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2. Guiseppe Verdi (1813-1901) Over 25 operas Early-to-mid: Nabucco (1842) Macbeth (1847) Rigoletto (1851) La Traviata (1853) Late: Don Carlos (1867) Aida (1871) Otello (1887) Falstaff (1893)
3. Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Major Operas The Flying Dutchman (1843) Tannhäuser (1845) Lohengrin (1850) Tristan und Isolde (1865) The Ring of the Nibelung: (1869) Das Rheingold (1870) Die Walküre (1876) Siegfried (1876) Götterdämmerung ( Twilight of the Gods ) Parsifal (1882)
4. Wagner’s Contribution Gesamtkunstwerk (The “total work of art”) Wagner’s conception of opera as the ultimate combination of dramatic, literary, musical, and other artistic elements Leitmotiv Wagner’s use of discrete melodic motives to connote various characters, objects, and emotions throughout a given opera Harmonic Expansion Wagner’s expansive treatment of harmony and phrase had a vast impact on later composers