1. Hybrid Cars: How have they
improved since introduction?
by- Ronak Thakare

2. Introduction
• Definitions
• Classification
• Electric vs. Internal Combustion
• Timeline for Hybrid technology development
• The Batteries
• Study: Insight vs. Prius
• The Future

3. HYBRID VEHICLE
• A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two different
methods to propel the vehicle.
• A hybrid electric vehicle, abbreviated HEV
uses both an internal combustion engine and
an electric motor to propel the vehicle.
• Most hybrid vehicles use a highvoltage battery
pack and a combination electric motor and
generator to help or assist a gasoline engine.

4. What is a hybrid?
• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) include both a
combustion engine as well as an electric
motor.
• If we had better batteries, we would not need
hybrids at all.
• Hybrids can be implemented in many kinds of
vehicles.

5. Global-Warming: Still An Issue.
• Hybrids are not zero-emission vehicles.
• Will cut down emissions of global-warming
pollutants by a third to a half.
• Later models may cut these emissions down
by even more.

6. Why hybrids?
• Regenerative braking actually makes city driving
more economical than on the highway.
• Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).
• Emissions are greatly decreased.
• Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.
• Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.
• New materials can be implemented.

7. CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
• The types of hybrid-electric vehicles include:
– Series
– Parallel
– Series-parallel designs

8. CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESCLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLES
FIGURE 39-3 A drawing of the
power flow in a typical series
hybrid vehicle.

9. CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESCLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLES
FIGURE 39-5 The power flowin a typical parallel hybrid vehicle.

10. CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESCLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLES
FIGURE 39-7 A series-parallel hybrid
design allows the vehicle to operate in
electric motor mode only or in
combination with the internal
combustion engine.

11. Electric Motor
• Lots of torque
• Zero emissions
• Tax breaks
• No transmission needed
• Starts more efficiently
– Can turn off motor when you stop

12. Gasoline
• Higher energy density than batteries
– 1,000 pounds of batteries = 1 gallon (7 pounds) of
gas
• Cheaper initial cost for car
– Hybrids are $3500-5000 more
• Reliable, more history

13. Cost Per Mile
Electric vs. Gas

14. Timeline
• 1839: First electric vehicle
• 1886: Electric powered taxicab in England
• 1890-1910: Significant improvements in
battery technology (lead-acid, nickel-iron)
• 1898: Ferdinand Porsche built a hybrid

15. Timeline
• 1900: Pieper introduced hybrid
• 1905: Gas-Electric car
• 1970’s: Arab oil embargo; hybrid VW Taxi
• 1979: hybrid car built with lawnmower engine
• 1991: US Advanced Battery Consortium
launched major program to produce “super”
battery

16. Timeline
• 1997: Toyota Prius available in Japan
• 1999: Honda Insight released in US (70 mpg)
• 2000: Toyota Prius available in US
• 2002: Honda Civic Hybrid introduced
• 2004: Toyota Prius II introduced; Ford Escape
Hybrid introduced

17. The Batteries Behind It All
• Early Prius and Insight
NiMH D Cells
– Stick Arrangement
((http://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_maru.htmlhttp://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_maru.html))

18. Prismatic Ni-MH
• 15% pack volume reduction
• 25% pack weight reduction
• Less battery module per pack number
http://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_kaku.html

19. Metal Case Prismatic Ni-MH
• Improvement
– 14% less volume
– 40% higher cooling
((http://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_kinnzoku.htmlhttp://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_kinnzoku.html))

20. ECU
• Electronic Control Unit
• Regulates temperature
and state of charge
• Ensures safe and
reliable driving
http://www.peve.panasonic.co.jp/catalog/e_bms.html

21. Study: Battery Usage and Thermal
Performance of Prius and Insight
• Honda Insight vs. Toyota Prius

22. Battery Energy and
Battery Temperatures

23. Hybrid Cars Today
Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles
OEM Model Body Style Power Type Fuel Date Introduced/Announced
Production Date
Currently in Production
DaimlerChrysler Ram Pickup Contractor Special Truck Mild Hybrid Diesel Nov-00
2004 (Limited)
Ford Escape SUV Hybrid Gasoline Jan-01 2004
General Motors Silverado/Sierra Truck Mild Hybrid Gasoline Jan-01 2004 (Limited)
Honda Accord Sedan IMA1 Hybrid Gasoline Jan-04 2005
Honda Insight Coupe IMA1 Hybrid Gasoline Dec-99 2000
Honda Civic Sedan IMA1 Hybrid Gasoline Jan-00 2002
Lexus RX400h SUV Hybrid Gasoline Jan-03 2005
Toyota Prius Sedan Parallel Hybrid Gasoline Jun-00 2000
Toyota Highlander SUV Hybrid Gasoline Jan-04 2005
Suzuki Twin Mini Hybrid Gasoline Nov-02 2003 (Japan)
Toyota Estima Minivan Parallel Hybrid Gasoline Jun-01 In Japan Only
Toyota Crown Sedan Mild Hybrid Gasoline Aug-01 In Japan Only
Toyota Alphard Minivan Hybrid Gasoline Jul-03 In Japan Only

24. Planned for Production
Ford Fusion Sedan Full Hybrid Gasoline Apr-03 2006
General Motors Silverado/Sierra & Tahoe/Yukon Truck & SUV Strong
Hybrid Gasoline Nov-03 2007
General Motors Equinox SUV Hybrid Gasoline Jan-03 2006
General Motors Malibu Sedan BAS2 Hybrid Gasoline Jan-03 2007
General Motors Graphyte SUV Full Hybrid Gasoline Jan-05
2006
Hyundai Click Sedan Hybrid Gasoline Nov-03 2005/06 (Korea)
Mercury Mariner SUV Full Hybrid Gasoline Apr-04 2005 (limited)
2006 (full)
Nissan Altima Sedan Hybrid Gasoline Jun-04 2006
Saturn Vue SUV BAS2 Hybrid Gasoline Jan-03 2006
Toyota Camry Sedan Unknown Gasoline Unknown
Unknown
Toyota Sienna Minivan Hybrid Gasoline 2003 2007

25. Recent Concepts - Production
Plans Unknown
Honda ASM Minivan IMA1 hybrid Gasoline Oct-03 Unknown
Ford Focus C-MAX Sedan Hydrogen ICE Hydrogen Jul-04
Unknown
Daewoo S3X SUV Unknown Unknown Oct-04
Unknown
Opal Astra Sedan Unknown Diesel Jan-04 Unknown
Mercury Meta One Unknown Hybrid Diesel Jan-04
Unknown
Mercury Milan Unknown Unknown Unknown Jan-04
Unknown
1 Integrated motor assist.
2 Belt alternator starter.
(Source: Collected by Robb Barnitt and Leslie Eudy, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, from various sources)
Table from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37777.pdf

26. Future of Hybrid
• Hybrid buses
– ~1,000 in use
– Seattle
– California
• Tax Break Increase

27. Future of Hybrid CarsFuture of Hybrid Cars
Toyota VoltaToyota Volta
3.3 liter V6 gas engine
Toyota Hybrid Sports CarToyota Hybrid Sports Car
408 horsepower
30 miles per gallon

28. Thank you