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Perception Survey on
   Reconciliation
in Malakand Division
Objectives

                                        To serve as the baseline of the
 To establish a credible data
                                         current status against which
that will help stakeholders to
                                        different benchmarks will be
     formulate informed
                                                    drawn
         programmes




                  To draw information that will assist the
                       stakeholders, including UN and
                government, in developing possible peace &
                conflict scenarios for appropriate and timely
                                   response.
Locale
The survey was conducted in 6 districts of
Malakand Division
Methodology

    • Review of existing literature
1

    • Consultation with Stakeholders
2

    •Combination of quantitative and qualitative
    tools/methods was used to explore the perceptions
3   about reconciliation in the region)
Sample Size
Quantitative


             2000
           household

                       Qualitative


                                 180 Key
                               informants
District   Population (in 000)   Household   Key Influencer


 Buneer            729               253           30


Lower Dir          1068              371           30


Upper Dir          795               276           30


Malakand           669               232           30


Shangala           636               221           30


  Swat             1862              647           30


  Total            5759             2000           180
Findings of the
Consultative Workshop
Reasons of conflict
Women                           Men


Lack of awareness about Islam   Socio-economic adversities



                                  Failure of state organs
Inclination towards Shariah


 Lack of women’s rights and         Religion taboos
   economic opportunities

                                   Social exclusion of
Lack of female representation       poor, women etc
      in Jirgah system

                                   Foreign involvement
    Taliban exploitation


                                 War of profit among the
      Misuse of media                 stakeholders
Impacts of Conflict

Women                       Men


Disrupted social fabric   Psycho-social disorder


       Mistrust            Destruction of state
                             infrastructure

    Damage to the              Rebellion
    infrastructure

                          Loss of human lives


                            Loss of livestock
Reconciliation
                 Women                                                  Men
Awareness (about Islam and human rights),            In this conflict the perpetrator cannot not be
education (for all), Justice (for all), Better and   identified hence we cannot punish the
improved laws, child protection centres,             perpetrator therefore the victim has to be
more education institutions and vocational           compensated with fairness. The resources
centers for women.”                                  should be evenly distributed.

Even distribution of resources                       Reconciliation is to identify and punish those
                                                     who have been backing Talibans but since
                                                     they were rich they have not been punished.
Poverty alleviation and Provision of Women           It is a process of bringing economic equality
rights                                               in the society and building trust based on
                                                     forgiveness and understanding.
                                                     (participatory approach, compensation,
                                                     health, education, housing)
Establishment of home industry and                   Resolve a dispute, issue, conflict through an
economic opportunities for women                     agreed upon and judicious give and take
                                                     process
Bridging gaps between madrassas and
schools
Field Findings
Perception about Conflict



•    Conflict did not exist among the local
     population rather external factors
     were the major cause of conflict.

•    Weak socio-Economic factor of the
     Malakand Division was exploited by
     External forces.
Reasons of the Conflict

                                Extremisms
             US and Afghan           &
                  War           Fundamentalism


External
 factors
                                  Resources

              Interest of the
               stakeholders
                                 Destabilization
                                 of Pakistan
Discrepancies exploited

The sectors which were exploited by Militants
(Taliban).

               Religion

                Justice

            Socio-economic
                factors
Religion

“Our people have strong religious sentiments
  which were manipulated and exploited”




                           The main reason for the conflict was lack of
                          awareness and knowledge about religion. The
                        militants have very less knowledge of the religion
                         (Islam) and they imposed and introduced their
                                  views as religious teachings)
Justice
Provision of Justice; Affordable, quick and
according to Islamic laws were promised




                “They would announce that those women who are
               not married and wants to get married to the man of
               their choice should consult Militants for arranging
               their marriage (in case the family of the woman was
                 not willing). Moreover those who couldn’t find a
               suitor were married to one of the Militants from the
                                      group”
Socio- Economic

Youth had no opportunities for employment
   etc. despite being educated. Youth faced
      unemployment hence the militants
    provided them with jobs (join force of
            Militants) and money


                         Militants would give money to poor and
                        young for killing and kidnapping people for
                          ransom. list of people to be killed was
                         announced by the Militants on FM radio.
                          They were found dead on the roads the
                                       following day.
Impacts
Impact of Conflict

The most impacted segment of the society
includes

  1. Children and Youth
  2. Women
  3. Poor
Impacts
1. Damage to the infrastructure
      •   Education
      •   Health
      •   Water and Power Supply Line
2.   Security
3.   Sources of Income
4.   Migration
5.   Psychological issues
Security After the Conflict

       Feel secure in presence of Army    Feel secure in presence of police
                                          98%
                               99%                                  98%
100%               93%                                92%
90%    78%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
 0%
       Buneer      Lower Dir   Malakand   Shangla        Swat       Upper Dir
Source of Income
         Agricultural/ LIvestock   Govt. Servant             Pvt.Servent
         Business                  Labour                    Skill Labour
         Remittances               Don't know
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
 0%
-10%   Buneer       Lower Dir      Malakand        Shangla          Swat    Upper Dir
Trend of Migration During the Conflict

100%


90%
        80%
80%

                  69%                            70%
70%


60%


50%


40%


30%
                              20%                         20%
20%
                                        11%
10%


 0%
       Buneer   Lower Dir   Malakand   Shangla   Swat   Upper Dir
Impact on Psychological Condition

       Psychological effect on Women        Psychological effect on Children


100%
       90%           90%
 90%
 80%
                                                  70%
 70%
                                  60%                            60%
 60%
 50%
 40%
 30%
 20%
 10%
   %
       Buneer       Lower Dir     Shangla          Swat         Upper Dir
Reconciliation
Perception about reconciliation


Reconciliation is not possible
   in the region because it
  happens between the two
parties. While in this case one
 party is missing, as conflict
was due to the external factor


                                    Reconciliation seems to be
                                   very difficult because we are
                                      unaware that who the
                                  reconciliation party is? and on
                                   what grounds reconciliation
                                  should be done. Who should be
                                             trusted?”
Interesting Finding


 Key informants mentioned that people who tried to reconcile in
the beginning were either killed or threatened. People are scared
    of the Militants return and they seldom want to talk about
 reconciliation with them rather they prefer that the government
provides them security at all levels such as physical, legal, social
                           and economic
Terms of reconciliation
Factors                    Buneer Lower Dir Malakand Shangala Swat   Upper Dir

Change in state policies     43     160       33        32     146       46

Reducing gap between         36      7        32        16     99       132
state institution and
people
Poverty alleviation          81     118       76        99     197       91

Provision of social          24      7        29        24     28        36
services
Creating livelihood          17      25       39        21     43        14
opportunities
Involvement of youth in      23      13       12        9      56        11
productive activities


Check and balance on         30      33        4        14     89        26
media for positive use
Others                       1       6         4        6      25        8
Ensuring peace sustainability
       in the region
Indicators
                         Improvement in
                           Social life


     Social Behavior                              Provision of
                                                    Justice




                            Peace
                        Sustainability
Awareness about                                         Economic
   Religion                                           opportunities




              Awareness about
                                          Education
                   HR
80.0

                           District wise preference of peace indicators
70.0



60.0



50.0



40.0



30.0



20.0



10.0



 0.0
           Buner             Lower Dir       Malakand   Shangla                 Swat           Upper Dir
       Improvement in Social Life                        Provision of Justice
       Provision of economic opportunities               Education
       Awareness about religion                          Social Behavior (tolerance and cooperation)
Thank You

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Perception Survey on Reconciliation in Malakand Division

  • 1. Perception Survey on Reconciliation in Malakand Division
  • 2. Objectives To serve as the baseline of the To establish a credible data current status against which that will help stakeholders to different benchmarks will be formulate informed drawn programmes To draw information that will assist the stakeholders, including UN and government, in developing possible peace & conflict scenarios for appropriate and timely response.
  • 3. Locale The survey was conducted in 6 districts of Malakand Division
  • 4. Methodology • Review of existing literature 1 • Consultation with Stakeholders 2 •Combination of quantitative and qualitative tools/methods was used to explore the perceptions 3 about reconciliation in the region)
  • 5. Sample Size Quantitative 2000 household Qualitative 180 Key informants
  • 6. District Population (in 000) Household Key Influencer Buneer 729 253 30 Lower Dir 1068 371 30 Upper Dir 795 276 30 Malakand 669 232 30 Shangala 636 221 30 Swat 1862 647 30 Total 5759 2000 180
  • 8. Reasons of conflict Women Men Lack of awareness about Islam Socio-economic adversities Failure of state organs Inclination towards Shariah Lack of women’s rights and Religion taboos economic opportunities Social exclusion of Lack of female representation poor, women etc in Jirgah system Foreign involvement Taliban exploitation War of profit among the Misuse of media stakeholders
  • 9. Impacts of Conflict Women Men Disrupted social fabric Psycho-social disorder Mistrust Destruction of state infrastructure Damage to the Rebellion infrastructure Loss of human lives Loss of livestock
  • 10. Reconciliation Women Men Awareness (about Islam and human rights), In this conflict the perpetrator cannot not be education (for all), Justice (for all), Better and identified hence we cannot punish the improved laws, child protection centres, perpetrator therefore the victim has to be more education institutions and vocational compensated with fairness. The resources centers for women.” should be evenly distributed. Even distribution of resources Reconciliation is to identify and punish those who have been backing Talibans but since they were rich they have not been punished. Poverty alleviation and Provision of Women It is a process of bringing economic equality rights in the society and building trust based on forgiveness and understanding. (participatory approach, compensation, health, education, housing) Establishment of home industry and Resolve a dispute, issue, conflict through an economic opportunities for women agreed upon and judicious give and take process Bridging gaps between madrassas and schools
  • 12. Perception about Conflict • Conflict did not exist among the local population rather external factors were the major cause of conflict. • Weak socio-Economic factor of the Malakand Division was exploited by External forces.
  • 13. Reasons of the Conflict Extremisms US and Afghan & War Fundamentalism External factors Resources Interest of the stakeholders Destabilization of Pakistan
  • 14. Discrepancies exploited The sectors which were exploited by Militants (Taliban). Religion Justice Socio-economic factors
  • 15. Religion “Our people have strong religious sentiments which were manipulated and exploited” The main reason for the conflict was lack of awareness and knowledge about religion. The militants have very less knowledge of the religion (Islam) and they imposed and introduced their views as religious teachings)
  • 16. Justice Provision of Justice; Affordable, quick and according to Islamic laws were promised “They would announce that those women who are not married and wants to get married to the man of their choice should consult Militants for arranging their marriage (in case the family of the woman was not willing). Moreover those who couldn’t find a suitor were married to one of the Militants from the group”
  • 17. Socio- Economic Youth had no opportunities for employment etc. despite being educated. Youth faced unemployment hence the militants provided them with jobs (join force of Militants) and money Militants would give money to poor and young for killing and kidnapping people for ransom. list of people to be killed was announced by the Militants on FM radio. They were found dead on the roads the following day.
  • 19. Impact of Conflict The most impacted segment of the society includes 1. Children and Youth 2. Women 3. Poor
  • 20. Impacts 1. Damage to the infrastructure • Education • Health • Water and Power Supply Line 2. Security 3. Sources of Income 4. Migration 5. Psychological issues
  • 21. Security After the Conflict Feel secure in presence of Army Feel secure in presence of police 98% 99% 98% 100% 93% 92% 90% 78% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Buneer Lower Dir Malakand Shangla Swat Upper Dir
  • 22. Source of Income Agricultural/ LIvestock Govt. Servant Pvt.Servent Business Labour Skill Labour Remittances Don't know 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% Buneer Lower Dir Malakand Shangla Swat Upper Dir
  • 23. Trend of Migration During the Conflict 100% 90% 80% 80% 69% 70% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 20% 20% 11% 10% 0% Buneer Lower Dir Malakand Shangla Swat Upper Dir
  • 24. Impact on Psychological Condition Psychological effect on Women Psychological effect on Children 100% 90% 90% 90% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% % Buneer Lower Dir Shangla Swat Upper Dir
  • 26. Perception about reconciliation Reconciliation is not possible in the region because it happens between the two parties. While in this case one party is missing, as conflict was due to the external factor Reconciliation seems to be very difficult because we are unaware that who the reconciliation party is? and on what grounds reconciliation should be done. Who should be trusted?”
  • 27. Interesting Finding Key informants mentioned that people who tried to reconcile in the beginning were either killed or threatened. People are scared of the Militants return and they seldom want to talk about reconciliation with them rather they prefer that the government provides them security at all levels such as physical, legal, social and economic
  • 29. Factors Buneer Lower Dir Malakand Shangala Swat Upper Dir Change in state policies 43 160 33 32 146 46 Reducing gap between 36 7 32 16 99 132 state institution and people Poverty alleviation 81 118 76 99 197 91 Provision of social 24 7 29 24 28 36 services Creating livelihood 17 25 39 21 43 14 opportunities Involvement of youth in 23 13 12 9 56 11 productive activities Check and balance on 30 33 4 14 89 26 media for positive use Others 1 6 4 6 25 8
  • 31. Indicators Improvement in Social life Social Behavior Provision of Justice Peace Sustainability Awareness about Economic Religion opportunities Awareness about Education HR
  • 32. 80.0 District wise preference of peace indicators 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Buner Lower Dir Malakand Shangla Swat Upper Dir Improvement in Social Life Provision of Justice Provision of economic opportunities Education Awareness about religion Social Behavior (tolerance and cooperation)

Notas do Editor

  1. Stratified Random Sampling with proportional allocation
  2. Women are more open to change and community in general has learnt the lesson
  3. Lack of good governance and poor socio-economic indicators such as unemployment, Inflation, lack of education, justice and poverty
  4. Religion: affiliation with the Islam was exploited by TalibansPolitical:Justice: Taliban's promised the provision of justice in the region according to the teachings of Islam.Social and Economic: eradication of poverty through employment and provision of education was promised by the militants.
  5. Children and Youth: Their schools were bombed by the militants, psychological distress, fear of losing life