1. R. Razo
Bio120
October 23, 2012

2.  During this time the uterine muscle contracts
strongly to expel the fetus
 In this process the fetus presses on the cervix
and causes it to dilate

3.  Labor is the actual process of expelling the
fetus from the uterus and through the vagina
 It begins with uterine contractions (ends with
the birth of the baby, Stage three)
 This stage is usually the longest stage, lasting
about 12-19 hours

4.  Contractions become stronger and at regular
and increasing intervals
 Lower back pain and cramping
 Your water breaks (a large gush or a
continuous trickle)
 You have a bloody (brownish or red-tinged)
mucus discharge; this is probably the mucus
plug that blocks the cervix; this is usually a
sign that the cervix is dilating

5. EFFACEMENT
 Thinning of the cervix during labor,
 Occurs as the cervix dilates
 At this point, the cervix is completely dilated
to 10 cm.

6.  This stage usually lasts 20 minutes to two
hours; you will push hard during contractions
and rest between contractions
 When the top of the baby’s head fully appears
(crowning), the doctor will tell you to push
and deliver the baby
 The doctor may make a small cut
(episiotomy) to enlarge the vaginal opening
 After the baby is born, the umbilical cord is
cut

7.  Also called afterbirth, the placenta is attached
to the uterine wall that is composed of
maternal and fetal tissues
 The baby is attached to the placenta by way
of the umbilical cord
 Immediately following childbirth, the uterus
continues to contract, thus the placenta is
expelled through the vagina
 Labor is over once the placenta is delivered.

8. Source: altmentalities.wordpress.com

9.  One of the longest terms used in medical
terminology
 Refers to the removal of the uterus, cervix,
ovaries, and fallopian tubes
 Salpingo-oophorectomy is the removal of the
ovary and its adjacent Fallopian tube.
 Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the
ovary(s)
Source; www.medicinenet.com/hysterectomy

10. These two procedures are performed for:
 Ovarian cancer
 Removal of suspicious ovarian tumors
 Fallopian tube cancer (which is very rare)
 They may also be performed due to
complications of infection, or in combination
with hysterectomy for cancer
Source: www.medicinenet.com/hysterectomy

11.  Sometimes, women with inherited types of
cancer of the ovary or breast will have an
oophorectomy as preventive surgery in order
to reduce the risk of future cancer of the
ovary or breast.
Source: www.medicinenet.com/hysterectomy

12.  The ending of menstrual activity and
childbearing years
 Age is the leading cause of menopause, and
usually occurs between the ages of 40 and 55
 It is brought on by the ovaries gradually
slowing down their function
 Certain surgeries and medical treatment can
induce menopause (examples are bilateral
oopharectomy and chemotherapy
Source: www.medicinenet.com/menopause_and_perimenopause

13.  Women who smoke tend to go through
menopause a few years earlier than
nonsmokers
 There is no proven way to predict menopause
age
 Menopause can be confirmed only after a
woman has missed her periods for 12
consecutive months (without other obvious
causes)
Source: www.medicinenet.com/menopause_and_perimenopause

14.  The transition to menopause is called
perimenopause
 During perimenopause, it's still possible for a
woman to get pregnant
 Although a woman’s periods may become
more unpredictable, her ovaries are still
functioning and she still may ovulate
Source: www.medicinenet.com/menopause_and_perimenopause

15. Menopause Symptoms May Include:
 Hot Flashes - a brief feeling of heat that may
make the face and neck flushed
 Hot flashes vary in intensity and typically last
between 30 seconds and 10 minutes
Sex Problems - Less estrogen can lead to
vaginal dryness, which may make intercourse
uncomfortable or painful
Source: www.medicinenet.com/menopause_and_perimenopause