Ch4

Automatic processing and action slips

[object Object],[object Object],Automatic Processing

Feature of automatic processing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Stroop effect ,[object Object]

Shiffrin and Schneider’s theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Evaluation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Norman and shallice’s theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The instance theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The future challenge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

生活中的例子 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

研究 action slips 的方法 ,[object Object],[object Object]

日記法 (Diary studies) ,[object Object]

Reason (1979) 的研究 ,[object Object]

結果 ,[object Object],種類 (categories) 特性百分比 (%) Storage failures Actions are forgotten or recalled incorrectly 40% Test failures A failure to monitor intended sequences and cause switch to another action 20% Sub-routine failures Errors involve addition, omission of one stage in a sequence 18% Discrimination failures Failures to discriminate between two objects 11% Programme assembly failures Inappropriate combination of actions 5%

日記法的問題 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

實驗室法 (Laboratory studies) ,[object Object]

Reason (1992) 的實驗 ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

Reason’s theory ,[object Object],Automatic mode Open loop: An action is initiated but then is left to continue without feedback or supervision. Conscious controlled mode Closed loop: An action is started and then monitored. It has constant feedback.

Reason’s theory Open loop (Automatic mode) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Closed loop (Conscious controlled mode) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

探討 Reason 的理論 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Sellen and Norman’s theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Schemas The highest level Lower-level schemas Parent schemas Child schemas Concerned with overall intentions Correspond to individual actions needed to accomplish parent schemas 泡咖啡把水壺打開 , 把咖啡放到茶杯裡 ..

Activation level of schemas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Action slips 的發生 ,[object Object],[object Object]

Action slips 發生的形式 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

探討 Sellen and Norman 的理論 ,[object Object],[object Object]

整理 Reason’s theory Sellen and Norman’s theory 假設 Action slips 發生在自動化處理假設 Action slips 發生在自動化處理 Closed loop and open loop Parent schemas and child schemas 無法解釋 action slips 為何會發生在 closed loop 無法解釋 action slips 為何會發生在 deliberate control 的時候

Applying theories of action slips ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Examples of accident ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Reason ( 1990 ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Robertson (1997) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ch4

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Ch4