SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 21
A Seminar Submitted to
VIJAYA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
FOR WOMEN
In Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award
of the Degree
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
Under the guidance of: Submitted by:
Mrs. D. Santhi Krupa, M.Pharm., Mrs. E. Revathi Sree
Asst. Professor, 147N1R0029
Department of Pharmacology IV B. Pharmacy
* PHARMACOECONOMICS
INTRODUCTION
 Pharmacoeconomics is a scientific discipline concerned with
the cost and value of drugs, often with the goal of optimizing
the allocation of health care resources.
 It compare the cost of various drugs with the outcomes, such
as benefits of patients receiving the drugs and costs.
 Over the last decade there has been tremendous interest in
economic evaluations of healthcare programmes, especially in
the pharmaceutical field.
continue
2
 Economic evaluations help decision makers determine
whether the cost of this extra effectiveness provided by the
new drug is worthwhile, within the budget available.
 Millions of people suffer and die in absence of access or
inability to afford medical care, many others suffer because
they end up paying through borrowing debts and selling assets
etc.
INTRODUCTION
3
NEED FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS
 To find the optimal therapy at the lowest price.
 To decrease the concern for patients, healthcare
professionals, and the public.
 In Industry- To decide among specific research and
development alternatives.
 In Government- To determine program benefits and prices
paid.
 In Private Sector- To design insurance benefit coverage.
4
CHALLENGES
The main challenges for pharmacoeconomics continue to be:
 Establishing guidelines or standards of practice.
 Creating a cadre of trained producers and consumers of
pharmacoeconomic work.
 Continuing education on the relevant features of this
discipline for practitioners, government officials, private
sector executives.
 Stable funding to support applied pharmacoeconomic
research.
5
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF
PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION
To reduce monetary burden on the consumers by insuring
global pricing strategy for the effective management of
health care system and to make more efficient use of
limited resources for maximization of health care benefit at
lower cost (Sculpher et al., 2005).
6
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF
PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION
Cost
Direct
Indirect
Intangible
7
GUIDELINES
 The perspective of the evaluation
 Choice of comparative treatment/ indication
 Analytical technique
 Cost identification, measurement and evaluation
 Assessing quality of life
 Modelling
 Incremental analysis
 Discounting future effects and costs
 Use of expert panel
8
METHODS OF PHARMACOECONOMIC
EVALUATION
There are basically four types of Pharmacoeconomic
studies.
 Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
 Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
 Cost-utility analysis (CUA)
 Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
9
Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA)
 Cost-minimization Analysis is a tool used in
pharmacoeconomics and is applied when comparing multiple
drugs of equal efficacy and equal tolerability.
 CMA shows only a “cost savings” of one program or
treatment over another.
 Employing CMA is appropriate when comparing two or more
therapeutically equivalent agents or alternate dosing regimens
of the same agent (Tan et al., 2006).
10
Cost Effective Analysis (CEA)
 CEA is the most commonly applied form of economic
analysis in the literature, and especially in drug therapy.
 CEA is a technique designed to assist a decision maker in
identifying a preferred choice among possible alternatives.
 CEA evaluates multiple drug treatments for the same
condition.
 The cost of the drug treatments are weighed against the
effectiveness of the drug .
11
Cost Utility Analysis (CUA)
 CUA is the most appropriate method to use when
comparing programs and treatment alternatives that are
life extending with serious side effects, those which
produce reductions in morbidity rather than mortality, and
when HRQOL is the most important health outcome being
examined
 CUA can compare cost, quality, and the quantity of patient
years.
12
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
 CBA is a basic tool that allows for the identification,
measurement and comparison of the benefits and costs of a
program or a treatment alternative.
 CBA should be employed when comparing treatment
alternatives in which the costs and benefits do not occur
simultaneously.
 CBA also can be used when comparing programs with
different objectives because all benefits are converted into
dollars and to evaluate a single program or compare multiple
programs. 13
LIMITATIONS OF
PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATIONS
Limitations of Pharmacoeconomic evaluation include
a) Sometimes choice of the drugs is given according to the
availability.
b) Drugs are prescribed under promotional pressurizing
activities of marketing executives of pharmaceutical firms.
c) For chronic diseases, bio-availability consideration can have
an upper hand over Pharmacoeconomics.
14
STEPS TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS
 The state associations and hospitals should procure
medicine directly from the firm/ industry.
 Sensitizing students of health sciences on
Pharmacoeconomics
 Creating awareness of concepts and rules of
Pharmacoeconomics in existing physicians should also be
done.
15
IMPORTANCE OF PHARMACOECONOMICS
 To decrease health expenditures, whilst optimising
healthcare results
 To choose the best among the numerous drug alternatives
 To spent less on cost of healthcare products and services
 Allocation of these resources
16
BENEFITS OF PHARMACOECONOMICS
 Making cost-effective choices when resources are limited.
 To justify investment in a clinical service or program.
 To justify reimbursement of a clinical service or program.
 Inclusion or exclusion of new drugs.
 Drug Policy decisions.
17
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS
To assist clinicians and practitioners in making more informed
and complete decisions regarding drug therapy.
In selecting the most cost effective drugs for an organizational
formulary.
For justifying the value of various healthcare services,
particularly pharmacy services.
It supports various clinical decisions, ranging from the level of
the patient to the level of an entire healthcare system.
18
CONCLUSION
The principles and methods of pharmacoeconomics provide the
means to quantify the value of pharmacotherapy through
balancing costs and outcomes. By understanding the principles,
methods, and application of pharmacoeconomics, healthcare
professionals will be prepared to make better, more informed
decisions regarding the use of pharmaceutical products and
services.
19
REFERENCES
 Abarca J. Assessing Principles of Pharmacoeconomics. Int. J. Pharm. Tech.,
2005; 23(3):76-89.
 Brinsmead R. Use of pharmacoeconomics in prescribing research. J Clin
Pharm Ther., 2009 28:339-46.
 Bootman JL. Pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research. Am J Health Syst
Pharm., 1995; 52(3):16–19.
 Eisenberg JM, Glick H, Koffer H. Pharmacoeconomics: Economic
evaluation of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacoepidemiology., 1989; 325-350.
 Rawlins MD, Culyer AJ. National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its
value judgments. BMJ., 2004; 24:224- 7.
 Moayyedi P, Mason J. Cost-Utility and Cost Benefit Analyses: How did we
get here and where are we going? European Journal of Gastroenterology
and Hepatology., 2004; 16(6):527-534.
20
21

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoeconomics Pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoeconomics academic
 
Drug Use Evaluation & Drug Utilisation Review (DUE & DUR)
Drug Use Evaluation & Drug Utilisation Review (DUE & DUR)Drug Use Evaluation & Drug Utilisation Review (DUE & DUR)
Drug Use Evaluation & Drug Utilisation Review (DUE & DUR)Anjali Rarichan
 
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGYPHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGYAISHASID
 
Measurement of outcome v5
Measurement  of outcome v5Measurement  of outcome v5
Measurement of outcome v5aiswarya thomas
 
Pharmacoeconomics
PharmacoeconomicsPharmacoeconomics
PharmacoeconomicsZainab&Sons
 
Drug development process.
Drug development process.Drug development process.
Drug development process.Akhil Joseph
 
Studies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology) V PharmD
Studies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology)  V PharmDStudies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology)  V PharmD
Studies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology) V PharmDDr.Sohel Memon
 
Adr reporting ppt
Adr reporting pptAdr reporting ppt
Adr reporting pptRimaSingh14
 
Safety monitoring in clinical trails
Safety monitoring in clinical trailsSafety monitoring in clinical trails
Safety monitoring in clinical trailsGOURIPRIYA L S
 
Phases in clinical trial
Phases in clinical trialPhases in clinical trial
Phases in clinical trialUpendra Agarwal
 
Establishment of Pharmacovigilance Programme
Establishment of Pharmacovigilance ProgrammeEstablishment of Pharmacovigilance Programme
Establishment of Pharmacovigilance ProgrammeNipun Gupta
 
Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens
Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens
Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens pavithra vinayak
 
Clinical pharmacokinetics and its application
Clinical pharmacokinetics and its applicationClinical pharmacokinetics and its application
Clinical pharmacokinetics and its applicationpavithra vinayak
 
Drug Utilization review
Drug Utilization review Drug Utilization review
Drug Utilization review Pooja Panjwani
 
Prescription event monitoring
Prescription event monitoringPrescription event monitoring
Prescription event monitoringReyaz Bhat
 

Mais procurados (20)

Pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoeconomics Pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoeconomics
 
Population pharmacokinetics
Population pharmacokineticsPopulation pharmacokinetics
Population pharmacokinetics
 
Drug Use Evaluation & Drug Utilisation Review (DUE & DUR)
Drug Use Evaluation & Drug Utilisation Review (DUE & DUR)Drug Use Evaluation & Drug Utilisation Review (DUE & DUR)
Drug Use Evaluation & Drug Utilisation Review (DUE & DUR)
 
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGYPHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
 
Measurement of outcome v5
Measurement  of outcome v5Measurement  of outcome v5
Measurement of outcome v5
 
Pharmacoeconomics
PharmacoeconomicsPharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoeconomics
 
Drug development process.
Drug development process.Drug development process.
Drug development process.
 
Pharmacoeconomics
PharmacoeconomicsPharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoeconomics
 
Pharmacoepidemiology
PharmacoepidemiologyPharmacoepidemiology
Pharmacoepidemiology
 
Studies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology) V PharmD
Studies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology)  V PharmDStudies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology)  V PharmD
Studies of vaccine safety (Pharmacoepidemiology) V PharmD
 
Adr reporting ppt
Adr reporting pptAdr reporting ppt
Adr reporting ppt
 
Safety monitoring in clinical trails
Safety monitoring in clinical trailsSafety monitoring in clinical trails
Safety monitoring in clinical trails
 
Phases in clinical trial
Phases in clinical trialPhases in clinical trial
Phases in clinical trial
 
Establishment of Pharmacovigilance Programme
Establishment of Pharmacovigilance ProgrammeEstablishment of Pharmacovigilance Programme
Establishment of Pharmacovigilance Programme
 
Pharmacoepideiology
PharmacoepideiologyPharmacoepideiology
Pharmacoepideiology
 
Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens
Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens
Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens
 
Clinical pharmacokinetics and its application
Clinical pharmacokinetics and its applicationClinical pharmacokinetics and its application
Clinical pharmacokinetics and its application
 
Drug Utilization review
Drug Utilization review Drug Utilization review
Drug Utilization review
 
Prescription event monitoring
Prescription event monitoringPrescription event monitoring
Prescription event monitoring
 
Drug Therapy Monitoring
Drug Therapy MonitoringDrug Therapy Monitoring
Drug Therapy Monitoring
 

Semelhante a Pharmacoeconomics

Pharmacoeconomics pptx
Pharmacoeconomics pptxPharmacoeconomics pptx
Pharmacoeconomics pptxVishwasATL
 
Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and ...
Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and                                          ...Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and                                          ...
Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and ...Aasritha William
 
Pharmacoeconomics ppt.
Pharmacoeconomics ppt.Pharmacoeconomics ppt.
Pharmacoeconomics ppt.shahvijita
 
Pharmacoeconomics1
Pharmacoeconomics1Pharmacoeconomics1
Pharmacoeconomics1jinender16
 
Outcomes, health economics and pharmacoeconomics
Outcomes, health economics and  pharmacoeconomicsOutcomes, health economics and  pharmacoeconomics
Outcomes, health economics and pharmacoeconomicsDureshahwar khan
 
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptxINTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptxAmeena Kadar
 
Pharmacoeconomics and safety pharmacology.pdf
Pharmacoeconomics and safety pharmacology.pdfPharmacoeconomics and safety pharmacology.pdf
Pharmacoeconomics and safety pharmacology.pdfKaishAamirPathan
 
Demonstrating Significant Benefit for an OMP
Demonstrating Significant Benefit for an OMPDemonstrating Significant Benefit for an OMP
Demonstrating Significant Benefit for an OMPMauro Placchi
 
RF 2016 07 Health Technology Assessment
RF 2016 07 Health Technology AssessmentRF 2016 07 Health Technology Assessment
RF 2016 07 Health Technology AssessmentRichard Phillips
 
Pharmacoeconomics5-WPS Office.pdf
Pharmacoeconomics5-WPS Office.pdfPharmacoeconomics5-WPS Office.pdf
Pharmacoeconomics5-WPS Office.pdfSudipta Roy
 
postmarketing surviellance,,outsourcing of BA ,BE , CRO.
postmarketing surviellance,,outsourcing of BA ,BE , CRO. postmarketing surviellance,,outsourcing of BA ,BE , CRO.
postmarketing surviellance,,outsourcing of BA ,BE , CRO. supriyawable1
 
Intro to pharmacoeconomics
Intro to pharmacoeconomicsIntro to pharmacoeconomics
Intro to pharmacoeconomicssamthamby79
 
Pharmacoeconomis
PharmacoeconomisPharmacoeconomis
PharmacoeconomisAanchal46
 

Semelhante a Pharmacoeconomics (20)

Pharmacoeconomics pptx
Pharmacoeconomics pptxPharmacoeconomics pptx
Pharmacoeconomics pptx
 
Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and ...
Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and                                          ...Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and                                          ...
Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and ...
 
Pharmaconomics
PharmaconomicsPharmaconomics
Pharmaconomics
 
Pharmaconomics
PharmaconomicsPharmaconomics
Pharmaconomics
 
Pharmacoeconomics
PharmacoeconomicsPharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoeconomics
 
Pharmacoeconomics ppt.
Pharmacoeconomics ppt.Pharmacoeconomics ppt.
Pharmacoeconomics ppt.
 
Pharmacoeconomics1
Pharmacoeconomics1Pharmacoeconomics1
Pharmacoeconomics1
 
Outcomes, health economics and pharmacoeconomics
Outcomes, health economics and  pharmacoeconomicsOutcomes, health economics and  pharmacoeconomics
Outcomes, health economics and pharmacoeconomics
 
PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptx
PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptxPHARMACOECONOMICS.pptx
PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptx
 
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptxINTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOECONOMICS.pptx
 
Pharmacoeconomics and safety pharmacology.pdf
Pharmacoeconomics and safety pharmacology.pdfPharmacoeconomics and safety pharmacology.pdf
Pharmacoeconomics and safety pharmacology.pdf
 
Demonstrating Significant Benefit for an OMP
Demonstrating Significant Benefit for an OMPDemonstrating Significant Benefit for an OMP
Demonstrating Significant Benefit for an OMP
 
RF 2016 07 Health Technology Assessment
RF 2016 07 Health Technology AssessmentRF 2016 07 Health Technology Assessment
RF 2016 07 Health Technology Assessment
 
Pharmacoeconomics5-WPS Office.pdf
Pharmacoeconomics5-WPS Office.pdfPharmacoeconomics5-WPS Office.pdf
Pharmacoeconomics5-WPS Office.pdf
 
Drug Purchasing & Pricing : industry perspective
Drug Purchasing & Pricing : industry perspectiveDrug Purchasing & Pricing : industry perspective
Drug Purchasing & Pricing : industry perspective
 
A. SANDHYA RANI
A. SANDHYA RANIA. SANDHYA RANI
A. SANDHYA RANI
 
postmarketing surviellance,,outsourcing of BA ,BE , CRO.
postmarketing surviellance,,outsourcing of BA ,BE , CRO. postmarketing surviellance,,outsourcing of BA ,BE , CRO.
postmarketing surviellance,,outsourcing of BA ,BE , CRO.
 
Intro to pharmacoeconomics
Intro to pharmacoeconomicsIntro to pharmacoeconomics
Intro to pharmacoeconomics
 
Pharmacoeconomics seminar
Pharmacoeconomics seminarPharmacoeconomics seminar
Pharmacoeconomics seminar
 
Pharmacoeconomis
PharmacoeconomisPharmacoeconomis
Pharmacoeconomis
 

Mais de Santhi Dasari

ANS Pharmacology.pptx
ANS Pharmacology.pptxANS Pharmacology.pptx
ANS Pharmacology.pptxSanthi Dasari
 
druginteractions-.pptx
druginteractions-.pptxdruginteractions-.pptx
druginteractions-.pptxSanthi Dasari
 
Anticholinergics.pptx
Anticholinergics.pptxAnticholinergics.pptx
Anticholinergics.pptxSanthi Dasari
 
Renal disorders.pptx
Renal disorders.pptxRenal disorders.pptx
Renal disorders.pptxSanthi Dasari
 
The Digestive System.pptx
The Digestive System.pptxThe Digestive System.pptx
The Digestive System.pptxSanthi Dasari
 
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptx
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptxCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptx
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptxSanthi Dasari
 
Syllabus_B_Pharm.pdf
Syllabus_B_Pharm.pdfSyllabus_B_Pharm.pdf
Syllabus_B_Pharm.pdfSanthi Dasari
 
Kusuma presentation (3) (1)
Kusuma presentation (3) (1)Kusuma presentation (3) (1)
Kusuma presentation (3) (1)Santhi Dasari
 
Anti thrombiotic therapy (1)
Anti thrombiotic therapy (1)Anti thrombiotic therapy (1)
Anti thrombiotic therapy (1)Santhi Dasari
 
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCERTARGETED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCERSanthi Dasari
 
Neuro chemistry of Learning and memory
Neuro chemistry of Learning and memoryNeuro chemistry of Learning and memory
Neuro chemistry of Learning and memorySanthi Dasari
 

Mais de Santhi Dasari (20)

ANS Pharmacology.pptx
ANS Pharmacology.pptxANS Pharmacology.pptx
ANS Pharmacology.pptx
 
druginteractions-.pptx
druginteractions-.pptxdruginteractions-.pptx
druginteractions-.pptx
 
Anticholinergics.pptx
Anticholinergics.pptxAnticholinergics.pptx
Anticholinergics.pptx
 
BODY FLUIDS.pptx
BODY FLUIDS.pptxBODY FLUIDS.pptx
BODY FLUIDS.pptx
 
HAP I CLASS.pptx
HAP I CLASS.pptxHAP I CLASS.pptx
HAP I CLASS.pptx
 
CNS PART 2.pptx
CNS PART 2.pptxCNS PART 2.pptx
CNS PART 2.pptx
 
Renal disorders.pptx
Renal disorders.pptxRenal disorders.pptx
Renal disorders.pptx
 
The Digestive System.pptx
The Digestive System.pptxThe Digestive System.pptx
The Digestive System.pptx
 
ENERGETICS.pptx
ENERGETICS.pptxENERGETICS.pptx
ENERGETICS.pptx
 
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptx
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptxCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptx
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.pptx
 
Syllabus_B_Pharm.pdf
Syllabus_B_Pharm.pdfSyllabus_B_Pharm.pdf
Syllabus_B_Pharm.pdf
 
Mehraj
Mehraj Mehraj
Mehraj
 
Salisha ppt (1) (1)
Salisha ppt (1) (1)Salisha ppt (1) (1)
Salisha ppt (1) (1)
 
Madhu
MadhuMadhu
Madhu
 
Kusuma presentation (3) (1)
Kusuma presentation (3) (1)Kusuma presentation (3) (1)
Kusuma presentation (3) (1)
 
Anti thrombiotic therapy (1)
Anti thrombiotic therapy (1)Anti thrombiotic therapy (1)
Anti thrombiotic therapy (1)
 
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCERTARGETED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER
 
Varicose veins
Varicose veinsVaricose veins
Varicose veins
 
GERD &STRESS
GERD &STRESSGERD &STRESS
GERD &STRESS
 
Neuro chemistry of Learning and memory
Neuro chemistry of Learning and memoryNeuro chemistry of Learning and memory
Neuro chemistry of Learning and memory
 

Último

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsMedicoseAcademics
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...Sujoy Dasgupta
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)kishan singh tomar
 
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE Mamatha Lakka
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentsaileshpanda05
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.kishan singh tomar
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectiondrhanifmohdali
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfDolisha Warbi
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyMedicoseAcademics
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024EwoutSteyerberg1
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismusChandrasekar Reddy
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...Shubhanshu Gaurav
 

Último (20)

American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
 
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
 
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
 
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
 

Pharmacoeconomics

  • 1. A Seminar Submitted to VIJAYA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES FOR WOMEN In Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of the Degree BACHELOR OF PHARMACY Under the guidance of: Submitted by: Mrs. D. Santhi Krupa, M.Pharm., Mrs. E. Revathi Sree Asst. Professor, 147N1R0029 Department of Pharmacology IV B. Pharmacy * PHARMACOECONOMICS
  • 2. INTRODUCTION  Pharmacoeconomics is a scientific discipline concerned with the cost and value of drugs, often with the goal of optimizing the allocation of health care resources.  It compare the cost of various drugs with the outcomes, such as benefits of patients receiving the drugs and costs.  Over the last decade there has been tremendous interest in economic evaluations of healthcare programmes, especially in the pharmaceutical field. continue 2
  • 3.  Economic evaluations help decision makers determine whether the cost of this extra effectiveness provided by the new drug is worthwhile, within the budget available.  Millions of people suffer and die in absence of access or inability to afford medical care, many others suffer because they end up paying through borrowing debts and selling assets etc. INTRODUCTION 3
  • 4. NEED FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS  To find the optimal therapy at the lowest price.  To decrease the concern for patients, healthcare professionals, and the public.  In Industry- To decide among specific research and development alternatives.  In Government- To determine program benefits and prices paid.  In Private Sector- To design insurance benefit coverage. 4
  • 5. CHALLENGES The main challenges for pharmacoeconomics continue to be:  Establishing guidelines or standards of practice.  Creating a cadre of trained producers and consumers of pharmacoeconomic work.  Continuing education on the relevant features of this discipline for practitioners, government officials, private sector executives.  Stable funding to support applied pharmacoeconomic research. 5
  • 6. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION To reduce monetary burden on the consumers by insuring global pricing strategy for the effective management of health care system and to make more efficient use of limited resources for maximization of health care benefit at lower cost (Sculpher et al., 2005). 6
  • 7. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION Cost Direct Indirect Intangible 7
  • 8. GUIDELINES  The perspective of the evaluation  Choice of comparative treatment/ indication  Analytical technique  Cost identification, measurement and evaluation  Assessing quality of life  Modelling  Incremental analysis  Discounting future effects and costs  Use of expert panel 8
  • 9. METHODS OF PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION There are basically four types of Pharmacoeconomic studies.  Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)  Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)  Cost-utility analysis (CUA)  Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 9
  • 10. Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA)  Cost-minimization Analysis is a tool used in pharmacoeconomics and is applied when comparing multiple drugs of equal efficacy and equal tolerability.  CMA shows only a “cost savings” of one program or treatment over another.  Employing CMA is appropriate when comparing two or more therapeutically equivalent agents or alternate dosing regimens of the same agent (Tan et al., 2006). 10
  • 11. Cost Effective Analysis (CEA)  CEA is the most commonly applied form of economic analysis in the literature, and especially in drug therapy.  CEA is a technique designed to assist a decision maker in identifying a preferred choice among possible alternatives.  CEA evaluates multiple drug treatments for the same condition.  The cost of the drug treatments are weighed against the effectiveness of the drug . 11
  • 12. Cost Utility Analysis (CUA)  CUA is the most appropriate method to use when comparing programs and treatment alternatives that are life extending with serious side effects, those which produce reductions in morbidity rather than mortality, and when HRQOL is the most important health outcome being examined  CUA can compare cost, quality, and the quantity of patient years. 12
  • 13. Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)  CBA is a basic tool that allows for the identification, measurement and comparison of the benefits and costs of a program or a treatment alternative.  CBA should be employed when comparing treatment alternatives in which the costs and benefits do not occur simultaneously.  CBA also can be used when comparing programs with different objectives because all benefits are converted into dollars and to evaluate a single program or compare multiple programs. 13
  • 14. LIMITATIONS OF PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATIONS Limitations of Pharmacoeconomic evaluation include a) Sometimes choice of the drugs is given according to the availability. b) Drugs are prescribed under promotional pressurizing activities of marketing executives of pharmaceutical firms. c) For chronic diseases, bio-availability consideration can have an upper hand over Pharmacoeconomics. 14
  • 15. STEPS TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS  The state associations and hospitals should procure medicine directly from the firm/ industry.  Sensitizing students of health sciences on Pharmacoeconomics  Creating awareness of concepts and rules of Pharmacoeconomics in existing physicians should also be done. 15
  • 16. IMPORTANCE OF PHARMACOECONOMICS  To decrease health expenditures, whilst optimising healthcare results  To choose the best among the numerous drug alternatives  To spent less on cost of healthcare products and services  Allocation of these resources 16
  • 17. BENEFITS OF PHARMACOECONOMICS  Making cost-effective choices when resources are limited.  To justify investment in a clinical service or program.  To justify reimbursement of a clinical service or program.  Inclusion or exclusion of new drugs.  Drug Policy decisions. 17
  • 18. PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS To assist clinicians and practitioners in making more informed and complete decisions regarding drug therapy. In selecting the most cost effective drugs for an organizational formulary. For justifying the value of various healthcare services, particularly pharmacy services. It supports various clinical decisions, ranging from the level of the patient to the level of an entire healthcare system. 18
  • 19. CONCLUSION The principles and methods of pharmacoeconomics provide the means to quantify the value of pharmacotherapy through balancing costs and outcomes. By understanding the principles, methods, and application of pharmacoeconomics, healthcare professionals will be prepared to make better, more informed decisions regarding the use of pharmaceutical products and services. 19
  • 20. REFERENCES  Abarca J. Assessing Principles of Pharmacoeconomics. Int. J. Pharm. Tech., 2005; 23(3):76-89.  Brinsmead R. Use of pharmacoeconomics in prescribing research. J Clin Pharm Ther., 2009 28:339-46.  Bootman JL. Pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research. Am J Health Syst Pharm., 1995; 52(3):16–19.  Eisenberg JM, Glick H, Koffer H. Pharmacoeconomics: Economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacoepidemiology., 1989; 325-350.  Rawlins MD, Culyer AJ. National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its value judgments. BMJ., 2004; 24:224- 7.  Moayyedi P, Mason J. Cost-Utility and Cost Benefit Analyses: How did we get here and where are we going? European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology., 2004; 16(6):527-534. 20
  • 21. 21