The document reports on the discovery of olivine on the surface of the asteroid Vesta in unexpected locations, based on data from the Dawn spacecraft's VIR instrument. Specifically: - Olivine was found in the northern hemisphere of Vesta, rather than the southern basins where mantle rocks were expected based on previous models. - The olivine occurs in large patches hundreds of meters across mixed with howardite regolith, unlike in meteorites where it is a minor component of diogenites. - The amount and distribution of olivine-rich material suggests a complex evolutionary history for Vesta and is not consistent with previous ideas of olivine occurrence being associated with diogenites

1. LETTER
doi:10.1038/nature12665
Olivine in an unexpected location on Vesta’s surface
E. Ammannito1, M. C. De Sanctis1, E. Palomba1, A. Longobardo1, D. W. Mittlefehldt2, H. Y. McSween3, S. Marchi1,4, M. T. Capria1,
F. Capaccioni1, A. Frigeri1, C. M. Pieters5, O. Ruesch6, F. Tosi1, F. Zambon1, F. Carraro1, S. Fonte1, H. Hiesinger6, G. Magni1,
L. A. McFadden7, C. A. Raymond8, C. T. Russell9 & J. M. Sunshine10
Olivine is a major component of the mantle of differentiated
bodies, including Earth. Howardite, eucrite and diogenite (HED)
meteorites represent regolith, basaltic-crust, lower-crust and possibly ultramafic-mantle samples of asteroid Vesta, which is the lone
surviving, large, differentiated, basaltic rocky protoplanet in the
Solar System1. Only a few of these meteorites, the orthopyroxenerich diogenites, contain olivine, typically with a concentration of
less than 25 per cent by volume2. Olivine was tentatively identified
on Vesta3,4, on the basis of spectral and colour data, but other
observations did not confirm its presence5. Here we report that
olivine is indeed present locally on Vesta’s surface but that, unexpectedly, it has not been found within the deep, south-pole basins,
which are thought to be excavated mantle rocks6–8. Instead, it occurs
as near-surface materials in the northern hemisphere. Unlike the
meteorites, the olivine-rich (more than 50 per cent by volume)
material is not associated with diogenite but seems to be mixed with
howardite, the most common7,9 surface material. Olivine is exposed
in crater walls and in ejecta scattered diffusely over a broad area. The
size of the olivine exposures and the absence of associated diogenite
favour a mantle source, but the exposures are located far from the
deep impact basins. The amount and distribution of observed olivinerich material suggest a complex evolutionary history for Vesta.
The Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIR) on board
NASA’s Dawn spacecraft10 has been used in a global search for olivine
on the Vestan surface (Supplementary Information). VIR revealed a
global-scale dichotomy7,8 (Fig. 1), with diogenite-rich material exposed
predominantly in the deeply excavated southern hemisphere. Magmaocean models for Vesta’s differentiation yield eucritic crust overlying a
diogenite layer, with olivine-rich mantle rocks and a metallic core in
the deep interior11,12. These models predict mineralogical variations
on a large vertical scale, with olivine-rich cumulates occurring below
olivine-poor diogenite. Alternative models, more consistent with the
diverse trace-element geochemistry of diogenites, posit that diogenitic
plutons occur at the crust–mantle boundary or within the basaltic
crust13,14, resulting in association of olivine-rich and orthopyroxenerich diogenites mixed on smaller scales.
VIR spectra did not provide definitive evidence for olivine within
the two large basins in the southern hemisphere6–8. However, typical
olivine-bearing diogenites cannot be easily distinguished spectrally
from olivine-free diogenites1 because of the difficulty of identifying
olivine at low concentrations in the presence of abundant orthopyroxene15,16; thus, olivine may be present within the southern basins but
only in modest amounts (=25 vol%, comparable to that reported for
most olivine-bearing diogenites2).
Unexpectedly, olivine-rich areas have now been discovered in the
northern hemisphere. The VIR spectra of ejecta surrounding Arruntia
crater and the nearby Bellicia crater (Fig. 2) reveal clear olivine signatures
(Fig. 3a), with the 1-mm band (hereafter BI) centred at slightly longer
wavelength than the average Vesta spectrum, and the centre of the
2-mm band (hereafter BII) is unchanged. Laboratory data demonstrate
that pyroxene features dominate the spectra of olivine–pyroxene
mixtures15,16. Only olivine contents of $50 vol% produce a shift in
the centre of BI15,16, and the centre of BII remains unchanged with
admixture of olivine (Fig. 3b). The three parameters we used to interpret olivine–pyroxene mixtures are the positions of the respective
centres of BI and BII and variations in the band area ratio16–18 (BAR).
In the BI–BII diagram (Fig. 3c), Bellicia and Arruntia data lie distinctly
off the linear HED trend, with high values for BI centres that reveal the
presence of olivine. Because the BII-centre position reflects the composition of pyroxene in olivine–pyroxene mixtures and, in the Bellicia–
Arruntia area, lies between those of eucrites and diogenites, we have
determined that the olivine in this area is associated with the mixed
lithology, howardite.
This situation is distinct from the olivine occurrence in HED
meteorites, where only very small amounts of olivine (#3 vol%) occur
in howardites19 (with the exception of the paired PCA 02 howardites,
which nevertheless contain at most ,7% olivine20). Olivine in HED
meteorites occurs mainly in diogenites, which range from orthopyroxenite to harzburgite to dunite21 (Extended Data Fig. 1 and Extended
Data Table 1). This observation is consistent with the interpretation
that HED meteorites sample lithologies from Vesta’s southern hemisphere that are associated with material ejected from the two large
basins22.
The Vestan olivine-rich spectra and derived parameters are consistent with a mixture of 50–80-vol% olivine with pyroxene occurring over
a broad area of hundred-kilometre size, encompassing both Bellicia
crater and Arruntia crater. Olivine-rich material occurs as several
high-albedo patches hundreds of metres across located high on the
walls of Bellicia crater (Fig. 2b–d). Some of these patches have positive
relief compared with the adjacent wall, suggesting more competent
material (Fig. 2f). Several fresh small craters (with diameters of order
100 m) superposed on Bellicia ejecta also have high-albedo annuli with
olivine spectral signatures (Fig. 2e). Olivine-rich material at Arruntia
crater is most common in the ejecta blanket (Fig. 2g, h). The geological
setting suggests that olivine-rich lithologies occur as a bright layer
partly obscured by slump deposits and regolith mixing of the surface.
Unlike its occurrence in HED meteorites, mainly as a small volume
fraction in diogenites, here a lithology rich in olivine ($50 vol%) in
patches hundreds of metres in size is mixed with howarditic regolith.
The detected olivine-rich materials have characteristics at odds with
pre-Dawn ideas about Vestan olivine: they are not associated with
diogenites, they are located far from deeply excavated terrains in the
southern hemisphere and they occur in large patches extending hundreds of metres.
Both exogenic and endogenic origins are possible. An exogenic
origin seems unlikely, considering how uncommon xenocrystic (chondritic) olivine is in howardites20 and the rarity of olivine-rich asteroids
in the main belt23 (Supplementary Information). Also, the large patches
seem inconsistent with the fact that impactors are normally disaggregated. On the other hand, endogenic olivine is a component of Vesta, as
1
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, INAF, 00133 Rome, Italy. 2NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, USA. 3Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee,
¨
Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. 4NASA Lunar Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80302, USA. 5Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. 6Institut fur
¨
¨t ¨
¨
Planetologie, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universita Munster, 48149 Munster, Germany. 7NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA. 8Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA. 9University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. 10Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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2. RESEARCH LETTER
60º W
120º W
180º W
240º W
300º W
60º N
60º N
Bellicia Arruntia
Latitude
30º N
*
*
30º N
0º N
0º N
Veneneia
30º S
30º S
Rheasilvia
60º S
60º S
60º W
120º W
180º W
240º W
300º W
Longitude
Figure 1 | HED meteorite distribution map. Lithological map of Vesta’s
surface derived from VIR spectra8,10 using all the data acquired during the
Dawn orbital phases: red for diogenite, green for howardite, blue for eucrite,
with overlapping fields of yellow for diogenitic howardite and cyan for eucritic
howardite. The regions with magnesium-rich pyroxenes (red and yellow)
correspond to a diogenite-dominated lithology. The distribution shows that the
southern hemisphere is more rich in magnesiac pyroxene with areas of nearly
pure diogenite, whereas the equatorial region and the northern hemisphere
are more basalt-rich (eucritic). Howardites—brecciated mixtures of these
lithologies—are the most abundant rocks observed on Vesta’s surface. Arruntia
and Bellicia craters are indicated, as well as the rim of Rheasilvia and Veneneia
basins (dashed line). Howardites enriched in diogenites are visible in the
ruined northern basins and in Rheasilvia (see Supplementary Information for
further details and Extended Data Fig. 2).
demonstrated by its occurrence in diogenites and even in the PCA 02
howardites, where the target rock for olivine-bearing impact melts in
these breccias was olivine-rich diogenite20.
Two main models for the origin of endogenic olivine are serialmagmatism models that consider fractional crystallization in diogenite
plutons emplaced at the base of, or within, the Vestan crust13,14, and
magma-ocean models that predict an olivine-dominated mantle at
depths of .20–40 km underlying an orthopyroxene-dominated (diogenitic) lower crust11,12.
In the serial-magmatism hypothesis, a mixed region of eucrite, diogenite and olivine-rich material could have been sampled by impacts
that did not excavate to great depth. The magma-ocean hypothesis
a
Arruntia
h
Arruntia
g
5
5
6
f
Bellicia
1
b
d
2
1
c
e
2
1
3
4
4
Bellicia
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©2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Figure 2 | Olivine-rich region in the visible and
near-infrared wavelengths. a, Infrared mosaics of
VIR data (longitudes 30u–77u W, latitudes
25u–60u N). Bellicia crater (38 km 3 43 km,
longitude 48u W, latitude 38u N) and Arruntia
crater (,11-km diameter, longitude 72u W,
latitude 40u N) are enclosed in black squares.
Coordinates in Claudia system. The mosaics
have been made using VIR data from different
observation cycles. The false colours (red, 1.25 mm;
green, 1.93 mm; blue, 1.64 mm), emphasize in green
the olivine-rich region. b, Stretched view of Bellicia
crater in false colours (same as in a) showing in
green the purest olivine exposures. c–f, Framing
Camera images of Bellicia crater. c, Image (,65 m
per pixel) highlighting example locations of bright
materials carrying the olivine-rich spectral
signature (arrows). Numbered arrows show
(1) olivine-rich material associated with a slump
deposit downslope from a small crater;
(2) comingled bright and dark materials on the
crater wall; (3) relatively dark material adjacent to
olivine-rich material; and (4) small craters on
Bellicia ejecta that expose olivine-rich material.
d, Image (,22 m per pixel) showing details of a
portion of the crater wall. e, Image (,65 m per
pixel) highlighting the small craters with olivine
annuli. f, Image (,22 m per pixel) showing details
of (1) portion of the crater wall. g, h, Framing
Camera images of Arruntia crater. g, Image
(,22 m per pixel) showing locations of
concentrations of olivine-rich material (arrows) in
Arruntia ejecta. h, Image (,65 m per pixel)
showing details of crater wall geology. Lenses of
bright material are present (5), and dark materials
are comingled with bright materials (6).

3. a
1.1
Continuum-removed reflectance
LETTER RESEARCH
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Average Vesta
0.6
Olivine-rich area
0.5
0.4
0.65 0.85 1.05 1.25 1.45 1.65 1.85 2.05 2.25
Wavelength (μm)
Continuum-removed reflectance
b
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
100% Ortho-Pyx
0.4
90% Ortho-Pyx/10% Ol
30% Ortho-Pyx/70% Ol
0.3
70% Ortho-Pyx/30% Ol
10% Ortho-Pyx/90% Ol
50% Ortho-Pyx/50% Ol
Olivine rich
0.2
0.65 0.85 1.05 1.25 1.45 1.65 1.85 2.05 2.25
Wavelength (μm)
c 0.98
Ol/Ortho-Pyx
Olivine-rich area
+Olivine
0.97
Test area
Bellicia walls
Diogenite
0.96
BI centre (μm)
Figure 3 | Spectral characteristics of the olivine-rich areas. a, Continuumremoved average Vestan spectrum and continuum-removed spectrum of the
olivine-rich area in Bellicia. Olivine-rich spectra show a large asymmetric BI,
typical of olivine-rich mixtures, whereas BII indicates that pyroxene is also
present. The BI centre is at a slightly longer wavelength with respect the
average spectrum, but the BII centre does not shift, as would be the case for
iron-rich pyroxenes typical of eucrites or for high-calcium clinopyroxenes.
b, Coloured lines show spectra of mixtures of olivine (Ol) and orthopyroxene
(Ortho-Pyx) (data from the RELAB database) and the green points show the
spectrum of the olivine-rich area. Laboratory olivine spectra exhibit only a
broad, asymmetric 1-mm feature due to the overlapping of three individual
absorptions29, whereas orthopyroxene exhibits two well-defined, symmetric
absorptions near 1 mm and, respectively, 2 mm (refs 17, 30). Spectra of mixtures
of olivine–orthopyroxene show that large olivine contents (.50%) produce
distortion of the band shape near 1 mm from that of pure pyroxene. More
sensitive indications of olivine in a mixture are a shallow depression near
1.3 mm and a reduction in depth of BII pyroxene absorption. c, Scatter plot of
band centres. HED meteorite data are represented as coloured circles and lie on
a linear correlation trend: eucrites and diogenites data are well separated, with
the howardite data between them. For olivine–orthopyroxene mixtures (30–
70%, 50–50%, 70–30%; orange squares), the BI centre shifts towards longer
wavelengths for increasing olivine content as illustrated by the arrow, but little
or no shift is registered in the BII centre. The olivine-rich area inside Bellicia
(green squares), Bellicia walls (brown cross) and a control area nearby Bellicia
(cyan cross) are also represented. The olivine-rich points scatter above the HED
meteorite trend and separate from the control area, which lies in the HED
meteorite field. The Bellicia walls data lie between the olivine-rich area and the
control area, suggesting a mixing of both.
Howardite
Eucrite
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
–Olivine
0.91
1.88
1.9
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
2
2.02
BII centre (μm)
implies that mantle olivine would be excavated only by large, basinforming impacts.
In the Bellicia–Arruntia region, we see patches of nearly pure olivine,
hundreds of metres in size, in a background of howarditic material that
suggest a large olivine-dominated source, with coherent sub-kilometresize ejecta. The serial-magmatism model envisions smaller scales of
petrologic variation14,24, suggesting a mixed lithology of olivine and
orthopyroxene that is not observed. The occurrence of several olivine
spots a few hundreds of metres across, as seen in the walls of Bellicia,
seems hard to reconcile with the plutonic origin.
In the magma-ocean model, the Rheasilvia basin, superimposed on
the older Veneneia25,26 basin, could have excavated and redistributed
mantle material across Vesta27. The mineralogical diversity of the
equatorial regions versus southern regions7,8 indicates that the lower
crust and upper mantle, which are dominated by diogenitic material,
were exposed by these impacts and were deposited as an extensive area
of Rheasilvia ejecta in the northwest direction (Fig. 1), but most probably not extending to the Bellicia–Arruntia region.
The presence of the olivine in the hemisphere opposite the large
southern basins raises the question of antipodal focusing of energy
leading to excavation of olivine-rich materials from depth. However,
a large, high-velocity metallic core, such as in Vesta1, should defocus
and deflect the energy away from the collision28. Thus, the olivine is
probably not due to antipodal excavation.
Diogenite-rich materials in the northern regions are concentrated in
an area broadly corresponding to a 180-km ruined crater25 near Bellicia
and in other large craters farther north (Fig. 1). Thus, the northern
diogenitic material might have been ejected by these other ancient large
impacts. However, the depths of the old basins near Bellicia and
Arruntia are 10 and 15 km (ref. 25), respectively, possibly making
the basins too shallow to reach the mantle.
A generalized geologic history for these olivine-rich materials could
be as follows: ancient large impacts excavated and incorporated large
blocks of diogenite-rich and olivine-rich material into the eucritic
crust, and subsequent impacts exposed this olivine-rich material in
Arruntia and Bellicia. This produced olivine-rich terrains in a howarditic background, with diogenite-rich howardites filling nearby, eroded,
older basins.
The large exposures of olivine-rich material and their association
with howardite may favour a magma-ocean model for the origin of the
olivine. However, the apparent absence of olivine concentrations in
Rheasilvia, where the excavation depth is greater, may suggest that the
internal distribution of lithologies was heterogeneous, perhaps supporting the serial-magmatism model, or that the crust–mantle boundary
was deeper in the region excavated by Rheasilvia than in the Bellicia–
Arruntia region. In any case, the lack of pure olivine in the southern
deeply excavated basins and its unexpected discovery in the northern
hemisphere of Vesta indicate a more complex evolutionary history
than inferred from pre-Dawn models.
Online Content Any additional Methods, Extended Data display items and Source
Data are available in the online version of the paper; references unique to these
sections appear only in the online paper.
Received 10 April; accepted 13 September 2013.
Published online 6 November 2013.
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Supplementary Information is available in the online version of the paper.
Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Dawn Instrument,
Operations and Science teams, and, in particular, the Dawn Framing Camera team. This
work was supported by Italian Space Agency grant I/004/12/0 and by NASA through
the Dawn mission and the Dawn at Vesta Participating Scientists Program.
Author Contributions M.C.D.S., E.A., E.P. and A.L. contributed to the data analysis.
M.C.D.S., E.A., S.M., D.W.M., H.Y.M. and C.M.P. contributed to the data interpretation and
to writing and improving the manuscript. E.A. and M.C.D.S. provided calibrated VIR
data. F.T. provided geometric data. F.Z. and A.F. provided the projected and mosaicked
VIR data. All authors contributed to discussion of the results.
Author Information All Dawn data are available at PDS: Small Bodies Node
(http://pdssbn.astro.umd.edu/data_sb/missions/dawn/index.shtml), and VIR data
are also available at the ASI Data Center (http://www.asdc.asi.it/). Reprints and
permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. The authors declare
no competing financial interests. Readers are welcome to comment on the online
version of the paper. Correspondence and requests for materials should be
addressed to M.C.D.S. (mariacristina.desanctis@iaps.inaf.it) or E.A.
(eleonora.ammannito@iaps.inaf.it).
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5. LETTER RESEARCH
Extended Data Figure 1 | Ternary diagram of orthopyroxene, olivine and
clinopyroxene in diogenites. Proportions of orthopyroxene, olivine and
clinopyroxene in diogenites normalized to 100%, with fields for
orthopyroxenitic (red), harzburgitic (green) and dunitic diogenites (yellow).
Data taken from Extended Data Table 1.
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6. RESEARCH LETTER
Extended Data Figure 2 | Distribution of the band centres for the HED
meteorites. The difference in spectral properties of diogenites, howardites and
eucrites can be quantified using a scatter plot of the BI-centre position versus
the BII-centre position. We used spectra in the RELAB database to define
the different HED meteorite spectral areas9. The HED meteorite distribution
map has been derived as explained in refs 6, 8, 9. In this diagram, diogenites and
eucrites populate distinct areas because both the BI-centre position and the
BII-centre position are sensitive to the pyroxene compositions. Howardites,
which are physical mixtures of diogenite and eucrite, plot between, and partly
overlap, these fields. By associating a colour indication of composition with
every region in the scatter plot (red for diogenite, green for howardite and
purple for eucrite, with overlapping fields of yellow for diogenite–howardite
and cyan for eucrite–howardite), we constructed the correspondence map in
Fig. 1 using the same colour scheme.
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7. LETTER RESEARCH
Extended Data Table 1 | Average modal mineralogy of diogenites (vol%)
Average modal mineralogy of diogenites compiled from different literature sources (refs 2, 19, 21 and refs 33–35 in Supplementary Information).
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