Influence of heavy and low television watching on study habits of secondary s...
Accessibility of digital TV
1. Disability Studies Quarterly
Fall 2008, Volume 28, No.4
<www.dsqsds.org>
Copyright 2008 by the Society for Disability Studies
How Will the Changeover to Digital Broadcasting in 2009 Influence the Accessibility of TV for
Americans With Disabilities?
Robert Pedlow
Faculty of Health Sciences
The University of Sydney
Email: r.pedlow@usyd.edu.au
Keywords:
ageing, disability, digital TV, accessibility
Abstract
The current paper reports on the numbers of people with disability expected to experience difficulty in accessing
television as a result of the planned changeover from analogue to digital broadcasting in the US in 2009. The
major accessibility issues for digital TV are reviewed focusing on digital settop boxes that are expected to be
the primary means of access to digital TV for people on low incomes. The changeover to digital TV will reduce
the ease of access to broadcast TV for people with disability. As broadcast TV is mostly relied on by people on
low income people with disability on low incomes will be at increased risk of exclusion due to the changeover.
Older people with disability especially those aging into disability are less likely to access disability information
or have connections with the disability community compared to the younger disabled and as a result may be at
greater risk of being excluded.
Introduction
The present paper reports on the implications of the changeover from analogue to digital broadcasting for the
accessibility of television for people with disabilities. Television viewing is the single largest leisure time activity in the
US. According to SanchezTaberna and Carvajal (2002), US adults view an average of 28 Hours of TV per week. It is
estimated that 98% of all households have a television and the average numbers of sets per household is 2.2. While
there is limited research data available on TV viewing by people with disabilities in general, there is evidence that
people with vision impairments are active TV viewers (American Foundation for the Blind, 2003). There is also evidence
that older people watch more hours of television than younger people (Grajczyk & Zöllner, 1998).
The US government has recently passed legislation for a complete turn to digital broadcasting by February 2009 (Clark,
2006). This legislation means that consumers who currently use analogue TV's and rely only on broadcast access (i.e.
those who do not have cable or satellite) will need to purchase either a digital television or a settop box (STB) to be
able to view television after this date. The changeover to digital broadcasting will significantly change the way that
people who currently use broadcast TV access and interact with television. Requiring the use of a set top box or a
digital TV, for those who can afford it, the changeover will significantly increase the complexity of the technology
required to access television. Increasing the complexity of the TV user interface will mean that there is some risk that
people with disabilities and older people may also be unable to access it effectively. This potential difficulty is
particularly significant since access to information and services via the more familiar television interface could
potentially be of real value to the older disabled who may be less likely to use personal computers. This paper aims to
review the major accessibility issues for digital television and assess the potential exclusion of older people and people
with disabilities in the US from access to TV as a result of the changeover to digital TV.
Why we should be concerned about access to TV viewing for people with disabilities and older people? TV is one of the
major sources of information and entertainment for the majority of the US population (Frey, Benesch, & Stutzer, 2005),
and ensuring and maintaining access for people with disabilities and older people is essential to allowing them to
participate in and enjoy day to day life. It may be argued that the free market and technological change will ensure
access for people with disabilities. However as Greg Vanderheiden noted in his (1990) paper "Thirty something
million—should they be exceptions?" history has repeatedly shown that accessibility issues tend not be solved by
market forces or technological change.
A further argument for addressing the accessibility of digital TV concerns the potential for the capabilities of digital TV
to be used to provide access to Government information and services and for functions such as emergency and
disaster alerts. Access for older people and people with disabilities is of critical importance for both of these functions.
Finally, there is also clearly a significant argument in terms of market penetration for both service providers and receiver
manufacturers to optimize the accessibility of their product for the entire potential user population, including the growing
segment comprising older and disabled people.
This paper reviews the following areas:
1. The legislative and rule making activity in the US relevant to accessibility of digital TV;
2. The effect of the changeover to digital on different types of TV delivery, broadcast, cable and satellite and the
implications for people with disabilities;
3. Statistical data on disability in the US population in relation to the ways in which digital broadcasting is
anticipated to change the physical, sensory and cognitive capabilities required to access TV;
4. Current research on accessibility of digital TV and emerging solutions;
5. A comparison between the US and the further advanced UK situation with regards to switchover to digital
broadcasting is presented.
U.S. Legislation and rule making activity related to disability access to Digital TV
3. accommodation where tasks such as operating the television would be done by an assistant.
To understand the extent to which digital TV may result in increased exclusion compared to the existing analogue
system it is necessary to consider:
1. The additional capabilities needed to access digital TV compared to the existing analogue system. In order to
identify these additional capabilities it is useful to review some of the key usage scenarios that viewers will need
to deal with in order to access digital TV;
2. The rates of different types of disability in the population; and
3. The ways that different disabilities may limit people's ability to view and interact with digital television.
The adoption and use of digital TV will require users to complete a number of scenarios that involve different tasks and
require different or make increased demand on functional abilities compared to the use of analogue TV. The key
scenarios that digital TV users need to be able to complete include:
1. Purchasing and installing equipment, either a digital TV or a STB;
2. Accessing TV programs using digital TV;
3. Accessing configuration and accessibility options such as captioning and video description; and
4. Accessing interactive services.
The first scenario, purchase and installation, will differ depending on whether the viewer is purchasing a digital television
or a settop box. Digital TVs are relatively complex pieces of consumer technology and can be quite complex to
configure correctly. In practice, given the cost differential, it is likely that many older people and people with disabilities
will use a settop box to access digital TV.
In the case of digital settop boxes, the prospective purchaser needs to understand before purchase how and whether
the device can be connected to their existing television/ VCR. To setup the product the viewer needs to be able to
correctly configure the STB to work with their existing equipment. Both the purchase and installation process involve a
level of cognitive difficulty that is substantially greater than for analogue TV.
In order to access programs using the settop box the viewer will normally need to use a second remote control (i.e. the
remote for the STB.). Remote controls for set top boxes typically have more controls and added functionality compared
to those for TV's. In addition, remote controls for STB's need to be used in conjunction with on screen displays, a new
mode of interaction that introduces new visual and cognitive demands. Further, there may be a time lag between
actions taken using a STB remote control and a system response which is a new interaction that users may not
understand.
Accessing interactive services will typically require the viewer to navigate onscreen menus using the remote control.
These may be inaccessible for people who cannot read text on the screen. They may also be inaccessible for people
with motor impairment who have difficulty using the remote control. Menus with a number of levels and/or a large
number of items are likely to present difficulty for people with cognitive and/or language impairment.
There is a wide range of disability statistics available, however, for the exclusion analysis the data needs to provide a
breakdown by specific functional limitation experienced. For this review I have used the data published by the US
Census Bureau from the 2002 Survey of Income and Program Participation, SIPP (US Census Bureau, 2006). An
additional advantage of this survey is that it provides a breakdown by age.
Table 1: Prevalence of selected types of disability among individuals 15 years
and older in the US11.
Disability Type 15 years and older 25 to 64 years 65 years and older
Not severe Severe Not severe Severe Not severe Severe
Seeing words/letters 5.3% 1.4% 3.9% 0.9% 16.1% 4.4%
(%) and N2 N=11,750 N=3,077 N=5,819 N=1,343 N=5,419 N=1,501
Hearing conversation 3.1% 0.4% 2.0% 0.3% 10.8% 1.5%
(%) and N N=7,830 N=972 N=3,010 N=418 N=3,660 N=506
Grasping objects 2.7% 0.3% 2.2% 0.2% 7.8% 1.0%
(%) and N N=6,052 N=690 N=3290 N=310 N=2,647 N=331
Mental disability3 3.6% 3.0% 4.8%
(%) and N N=7,918 N=4,537 N=1,633
Table Notes
1. Table is adapted from (US Census Bureau, 2006).
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2. Numbers in 000's.
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3. One or more of learning disability, mental retardation, Alzheimer's, senility or dementia, Other mental or
emotional condition.
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Table 1 shows the percentages of people with different types of disability by age in the US population. The numbers of
people with low vision are expected to increase with the aging population. People who are unable to read words or
letters will be unable to read instruction materials if these are not provided in accessible formats and they will be unable
to use onscreen menus. Both of these facts indicate that people with vision impairment are likely to experience
significantly greater exclusion as a result of the introduction of digital TV. Also people over 65 with severe difficulty in
seeing words or letters are likely to be unable to use the onscreen menus.
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