history and information about hyaluronic acid its Production of hyaluronic acid. the traditional way and by genetically modifying organisms.source used is molecular biotechnology 4th edition by GICK.

1. HYALURONIC ACID
RIDDHI KARNIK
M.SC. BIOTECHNOLOGY II
11333
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2. Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan, a polymer consisting
of a repeating disaccharide unit of d-glucuronic acid and d-
N-acetylglucosamine
Linked by β-1,4 and β-1,3 glycosidic bonds (Fig. 13.39),
that in vivo can range in size from 5 to 20 kDa.
 Introduction
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3. HISTORY
In 1934, Karl Meyer and John Palmer described a new
polysaccharide isolated from bovine vitreous humor. They
found that the substance contained an uronic acid and an
aminosugar, and named the polysaccharide “hyaluronic acid”
from hyaloid (vitreous) + uronic acid .
The term “hyaluronan” was introduced in 1986 to conform
to polysaccharide nomenclature. During the 1930s and
1940s, HA was isolated from many sources such as the
vitreous body, umbilical cord, rooster comb, and
streptococci
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4. INFO
This polymer is a component of the articular
cartilage, where it is present as a coat around
the cells; it is important in tissue hydrodynamics,
movement, and cell proliferation
It is used to treat osteoarthritis and to
facilitate wound healing.
Hyaluronic acid is also used as a component of
some cosmetics and skin moisturizers.
In 2005, the worldwide market for hyaluronic
acid was a little over $1 billion, with most being
supplied from rooster combs or the outer capsule
of strains of group C Streptococcus.
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5. PRODUCTION OF HYALURONIC
ACID
The rooster comb-based product can cause
severe inflammation in individuals allergic to
avian antigens, while the Streptococcus-based
product is both difficult and expensive to
produce.
Both sources of hyaluronic acid can be
problematic.
It would therefore be advantageous to have
an alternative source of hyaluronic acid.
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6. NEW APPROACH(BY GENETICALLY
MODIFYING THE ORGANISM)
B. subtilis is a well-established industrial
bacterium that can secrete large amounts of
synthesized products while at the same time
being very economical to grow on inexpensive
medium on a large scale.
Source –applied and environmental microbiology
journal
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7. Source –applied and environmental microbiology journaRIDDHI KARNIK .MSc I . MES GARWARE PUNE

8. In addition, B. subtilis does not produce any
exo- or endotoxins or the
enzymehyaluronidase (which degrades
hyaluronic acid).
The Streptococcus equisimilis gene encoding
the last (and key) step in the synthesis of
hyaluronic acid was isolated and then
overexpressed in B. subtilis (Fig. 13.40),
along with two B. subtilis genes that encode
enzymes that provide the metabolites
needed for the synthesis of hyaluronic acid.
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9. Following the large-scale growth in a bioreactor
of this engineered B. subtilis strain, the amount
of hyaluronic acid that was produced was
comparable to the level produced by
streptococcal strains (which grow more slowly),
and the hyaluronic acid was secreted into the
medium and not cell associated (as is the case
with streptococcal strains), making it easier to
isolate and purify.
While this system may require some additional
manipulation of the B. subtilis host strain to
increase the yield of hyaluronic acid, this work
is an important step toward the development of
a commercial system for the bacterial production
of hyaluronic acid.
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10. Source- GlickRIDDHI KARNIK .MSc I . MES GARWARE PUNE

11. REFERENCES
Research papers-
Hyaluronic Acid Production in Bacillus subtilis by Bill
Widner, Behr,et al
Novozymes
Biotechnological Production and Application of
Hyaluronan by Chiara Schiraldi, Annalisa La Gatta and Mario
De Rosa
Molecular biotechnology by Glick 4th edition
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12. THANKS AND FOLLOWS A QUOTE FROM OUR
HONOURABLE INDIAN PRIME MINISTER
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