft and its payload are operating
nominally in 2015 (in its 13th year on orbit developed by ISAC (ISRO
Satellite Center
 The spacecraft has a launch mass of 1055 kg including 560 kg of
propellant (495 kg S/C dry mass). MetSat-1 has a design life of 7 years
with an operational goal of 10 years.
 The propulsion system employed is a unified bi-propellant with mono-
methyl hydrazine (MMH) as fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON3)
as oxidize
 Very high resolution radiometer (VHRR2) and date relay transponder
(DRT) is used to transfer the data.

45. Meteorological Sounding Rockets
 sounding rockets are used to test instruments used on satellites and
spacecraft and to provide information about the Sun, stars, galaxies
and Earth's atmosphere and radiation.
After a thrust phase, they generally have a ballistic flight phase
before touching or splashing down
Sounding rockets are much appreciated too for numerous training
and educational programmes linked to space sciences

46. payload Rocket motor

48. Sounding Rocket And Vapour Tracers
In addition to gathering measurements using
instruments, another standard sounding rocket
experiment used by scientists involves the creation of
visible trails and “clouds” through the release of vapors
that either glow on their own (i.e., luminescence) or
scatter sunlight.
Scientists monitor and take pictures of the subsequent
trails and clouds for extended time periods in order to
learn how the upper atmosphere and/or the ionosphere
moves and evolves.
Commonly used vapors that are released in space are:
Tri-methyl aluminum (TMA)
Lithium
Barium.

50. Luminous vapor trail of
tri-methyl aluminum (TMA)
 Tri-methyl aluminum reacts with
oxygen and produces chemi-
luminescence when exposed to
the atmosphere.
 The products of the reaction are
aluminum oxide, carbon dioxide,
and water vapor, which also
occur naturally in the
atmosphere.
 reveals neutral winds, shears,
gravity waves, and instabilities
in the lower ionosphere at night
at altitudes of 100 miles (160
kilometers) or less.

51.  Barium is used to study the motion of both ions and neutrals
in space.
 A fraction of a barium cloud ionizes quickly when exposed to
sunlight and has a purple-red color.
 Its motions can be used to track the motion of the charged
particles in the ionosphere.
 The remainder of the barium release is neutral, having a
different color, and can be used to track the motion of the
neutral particles in the upper atmosphere.
 A small quantity of strontium or lithium is sometimes added
to the barium mixture to enhance the neutral barium
emissions, making it easier to track the neutral cloud.
.
Barium trail

52.  Lithium vapor is also used to study
neutral winds in the upper
atmosphere.
 Lithium gas has an unusually bright
narrow-band emission at 670.7
nanometers, a wavelength in the
infrared range, which enables it to be
visible in the daytime with cameras
with infrared filters.
 Lithium is the only vapor that can be
imaged during the day and is also one
of the few vapors that can be used at
high altitudes (> 124 miles or 200
kilometers) at night. At night, its
color is bright red
Lithium Trail

53.  Sounding rockets are advantageous for some research because of
their low cost, short lead time (sometimes less than six
months) and their ability to conduct research in areas
inaccessible to either balloons or satellites.
 They are also used as test beds for equipment that will be used
in more expensive and risky orbital spaceflight missions.
 The smaller size of a sounding rocket also makes launching from
temporary sites possible allowing for field studies at remote
locations, even in the middle of the ocean, if fired from a ship
Advantages of sounding rockets

54. Conclusion
 An exhaustive study on the various meteorological satellites and its
applications has been presented.
 TIROS, GOES and NOAA were the pioneering satellites in this field
and were a ground breaking innovation.
 It was then shown that the nimbus satellite was more favourable and
advanced than the TIROS and the NOAA.
 The meteorological satellite used by India – KALPANA 1 help get
India on the map.
 Sounding rockets are the most useful at affordable use of resources and
are a perfect example of reusable rockets which is the need of the
current space endeavours.

55. References
Mc.Quain,R.: Significant Achievements in Space
applications 1966 by Scientific and technical division ,
NASA , 1967. vol.4 ,pp. 66 – 75.
Glasstone,S.: Sourcebook on the space science., by Nostrand
company. Vol.5, pp. 240-261
directory.eoportal.org
www.isro.gov.in
www.nasa.gov
science.nasa.gov
Scatmag.com, Tech Articles

56. Thank You!!..