drug abuse toxic and organic psychosis

2. Drug abuse
Definition - the use of illegal drugs
or the use of prescription over than
those for which they are meant to be
used, or in excessive amounts.
Drug abuse may leads to social,
physical, emotional and job related
problems.

3. Clinical picture of drug abuse
 Feeling like to have a drug often
 Having intense urges for the drug
that block out any other thoughts
 Taking a larger amount of drug over
longer period of time.
 Not giving importance to work
 Involving in stealing to get drugs
 Experiencing withdrawal symptoms
when you attempt to stop taking the
drug
 Involving in risky activities

4. Classification of drugs
Addictive drugs may be classified into stimulants, depressants,
hallucinogens or opioids on the basis of their effeccts.
1. Narcotics
• It is also called opioid pain relievers.
• They are only used for pain that is severe and not helped by other types
of painkillers.
2. Stimulants
• A substances that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the
body.
3. Sedatives
• It is a type of prescribed medication that slows down the brain activity.
• They typically used to make you feel more relaxed.

5. Other drugs…
Barbiturates and tranquilizers
 Both have a depressing effect on the central
nervous system.
 Both groups of drugs are especially dangerous and
combination with alcohol.
 Barbiturates are often prescribed by physicians to
decrease anxiety and prevent convulsions.
 Both barbiturates and tranquilizers can also be
dangerous levels in order to get the desired effect.

6. The opioids
 Opioids is the term used describe all drugs with morphine like effects that
bind to the opioid receptors in the brain.
 Some opioids are produced naturally and others are manmade.
 Natural opioids includes endorphins, enkephalins, and dymorphins, all which
are manufactured by the brain and pituitary glands.
 Opioids are members of opioids group that are derived from the juice of the
opium poppy for example morphine and heroin.
 Opioids causes mood changes, sleepness, mental clouding, constipation and
slowing of the activity centre in the respiratory centre in the brain.
 According to exposure orientation theory of opioid addiction, the use of opioits
shuts down the body’s synthesis of natural opioids.
 The interactional orientation is focused on both person and situation as causes
of addiction.
 The most widely used treatment for opioid addicts is methadone maintenance.

7. Cocaine
 A drug from the leaves of the coca bush, stimulates the
central nervous system and increase heart beat rate, raises
blood pressure and temperature, and decreases appetite.
 It also produces the feelings of hyperalertivenss.
 Larger doses can produce a maniac state, paranoia, and
impaired judgment.
Amphetamines
 It is a powerful psychomotor stimulants that affect both
central nervous system and the cardio vascular system.
 In moderate doses they result in wakefulness, alertness and
elevated mood.
 Tolerance develops rapidly, thus many users begin injecting
amphetamines to get more intense effects.
 High dose leads to nervousness, dizziness, confusion, heart
palpitations and elevated blood pressure.

8. Methamphetamine is chemically similar to amphetamine but
has a greater impact on the central nervous system.
Hallucinogens
 Psychedelics
 Members of primitive culture used natural hallucinogens
such as mescaline and psilocybin, in religions ceremony for
thousands of years ago.
 Abuse of hallucinogenic drugs can result in respiratory
and cardiovascular collapse, or in psychotic behavior.
 Support groups and teaching of social skills seem effective
in preventing the recurrence of hallucinogen use.
 Phencyclidine
 A synthetic chemical can cause disorientation and
hallucinations and make user to feel dissociated from the
environment.

9. Inhalants
 Volatile substance or organic solvents that can produce
changes in perception
Cannabis
 Use impairs motor coordination and perception and affects
STM n learning and even after the feeling of intoxication
from the drug has passed.
Nicotine
 It involves in directly stimulating certain receptors that are
sensitive to the neurotransmitters acetylcholine.
 Cognitive research has identified three stages of change
relevant to smoking cessation.
 These are commitment to change.
 Implementation of the change.
 Maintenance of the change with emphasis on relapse
prevention.

10. Caffeine
 It can be addictive.
 It has mind altering properties and in high
doses can cause anxiety and nervousness.
 Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms also can
occur, symptoms of caffeine intoxication,
include excitement, insomnia, restlessness,
nervousness and heart rate increase.

11. Causes and treatment
Causes
 The cause of drug abuse is not known, nor it is
understood why some people can abuse drugs briefly
and stop without difficulty, whereas others can
continue using drugs despite undesirable
consequences.
 Biological factors such as genetics and the presence
of other psychiatric disorders may play a role as may
environmental factors such as peer pressure, history
of abuse and stress, and developmental factors such
as the timing of drug exposure.

12. Treatment
 The goals of the drug abuse treatment are
aimed at stopping drug seeking and use,
preventing complications of drug withdrawal,
rehabilitation, maintaining abstinence, and
preventing relapse.
 Treatment depends on the drug being abused,
whether the addiction is present and whether
there are coexisting health or psychological
problems.

13. Common treatments
 Cognitive behavioral therapy to work on thought patterns and
behavior
 Family therapy to help the family understand the problem and
to avoid enabling drug abuse.
 Identification and treatments of coexisting conditions
 Medications to decrease cravings, block withdrawal symptoms,
counteract drug effects, or to cause unpleasant side effects if a
drug is used.
 Motivational incentives to reinforce abstinence.
 Motivational interviewing
 Rehabilitation to assist those with severe addiction or
coexisting mental illness through the initial stages of quitting.
 Supervised withdrawal to prevent, recognize and treat physical
symptoms of withdrawal
 Support groups

14. Toxic and organic
psychosis
 Organic psychoses are characterized by
abnormal brain function that is caused by a
known physical abnormality, which is most
cases in some organic disease of the brain.
 Howeve, altered brain function that
precipitates hallucinogens and delusion are
more often associated with specific
psychiatric disorder, which are categorized
as functional psychoses.

15.  Many medical conditions can affect brain function and cause
symptoms of delusions and hallucinogens.
 For example :
 Dementia is a gradual and progressive loss of intellectual
abilities, such as remembering, thinking, paying attention and
perceiving; it is often a chronic condition.
 Delirium, which is commonly occurs in patients with
dementia, clouded, confused state of consciousness and is
usually only a temporary condition.
 Dementia is a principal syndrome in the most common and
widespread organic psychosis, alzheimer disease.
 An elderly person with this disease can experience loss of
memory and may experience paranoia or other personality
changes.
 Disturbances in the blood supply to the brain caused by
cerebral arteriosclerosis produce symptoms similar those of
Alzheimer disease.

16.  Other medical conditions related to psychoses
include thyroid disease, vitamin deficiency, liver
disease, epilepsy and Parkinson disease and
encephalitis.
 Many drugs can alter brain function and cause
symptoms of psychoses.
 Chronic alcoholics often exhibit psychotic
symptoms.
 Alcohol induces brain damage can also result in
memory defects and a major decline in
intellectual abilities and social skills.

17. Diagnosis and treatment
 Blood tests, spinal taps, electroencephalogram may be
administered to diagnose organic brain syndrome or an
organic mental disorder.
 Imaging of the brain, like CT scan or MRI is also useful
depending on a doctor’s suspicion.
 Treatments for organic mental disorders vary on what the
underlying cause of the disorder is.
 Medication may be prescribed or rehabilitation therapy
may help patients recover function in the parts of the
brain affected by the organic mental disorders.