1. The Four Fears How Philosophy
deals with the
Fear of Death
The Concept of
Immorality
MAN AND DEATH
2. But first, What is Death?
Death is the permanent cessation of all biological
functions that sustain a living organism.
Death happens when life ends.
Death is the cessation of consciousness.
6. 1. The Fear of Death
When people say that they fear death, it is really
not death itself they fear but rather:
Physical process of death
• Psychological process of death
The fear of pain and physical agony
Psychological torment of letting go and
leaving behind everything and the one
they love
7. 2. Fear of Punishment
People fear after death actually harbor
anxieties about one particular possible set of
events that they fear might happen after their
bodily deaths. These are people who believe in
life after death and anticipated divine moral day
of judgment, along with its accompanying
punishment for what they have done in this life.
8. 3. Fear of the Unknown
One of the most common forms of human fear is
the fear of the unknown. The fear is related to our
deep need to feel in control. When we know what is
going on, we can feel some sense of control over our
environment or our own fortunes, however accurate or
delusory that sense might be. The unknown allows for
no sure plans or reasonable expectations.
9. 4. Fear of annihilation
This is the fear of death that gives many
contemporary men night terrors. They find themselves
suddenly aware that they will inevitably face death,
and that what they will confront may in fact be the total
cessation of conscious experience, the annihilation of
a person they have been, forever.
11. The Stoic Response
It tackles the fear of the process of dying.
“Life could never dish out to us, and make us
endure, more than we were capable of taking.” –
Seneca, Epictetus, M. Aurelius
At a certain point, the pain is too intense that we lose
unconsciousness and no longer suffer.
Suicide as a means on ending non-endurable
suffering.
“God, or nature, will never force us to bear on this
earth what we cannot in fact endure.”
12. The Natural Process Argument
Death is just natural; therefore, it should not be
feared.
It should be accepted.
The process of dying and the state of death,
according to naturalists, are just parts of life or
nature.
13. The Necessity Argument
Death is important to…
The appreciation of life. The cherishing of every bit
of moment.
Evolutionary improvement, as generations come
and go, a more valuable state of good will be present
on earth.
14. The Agnostic Argument
Syllogistically speaking,
It is wrong (inappropriate or irrational) to fear
something unless you know that it can harm you.
You don’t know that the state of death can harm you.
Therefore, it is wrong to fear the state of death.
• The process of dying will hurt but will be limited.
• Death is eternal and unknown. It could be great or not.
• Our attitudes and emotions should not be easily swayed
given how little we know about death.
15. The Two Eternities Argument
Before we were born, we were just a part of a non-
existent eternity, which doesn’t obviously hurt or
deprive us.
After we die, we’ll be again part of that non-existent
eternity.
These two eternities are congruent, so our state of
death will be similar to our state before living.
So, why fear death, when we actually have
experience the eternity past?
16. Epicurus’ Argument
When you exist, your death does not, and what does
not exist can’t harm you.
When your death exists, you do not, and what does
not exist cannot be harmed.
It is irrational to fear what can’t harm you.
It is irrational to fear when you can’t be harmed.
At any time, either you exist or your death exists.
Thus, for any time either death can’t harm you, or
you can’t be harmed by death.
Therefore, it is irrational at any time to fear death.
17. Reflection or Thoughts
For a long time, people haven’t exactly reached a
precise argument regarding Death and Dying.
Even with all these, philosophies, some people are
unmoved and are still have that fear of death.
Death is more likely a conundrum than a train of
thought.
18.
19. Philosophers who believe that death is the end,
because they do not believe that there is any such thin
as soul or incorporeal mind to survive bodily death,
have offered up their own concepts of immortality to
help reconcile us to our physical demise. These are not
concepts of the immortality of the soul, or of any
continuation into the future offered as something like
consolations to which we can cling.
20. The following discussions look
at the most standard:
1. Social Immortality
2. Cultural Immortality
3. Cosmic immortality
4. Scientific immortality
21. Social
Immortality
This concept
belongs to people that
when they die, they will live
on in their children. This is
a belief that we can leave
something of ourselves
behind when we die,
throughout genetic
offspring.
23. Cosmic Immortality
People who belong to this group usually say
when they die, "I want to be cremated and my ashes
be spread out in the forest, because when my
molecules can enter the earth, and then enter the
plants and the animals who feed on those plants, and I
will be disbursed, spread around to the point that,
ultimately, I will be blended in with the universe, and
have a sort of cosmic immortality.".
24. Scientific Immortality
This is certainly the most interesting, because it
is only one to address our desire to live on, not just in
memories of others, in the products of our work, or in
our molecules, but with conscious experience. Here,
we want to live on as a person, not just an influence.
25. -With the modern medical advancements, we can preserve our
looks and be "better/younger" physiologically in contrast with
our chronological age.
-Surgery and transplant have extended many people's lives far
beyond what they would otherwise have been.
-The rise of Cryonics ( practice of freezing dead in hopes that
once medical science has come out to understand how to
reverse their condition, they can be thawed out to new and
endless life)
- Rise of generation of computers which will be able of
supporting all the contents of neural system.
Notas do Editor
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