2. Definition
• A chronic metabolic disorder marked by
hyperglycemia
• Type 1 DM
– Results from a primary failure of the beta cells of
the pancreas to produce enough insulin
3. • Type 2 DM
– Results from the development of insulin
resistance in body cells, with initial increased
insulin secretion to maintain metabolism,
followed by eventual inability of the pancreas to
secrete enough insulin to sustain normal
metabolism
5. • Incidence:
– Accounts for about 5-10% of diagnosed diabetes
• Onset:
– Develops most often in children and young adults
– The disorder can appear at any age
6. • Etiology:
– Develops when immune cells attack and destroy
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas,
resulting in loss of insulin production.
7. • Clinical Findings:
– Weight loss
– Muscle wasting
– Loss of subcutaneous fat
– olyuria
– olydipsia
– olyphagia
– Ketoacidosis
9. • Incidence:
– Most common form of diabetes
– 90-95% of diagnosed diabetes
• Onset:
– Gradual
– Early on the pancreas is usually producing enough
insulin, but for unknown reasons, the body cells
lose their ability to respond to the insulin
effectively
10. – Eventually, insulin production decreases or ceases
altogether
• Etiology:
– Associated with older age, obesity, family history
of diabetes, previous history of gestational
diabetes, physical inactivity, ethnicity
– About 80% of type-2 diabetics are overweight
– Increasingly being seen in children, adolescents,
young adults
12. Nursing Focus
• Routine assessment for hyperglycemia and
hypoglycemia and their associated s/s
• Monitor blood glucose as ordered and
document response to prescribed therapies
• Assess body systems for complications
associated with the effects of diabetes
13. Patient Teaching
• Provide patient with literature on managing
diabetes
• Encourage necessary lifestyle changes
– Weight reduction, if overweight
– Dietary modifications
– Exercise
14. • Explain the purpose, dosage, route, and side
effects of insulin and/or hypoglycemic agents
• If self-administered insulin is prescribed,
ensure pateints ability to demonstrate
appropriate preparation and administration
