ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
Tips to Remember - fmge
1. Tips to remember:
Adrenal cortex layers and products: ―Go Find Rex, Make
Good Sex‖:
Layers:
Glomerulosa
Fasiculate
Reticulate
Respective products:
Mineral corticoids
Gluco corticoids
Sex hormones (androgens)
Alternatively for layers: GFR
(Glomerular Filtration Rate, convenient since adrenal
glands are atop kidney).
Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta
ABCD:
Alpha = Constrict.
Beta = Dilate.
Amino acids: the 10 essential amino acids are
―PVT TIM HALL‖
Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine.
Tryptophan Isoleucine, Methionine.
Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine.
Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy:
MCAT:
Metronidazole
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycoside
Tetracycline
ABC‘S of the aortic arch:
Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk,
the left common Carotid and the left subclavian artery.
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2. Asthma:
Management of acute severe:‖O SHIT‖:
Oxygen (high dose :> 60%)
Salbutamol (5mg via oxygen driven nebulizer)
Hydrocortisone (or prednisolone)
Ipratropium bromide (if life threatening)
Theophylline (or preferably aminophylline – if life
threating)
Vitamin B names: ―Tu Ru Na Pyare Cutte‖
In increasing order: Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin
(B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Cobalamin (B12).
Beta blockers: cardio selective beta blockers.
―Beta blockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium‖
Cardio selective beta blockers are:
Betaxolol
Acebutelol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metaprolol
Branches of the Brachial Plexus (In order from most
lateral to most medial):
―My Aunt Raped My Uncle‖
Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar.
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3. Broncho pulmonary segments of right lung
"A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm":
• In order from superior to inferior:
1. Apical
2. Posterior
3. Anterior
4. Lateral
5. Medial
6. Superior
7. Medial basal
8. Anterior basal
9. Lateral basal
10. Posterior basal
Functions of Prolactin and oxytocin:
PROlactin stimulates the mammary glands to PROduce milk.
Oxytocin stimulates the mammary glands to Ooze (release)
milk.
Radial n. innervates the: BEST !!!!
Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps
RNA viruses: Negative stranded
"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication":
Arena
Bunya
Paramyxo
Orthomyxo
Filo
Rhabdo
• Note: Negative RNA viruses need their own polymerase.
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4. WBC Count: "Never Let Mom Eat Beans" and "60, 30, 6, 3, 1"
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%
Weights of children with age
Newborn - 3 kg
6 months - 6 kg (2x birth weight at 6 months)
1 yr - 10 kg (3x birth weight at 1 yr)
3 yrs 15 kg (odd yrs, add 5 kg until 11 yrs)
5 yrs 20 kg
7 yrs 25 kg
9 yrs 30 kg
11 yrs 35 kg (add 10 kg thereafter)
13 yrs 45 kg
15 yrs 55 kg
17 yrs 65 kg
ABC'S of the Aortic arch:
Aortic arch gives off the
Bracheiocephalic trunk,
left Common Carotid,
left Subclavian artery
Branches Of External Carotid Artery
―Sneha Lata's Powdered Face Often Attracts Medical Students.‖
S= Superior Thyroid
L= Lingual
P= Posterior Auricular
F= Facial
O= Occipital
A= Ascending Pharyngeal
M= Maxillary
S= Superficial Temporal
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5. BRANCHES OF SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY ARE 5.
―VIT. C & D (Read as Vitamin C & D)‖
V = Vertebral artery
I = Internal Thoracic artery
T = Thyrocervical Trunk
C = Costocervical trunk (from first branch of left
subclavian artery but arises from 2 branch of right side)
D= Dorsal scapular artery (branch of third part)
the branches of the Axillary Artery are:
―Sally Thompson Loves Sex And Pot Pie‖
Superior Thoracic,
Thoracoacromial,
Lateral Thoracic,
Subscapular,
Anterior Circumflex Humeral,
Posterior Circumflex Humeral,
Profunda Brachii.
Brachial plexus; ―Rohit Tu Dekh Cold Beers‖
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches.
Branches of the Brachial Plexus (In order from most
lateral to most medial):
―My Aunt Raped My Uncle‖
Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar
Branches of the Facial Nerve
―Ten Zebras Bought My Car‖
Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Masseteric, Cervical
Orbital Bones- FLEZMS
Frontal, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Sphenoid
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7. AUDITORY PATHWAY :- ―ECOLI MT‖
E-8TH NERVE
C-COCHLEAR NUCLEI
O-SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS
L-LATERAL LAMINISCUS
I-INFERIOR COLLICULUS
M-MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY
T-SUP TEMPORAL GYRUS
H. Pylori treatment regimen (rough guidelines): ―TOMB‖:
· Tetracycline
· Omeprazole
· Metronidazole
· Bismuth
RNA enveloped viruses:: ―FORT PR ABC‖
· Flavivirus/ Filo, Orthomyxo, Retro, Toga
· Paramyxo, Rhabdo
· Arena, Bunya, Corona
Acute inflammation features :- ―SLIPR‖
Swelling, Loss of function, Increased heat, Pain, Redness
Tetrology of Fallot :-"don't DROP the baby"
· Defect (VSD)
· Right ventricular hypertrophy
· Overriding aorta
· Pulmonary stenosis
Anti-arrythmics: for AV nodes :- "Do Block AV".
Digoxin
B-blockers
Adenosine
Verapamil
The cranial bones are ―the PEST OF 6‖.
Parietal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Temporal, Occipital, Frontal
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8. Layers of the epidermis: ―Grand son grate living Child‖
or ―Brent Spiner Gained Lieutenant Commander‖.
Germinativum or Basal, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum,
Corneum
Medical history: disease check list :- ―MJ THREADS‖.
Myocardial infarction
Jaundice
Tuberculosis
Hypertension
Rheumatic fever/ Rheumatoid arthritis
Epilepsy
Asthma
Diabetes
Strokes
Pain history checklist
"On Days Feeling Low Character, Run a Seven Pace Race":
1. Onset
2. Duration
3. Frequency
4. Location
5. Character
6. Radiation
7. Severity
8. Precipitating factors
9. Relieving factors
Dementia: some common causes ―DEMENTIA‖.
Diabetes
Ethanol
Medication
Environmental (eg: CO poisoning)
Nutritional
Trauma
Infection
Alzheimer's
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9. followed by shoulder rotation and delivery of the fetal
body!
1. Every - Engagement
2. Damn - Descent
3. Female - Flexion
4. I -Internal Rotation
5. Eat - Extension
6. Returns- Restitution
7. Eagerly- External Rotation
Basic Amino Acids = "HAL"
Histidine,
Arginine,
Lysine.
Types of waves in EcG ―BATS Drink Blood‖
pt awake & eyes Open -------------------Beta
Pt awake but eyes Closed -------Alpha
Stage I ---------------------------------------------------------Theta
Stage II---------------------------------------------------------Spindle & k complex
Stage III & IV ------------------------------------------ Delta
REM sleep ----------------------------------------------- Beta
Food poisoning: bugs inducing
"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":
· E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
· Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
· Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
· Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
· Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
· Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
· Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
· Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]
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10. Lower Leg Bones
Can't tell your tib from your fib?
The TIBia is the Thick, Inner Bone.
The FibuLa is Finer, Fluted, and Lateral
Size in c.m.:- ―DUEDS StAR BAG‖
· DUEDS (25): Duodenum, Ureter , Esophagus, Descending
colon, Sigmoid colon
· StAR (13) : Stomach, Ascending Colon, Rectum
· BAG (8) : Bile duct, Appendices, Gallbladder
OPENING OF CRANIAL NERVES:
―Carebiun Optic 4 Super Stylo Internal 3 Jug Have‖
1- Cribriform plate of ethmoid
2- Optic canal
3- Superior orbital fissure
4- Superior orbital fissure
5- (S R O ) Superior orbital fissure, foramen Rotundum,
foramen Ovale.
6- Superior orbital fissure
7- f. Stylohoidus
8- Internal acoustic meatus
9- Jugular formen
10- Jugular formen
11- Jugular formen
12- Hypoglossal canal
Anal canal
Hilum of kidney — Transpyloric plane (LI).
Kidney:
Length: 11 cm,
Breadth: 6 cm,
Antero-posterior diameter: 3 cm
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11. Length of Ureter: 25 cm
Length of male urethra: 18--20 cm
Spermatic cord: 9--10 cm
Length of inguinal canal: 4 cm
Testis:
Length -- 4.5 cm,
Breadth-- 2.5cm,
Antero posterior diameter -- 3 cm
Ovary:
Length -3 cm,
Width-1.5 cm,
Thickness-1 cm
Uterus:
Length-7.5 cm,
Breadth-5 cm,
Antero-posterior diameter-2.5 cm
Weight :30 to 40 gms
Uterine tubes: Length-10 cm
Saphenous opening — Height 1.5 to 8 cm; Width 1 to 3 cm
Femoral sheath — Length 3 to 4 cm.
Femoral canal — Length 1.25 cm.
Tendo calcaneus — Length 15 cm.
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12. Muscle Physiology
•Muscle form 40 to 50% of body mass.
•About 600 muscles are identified.
Classification of Muscles:
•Depending on striations: Striated(Skeletal & Cardiac) &
Non striated(smooth)
•Depending on Control: voluntary(Skeletal) &
Involuntary(Cardiac & smooth)
•Depending on situation: Skeletal, Cardiac & Smooth.
•Muscle fiber or cell has a length b/w 1 – 4cm (Average
3cm) & diameter from 10 – 100microns.
•1 myofibril contains 1500 myosin filaments & 3000 actin
filaments
•Sarcomere is the structural & functional unit of
skeletal muscle.
Length – 2.5 to 3.2 mm.
Sarcomere lies b/w two ‗Z‘ lines
•Each myofibril consists of alternate light (I or J band) &
dark band (A or Q band).
•Each sarcomere consist of thin (Actin) & thick (myosin)
filaments.
Myosin filament is present throughout the ‗A‘ band.
No movement of myosin during muscular contraction.
•Actin filaments are formed by 3 types of proteins called
actin, tropomyosin & troponin.
•The skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water, 20% of
proteins & 5%of organic substances.
•Troponin: is formed by 3 subunits; Troponin I – attached
to F actin; Troponin T – attached to tropomyosin;
Troponin C – attached to calcium ions.
•Following are the muscle proteins: Myosin; Actin;
Tropomyosin; Troponin; Actinin; Titin; Desmin; Myogen &
Myoglobulin.
•There is no movement in the myosin filament during muscle
contraction.
•Actin filaments slide over the myosin filament during
muscle contraction.
•Tropomyosin covers the active sites of actin.
•Rheobase: this is the least possible, i.e. (minimum) strength
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13. (Voltage) of stimulus which can excite the tissue.
•Chronaxie: it is the minimum time, at which a stimulus with
double the rheobasic strength (voltage) can excite the
tissue.
Chronaxie of skeletal muscle is shorter than that of
cardiac and smooth muscles.
Cold lengthens chronaxie. whereas vagal stimulation
shortens chronaxie.
•Refractory period is the period at which the muscle does
not show any response to a stimulus.
•Skeletal muscles are purely aerobic & don‘t have any fuel
reserve.
•Dark, light bands & troponin are absent in smooth muscle.
•The study of electrical activity of the muscle is done by
electromyography.
•The muscle ruptures when it is stretched to about 3 times
its equilibrium length.
Constrictions in oesophagus :
· at commencement 15 cm from incisor teeth.
· at crossing over by aortic arch 22.5 cm from incisor teeth.
· at crossing over by left principal bronchus 27.5 cm from
incisor teeth.
· at its point of piercing diaphragm 40 cm from incisor teeth.
Stomach:
· Cardiac orifice — Behind left 7th costal cartilage 1" from
its junction with sternum.
· Pyloric orifice — 1.2 cm (0.5") to the right of midline on
transpyloric plane.
· Capacity — at birth 30 ml; adult‘s 1500 ml.
. Length of small intestine: 6 to7 meters.
. Length of duodenum: ―10‖ or ―25‖ cm
1st part: 5 cm
2nd part: 7.5 cm
3rd part: 10 cm
4th part: 2.5 cm
.Length of large gut: 1.5 meters
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