ONLINE ASSIGNMENT

1. LOCAL TEXT-
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
PREETHA MISS SREEVIDYA.V.K
B.ED MALAYALAM

2. BapJw

3. HmWm-«p-I-c-bnse `mjbpw kwkvIm-chpw
]-s¯ HmS-m-Snv cq]-amäw h¶-XmWv HmWm-«p-I-c. Icp-m-K-¸-Ån¡v
sX¡v It¶-än-ap-XÂ ncWw hsc (Xn-cp-h-Ãbv¡v kao-]w) bpÅ {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp-
¶p.]Z-{]-tbm-K-¯n ImWm-hp¶ ]pXp-a-I-fmWv H¶m-a-Xmbn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
shtä-½m³ (sh-ä-Xn-¶m³) ]cn-]m-en¨v (]m-NsI sNbvX-Xv) F´ym (F-´m-Wv)
A¿w (]-d-¼v) ss]X-e-·mÀ (sN-dp-¸-¡mÀ) XpS-§nb ]Z-§-fn ImWp¶ {]mtZ-
inI t`Zw hfsc kc-I-c-am-bn-tXm-¶mw. t]m¨ (]p-Ãv) H¯ncn (h-f-sc) I¶men
(I-¶p-Im-en) C¯cw ]Z-§fpw aäv Zn¡n A]qÀÆ-am-Wv.
IpSpw-_mw-K-§-fpsS _Ôw Ipdn-¡p¶ ]Z-§fpw hnti-j-X-bp-Å-Xm-Wv.
ktlm-Z-cs (HS-¸n-d-t¶m³) F¶mWv ktlm-Z-cn-amÀ hnfn-¡p-I. Htc DS-enÂ
n¶v ]nd-¶-h³ F¶ AÀ°-am-Imw. tPjvT-s, ktlm-Z-cs (sIm-¨m-«³)
F¶mWv hnfn-¡pI. aq¯ ktlm-Z-c-m-sW-¦n hÃy-sIm-¨m-«³ F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
Ing-t¡se tN«³, sXt¡se tN«³ F¶v AbÂ]-¡-¡m-scbpw hnfn-¡m-dp--v.
hr²-·m-sc-bpw, hr²-I-sfbpw _lp-am--]qÀÆw A¸p-¸³, A½p½ F¶mWv hnfn-
¡p-I. hb-kztbpw kzme-tbpw (Afnb³) F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
HmWm-«p-I-c-bnse P-§-fpsS hmbvsamgn AXnsâ khn-ti-jX AsXm¶v
thsd-b-Wv. Hcp {]tXyI `mjm taJ-e-b-bmWv ]Z-{]-tbm-K-¯nepw D¨m-c-W-
¯nepw ssien-bnepw CuW-¯n-ep-sams¡ AXnv AXn-sâ-Xmb Xn-abpw Nmcp-X-
bp-ap--v. HmWm-«p-Ic `mj-bpsS khn-ti-jX AXnsâ hàm-hns GXmÄ¡q-«-
¯n n¶pw amän-oÀ¯p-¶p.hyàn-m-a-§-fn n¶p-Xs¶ a-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶m-
Wv. (amXp-aq-¸oev, Ioh-do-Xv, ImÀ¯y-b-n-]n-Å, Ak-mcv, mWn-]-Wn-¡¯n).
]e {]tZ-i-§-fn-sebpw t]mse a²y-Xn-cp-hnXmwIq-dnse `mjbpw ck-I-c-amw-
hn[w ]e sshNn-{Xr-§fpw nd-ª-Xm-Wv. kw`m-j-W-§-fnse o«nepw Ipdp-¡-
ep-I-fpw ]Z-hn-j-b-{I-a-¯nse sshNn-{Xs¯ ImWn-¡p-I-bmWv Chn-sS. I-n-
Ãntbm ?]n¶n-Ãntb ? S-¡-¯n-Ãntbm ? H¡-¯n-Ãntem ? F¶n-§s "A¯v '
F¶ CS-n-e-tNÀ¯v "Hm ' F¶v o«n D¨-cn-¡p-¶Xpw hcm-
tam, sImSp-¡m-tam, sN¶m-a-Xntb F¶n-§s "G'
F¶v o«n ]d-bp-¶Xpw (CXv {]mb-am-b-h-tcmSpw D¶X ØmnbtcmSpapÅ `hyX

4. kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ {]{In-b-bm-Wn-Xv). t]mbn-teymt¶m, sImSp-¯n-Ãytbmt¶m, ]d-
ªm-s«, Ccp-¶ms« F¶n-§s "B'Imc "F'Imc§Ä tNÀ¯v kwkm-cn-¡p-
¶Xpw aäpw HmWm-«p-I-c-¡m-cpsS am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
Ncn-{Xw, `qan-imkv{Xw
Hcp {]tZiw Ncn-{X-¯n CSw tSp-¶Xv tZiw Ime-¯n-p-apt¼ k©-cn-
¡p-Ibpw kzbw Hcp Ncn-{Xs¯ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼m-gm-Wv. Hcp P-
k-aq-l-¯nsâ Xo{hhpw ]cn-hÀ¯-tm-·p-J-hp-amb CÑm-i-àn-bmWv ]pXnb
Ncn{Xw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. C§s Ime-¯n-p-apt¼ S-¶p-sIm-v kzbw
Ncn{Xw cNn-¨p-sIm-v tIcf¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯n HcnSw Is--¯nb {]tZ-i-amWv
HmWm-«p-I-c.
HmWm-«p-I-c-bpsS DÂ]-¯n-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]ecpw ]e A`n-{]m-b-§-fmWv
]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nepw `mjm imkv{X-{]-Imcw icn-bm-bn-«p-ÅXv "" HmSÂm-«p-Ic
HmSm-«p-I-c-bmbn AXv {ItaW HmWm-«p-I-c-bmbn F¶-Xm-Wv''. AXm-bXv HmSÂ
F¶m (Cu-ä) apf-I-fpsS mSv F¶m-Wv. Ip©³ ¼ym-cpsS Ime¯v (18-þmw
qäm--v) HmS-mSv Hmam-«p-I-c-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¨p-I-gn-ªp. ""HmWm-«p-Ichmgpw
Cuiz-·mcpw.............'' F¶v Ip-©³ ¼ymÀ IrjvW-eo-e-bn {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p--v.
HmS-m-Snsâ Xe-Ømw I-n-bqÀa-ä-am-bn-cp-¶p. thWmSv cmPm-hnsâ kma-´-m-
bn-cp¶ HmS-mS[n-]v c-v sIm«m-c-§-fp--m-bn-cp-¶p. I-n-bqÀa-äs¯ sIm«mcw
c-bn-§-a-®q-cn-em-bn-cp-¶p.c-bn-§-a-®q-cmWv Ct¸mÄ X«m-c-¼ew F¶v
Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
HmWm-«p-I-c-bpsS ImÀjnI kar²n
tIc-f-¯nsâ ImÀjnI `q]-S-¯n HmWm-«p-I-cbv¡v kp{]-[m--am-sbmcp
Øm-ap--v.sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ ImÀjnI hnf-IÄ sIm-v Ay-m-«p-Imsc
HmW-aq-«n-b-h-cmWv HmWm-«p-I-c-¡mÀ. apXp-Ipfw, lcn-¸mSv `mKs¯ hb-tem-e-IÄ
Imbw-Ipfw cmPm-hnsâ sÃd F¶mWv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Irjn-tbm-SpÅ Bk-
àn-bpw, A²zm--t¯m-SpÅ B`n-ap-Jyhpw ndª HmWm-«p-I-c-hm-kn-I-fpsS
D]-Po-h--amÀ¤w apJy-ambpw sÂIr-jn- B-bn-cp-¶p.aäp {][m Irjn-IÄ sX§v,
ac-¨o-n, FÅv, IapIv XpS-§n-b-h-bpw, CS-hnf Irjn-IÄ Ing§p hÀ¤-§Ä,

5. C©n, aªÄ, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, hmg F¶n-h-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Chn-Sps¯ ac-¨on hnf-I-
fn CS-hn-f-bmbn apXn-c-Irjn sNbvXn-cp-¶p.hrÝn-I-am-k-¯nse apXnc hnf-sh-
Sp¸v IÀj-IÀ¡v Bth-i-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]ªam-k-¡m-es¯ {][m Blm-c-am-bn-
cp¶p Iªnbpw apXn-c-bpw. HWm-«p-I-c-bnse {][m DÕ-h-amb sN«n-Ip-f-§c
`cWn-tbm-S-p-_-Ôn-¨pÅ IpXn-c-aq-«n Iªn-k-Zy-bn apXnc Hcp {][m hn`-h-
am-Wv. sImgnªmw-]-bÀ Cu m«n [mcm-f-ambn Irjn sNbvXn-cp-¶p. CXnsâ
Cebpw]ª-am-ks¯ Hcp {][m Blm-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]bÀ thhn¨v Ign-¡p-¶-
sXm-sSm¸w thhn-¨-shÅw (]-b-äp-Nm-dv) Idn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p.
HmWm-«p-I-c-bnse ac-¨on Irjn Gsd {]k-à-am-bn-cp-¶p. "Hm¨n-d-bnÂ
n¶v Ing-t¡m«v memw-ssa¡p-än¡v kao]w Non Xg-¨p-h-fÀ¶p n¡p-¶Xv
I-m Bcpta tm¡o-Sqw Fs¶mcp sNÃpw D-m-bn-cp-¶p. G¯-¡, Acn-b³,
sSp-a-§m-S³, s]cn-§m-S³, B-s¡m-¼³ F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶ {][m Nonbn-
§Ä. F¶m Ch-sbms¡ C¶v A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. thfm-¦-®n,
Nph¶ ¼À, ]©-kmc shÅ XpS-§nb ]pXnb C-§Ä Ct¸mÄ Irjn
sNbvXp-h-cp-¶p.
sh«p-tN-¼v, sNdp-tN-¼v, tN, Im¨nÂ, Ing§v F¶nh ]pc-bn-S-§-fnÂ
Irjn-sN-bvXp-h-cp-¶p. F¶m CXpw Xmc-X-tay Ipd-ªp-h-cp-¶p. hmg-bn--§-
fmb ]mf-b-t´m-S³, Iq¼-Ãm-I-®³, I®³, Nmc-¡m-fn, ]S-Zn, ]qh³, sam´³,
IZ-fn, sN¦m-Zfn F¶nh hym]-I-amb tXmXn Irjn sNbvXp h¶n-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv
Ch Gsd-¡psd A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-I-bpw, G¯-hmg Irjn hym]-I-am-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Iip-am-hv, amhv, ¹mhv F¶nh [mcm-f-ap--v.shän-e-ap-dp¡v HmWm-«p-I-c-¡m-
cpsS ioe-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-pÅ shän-ebpw AS-bv¡bpw Chn-sS-¯s¶ Irjn-
sN-bvXp-h-cp-¶p.
Xmc-X-tay em`-I-c-amb dºÀIrjn hym]-I-am-b-sXmsS Ic-Irjn GXm-v
A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-cp-¶p. ImÀjnI kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS AS-bm-f-am-bn-cp¶ Imf-h--n,
Dg-hp-Im-f, Ie-¸, pIw, acw, sNcp¸v, ]Ãp-sN-cp¸v, Infn-bnÂ, N{Ihpw Ad-bpw,
tXt¡m-«, tImbv¯-cn-hmÄ, ]d-s¡m-«, XpWn, ]¯m-bw, Nn¡p-]m-bv, DcÂ, Ce-¡-
F-¶nh hnkvXr-X-am-Ip-¶p. ]ip, BSv, Fcpa F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Chn-Sps¯
{][m hfÀ¯p-ar-K-§Ä then-bm-Sv, tImemSv F¶n-hsb ]ä-ambn hfÀ¯n-bn-cp-

6. ¶p. tImgn, Xmdmhv F¶n-h-tbbpw hfÀ¯p-am-bn-cp-¶p. mS³ ]ip¡-tfbpw
BZyw hfÀ¯p-am-bn-cp¶p F¶m C¶v k¦-c-bnw ]ip-¡Ä hym]-I-am-bn.
Ap-jvSm--I-e-IÄ
HmS-m-«p-I-c-bpsS a®n hnfª H«--h[n Ap-jvSm--I-e-IÄ C¶pw ne-
n¡p-¶p. AXn Gähpw {][m--s¸-«-XmWv Ip¯n-tbm-«w. A]qÀÆ `wKn-
bpÅ Ap-jvSm-m-ß-I-amb Hcp mS³ r¯-I-e-bmWv Ip¯n-tbm-«w. ]e-n-
ebv¡pw c-_-en-tbmSv kmZriyw D-v CXnv HmWm-«p-I-c-bpsS ASn-Øm Ie-I-
sf-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bpw-t¼mÄ Gähpw ap¶n-«p-n¡p-¶Xv Ip¯n-
tbm«w Xs¶-bm-Wv. Iem kmln-Xy-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-aq-ey-apÅ Cu ASn-Øm-
-I-e-bv¡p-th-n ]-p-ap-Xte [mcmfw t]À Ip¯n-tbm-«-]m-«p-IÄ cNn-¨n-«p-v.
sN«n-Ip-f-§-c-bnse Ip¯n-tbm-«-]m-«p-IÄ Cu {]tZ-i-¯n-sâ Xmf-h-«-§fpw Xm-h-
«-§fpw IeÀ¶-XmWv AXv. A½-sb-s¡mcp Ap-I-c-W-co-Xnbpw X-Xm-sbmcp
kmln-Xyhpw tNm˦-XmWv Ch.
C¶v sN«n-Ip-f-§-c-bnepw ]cn-k-c-§-fnepw hf-sc-tbsd Ip¯n-tbm«
{Kq¸p-I-fpw- Ip-¼-am-k-ambn Ign-ªm FÃm-kw-L-§fpw AWn-sªmcp§n
cwK-¯p-h-cpw. Ip¯n-tbm-«-s¯-t¸m-se-Xs¶ {]kn-²--amb sN«n-Ip-f-§c sIm«p-
ImgvN Znhkw t£{X-¯nv Npäp-apÅ ]¯v]-Xn-aq¶v IcI-fn DÕh el-cn-
sImt-m kar-²-amb kZy-sIm-pw s]mSn-]q-c-am-Wv. AXn Gähpw {][m--s¸-
«Xv IpXn-c-¨p-h-«n Iªn-bmWv Ipw`-am-k-¯nse inh-cm-{Xn-¡mWv Ip¯n-tbm«w
XpS-§p-¶-Xv. Ah-km Znh-ks¯ sI«p-Im-gvN-m-fn IpXn-c-sI-«p-¶-hÀ¡v
sImSp-¡p¶ Iªn-¡mWv IpXn-c-¨p-h-«n Iªn-sb-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. IpXn-csb
sI«n-A-e-¦-cn-¡p¶ Bfp-IÄ¡v hn`-h-k-ar-²-amb Iªn Nne ho«p-ImÀ sImSp-
¡pw. (h-gn-]m-Sp-t]m-se) Krl-m-Y³ tcn-«p-sN¶v IpXn-c-sI-«p¶ Iem-Im-c-·msc
£Wn-¡-Ww. Iªn-bpsS ka-b-am-Ip-t¼mÄ AhÀ tZhnsb kvXpXn-¨p-sIm-
-pÅ ]m«p-IÄ ]mSn (ssI-¯m-f-an-«v) Iªn-sImSp-¡m³ Xd-hm-«n-te¡v hcpw.
HmWm«pIc-bpsS ]©m-c-a-W-en saSª Hme-¡o-än FÃm-t]-cp-an-cn-¡pw.
_Ôp-an-{Xm-[n-Ifpw Ab¡m-cp-saÃmw ]¦p-sIm-Åpw. Hme-¡m-ep-sIm-v
Iªn¡v XS-bp--m¡n BZyw Hcp XS sImSp-¡pw. AXn-p-ap-I-fn hmg-bne
sh¨v NqSp-I-ªn-sbm-gn-¡pw-t¼mÄ ]mI-¯n-pÅ Iªn-am-{X-am-Wv. Cu
Iªn¡v apXn-c-]p-gp¡v hfsc {][m--am-Wv. (]p-gp§n thhn¨ apXn-c) ]ns¶

7. ]¸-Sw, D¸n-en-«-Xv, hnhn-[-Xcw I¸-IÄ Ahev -¨-Xv, ]gw F¶p-th- kar-²-
amb Hcp Iªn Xs¶-bm-W-Xv. ]¯v ]Xn-aq¶v Ic-I-fn At¶-Zn-hkw D¨-k-a-
b¯v Cu Iªn -S-¡p¶p. Hmtcm hÀjw-I-gn-bpw-tXmdpw Iªn S-¯p¶
BÄ¡m-cpsS F®w IqSn-IqSn hcn-I-bm-Wv. A§s AsXmcp henb BNm-c-
ambn a²y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn tZhn-bpsS t]cn S-¶p-I-gn-ªp.
Ip¯n-tbm-«-¯n XpS§n sI«p-Im-gvN-bnepw IpXn-c-Np-h-«nse Iªn-bnepw
Ah-km-n-¡p¶ Cu hmÀjn-tIm-Õhw P-§-fn sFIyhpw kvtlhpw
hfÀ¯p¶p F¶p-Å-XmWv kmaq-ly-amb IvgmN-¸m-Sn sXfn-ªpIm-Wp¶
ta·.
HmWm-«p-I-c-bn Cnbpw ]d-b-¯¡ H«--h[n Ap-jvSm Iem-cq-]-§-fp-
-v.. AXn H¶mWv ]S-bWn. `{Z-Imfn t£{X-¯n S-¶p-h-cp¶ Ap-jvSm--I-
e-bmWv ]S-bWn/ ]tSn Ihp-§n³ ]mfbn nÀ½n¨ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb
AtIw tIme-§Ä G´n X¸pw, ssIa-Wn, sN- XpS-§nb hmZy§fpsS i_vZ-
tIm-e-§Ä¡n-S-bn Xo¨p-«p-Ifpw ]´-§fpw sN¿p¶ shfn-¨-¯n XpÅn-bp-d-
§p-¶XmWv ]S-b-Wn.
]©-hÀ®-s]m-Sn-IÄ sIm-v tZh-X-bpsS cq]w Ipdn¨v ]m«p-]m-Sp¶ Ap-
jvS-IÀ½-amWv If-sa-gp¯pw ]m«pw. {iotIm-hn-ensâ ap³hiw Inf-¨-Sn¨v ]´-en«v
Ifw-h-c¨v ]oTw hnf-¡p-IÄ F¶nh hbv¡pw. ]oT-¯n-t·Â hmÄ, hmÂI-®m-
Sn, shän-e, shÅ-cn, ASbv¡ F¶nh nth-Zy-¯np Xe-bv¡pw, D¨-¸m-«v, If-sa-
gp¯v, kÔy-th-e, Ifw, ]qP, If-¯n-em-«w, Xncn-ap-hn-¨nÂ, tX§ms]mfn F¶nh
CXnsâ `mK-am-Wv.
Ap-jvSm Km-§-fn Hcp hn`m-K-amWv sIm«p-]m-«v. Z£nW tIc-f-¯nÂ
Imfn-tbbpw I®In-tbbpw kw_-Ôn¨ ]m«p-IÄ¡mWv tXmd-dw-]m-s«¶v ]d-bp-¶-
Xv. tZh-X-I-fpsS DÛ-hw, amlm-ßyw, k©mcw cq] hnti-jw apXem-b-h-bmWv
hÀ®n-¡p-¶-Xv. ta `K-hXn tSnb hnP-b-¯nsâ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amWv apSn-t]-¨v.
ac-tam, temltam sIm-p-XoÀ¯ apSn Xe-bn-te´n S-¡p¶ Cu Ie Idp-
¸-·m-cmWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. DÀh-c-Xm-p-jvS--§-fn H¶mWv IpXn-c-sI-

8. «v.FSp-¸p-Ip-Xn-cbpw IpXn-c-bpsS BIr-Xn-bp-ambn henb _Ô-sa-¶p-an-Ã.henb N«-
¯n AS-bv¡m-acw, sX§v F¶o XSn-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v 120 ASn-tbmfw s]m¡-¯n-
emWv Ch nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xv. XpWnbpw aäv Ae-¦m-c-h-kvXp-¡fpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v `wKn-
bmbn Ae-¦-cn-¡pw.
aqÀ¯n-I-fp-sSbpw tZh-X-I-ep-sSbpw tImew ]mf-bn hc-ªp--m-¡p-¶p.
Ic, aªÂ, Np®m-¼, sN¦Ãv F¶ne D]-tbm-Kn¨v tImew hc-bv¡p-¶p. KW-I-
k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂs¸-«-h-cmWv tImew XpÅp-¶-Xv. C§s H«--h[n Ie-I-fm kar-
²-amWv HmWm-«p-I-c-bv¡v. AXn-m hnhn[ Iem-hn-j-b-§-en-seÃmw HmWm-«p-I-c-
bpsS Ømw F¶pw H¶mw nc-bnÂX-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
HWm-«p-Ic (Hm-S-m-Sv) F¶ kmwkvIm-cnI `qan-I-bnse Nne `{Z-Imfn t£{X-
§-fn S-¶p-h-cp¶ Ap-jvSm--]-c-amb DÕ-h-amWv apSn-sb-Sp-¸v, apSn-sb-gp-¶-
ův F¶pw CXnv t]cp--v. Be-¸pg PnÃ-bn ImÀ¯n-I-¸Ån Xmeq-¡nse
Xoc-{]-tZ-i¯v ne-sIm-Åp-¶Xpw Cug-h-PmXn Iq«m-bva-bpsS A[o--X-bn-ep-Å-Xp-
amb t£{X-§-fn am{Xta apSn-sb-Sp¸v F¶ Ap-jvSm--Ie Ac-t§-dp-¶p-Åp.
`{ZIm-fn-bpsS cq]w sIm¯n-h-¨n-«pÅ Inco-S-amWv apSn. ¹mhnsâ ]e-I-bnÂ
XoÀ¯ apSn-bn Imfo-cq-]-t¯m-sSm¸w "" kÀ¸-s¡«v' Ifpw sIm¯n-bn-«p--m-Ipw.
Omb-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv apSn Ae-¦-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
""{]ià Ap-jvSm mS-I-amb apSn-tb-änse'' " apSn-bpsS ' sNdp-cq-]-am-Wn-
Xv. apSn Xe-bn-teän Fgp-¶-Ån¨v ssZh-¡-cp-hmbn amdp¶ BÄ "apSn-¸-Wn-¡³
F¶mWv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. t£{X-Õ-h-t¯m-S-p-_-Ôn-¨pÅ sImSn-tbäv
Ignªv 4þmw Znh-k-amW "apSn-¸pc' bn n¶pw apSn ]pd-¯n-d-§p-I. Cu Znh-
ks¯ "]pd-¸mSv Znhkw' F¶mWv hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. tZhX Xsâ {]P-Isf
ImWm³ ]pd-s¸-Sp¶p F¶mWv hnizm-kw. ]mXn--cm-hn Nq«p-sh-fn-¨-¯n hmZy-
ta-f-§-fpsS AIw-_-Sn-tbmsS ]Wn-¡³ apSn-sb-gp-¶-Ån-¡p-¶p. i{Xq-tZ-jw. D±n-
jvS-Imcy kn²n F¶n-h-bv¡pÅ hgn-]mSv BNm-c-am-Wn-Xv. ZmcpI n{K-l-t¯m-sS-
bmWv apSn-sb-Sp¸v NS§v Ah-km-n-¡p-¶-Xv.

9. DÕ-h-§-fpsS HmWm-«p-Ic
kwkvIm-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ hfsc {][m-y-ap-Å-XmWv DÕ-h-§Ä.
Hcp aX-hn-`m-K-¡mÀ am{Xw S-¯p¶ BtLmjw F¶-Xn n¶pw C¶s¯ kaq-
l-¯n FÃm aX-¡mcpw ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ Hcp Ah-Øbn-te¡v amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
DÕ-hm-tlm-j-§-fn-Ãm¯ HmWm-«p-I-c-sb-¸än Btem-Nn-¡m³ Xs¶-h-¿. Cu
{]tZ-i¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯n-te¡pw kwkvIm-c-¯n-te¡pw kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-¯n-
te¡pw shfn¨w hoip¶ Ap-jvSm--]-c-§-fmb DÕ-h-tLm-j-§-fmWv ]-p-
sXt« ChnsS DÅ-Xv. `ànbpw hnizm-khpw ndªp n¡p-¶-XmWv Chn-
Sps¯ t£t{Xm-Õ-h-§Ä. {KmaoW tZh-Xsb {]oXn-s¸-Sp-¯mpw Ncn{X kvarXn-
IÄ Ab-hn-d-¡mpw ImÀjnI kar²n ne-nÀ¯mpw mSnsâ t£a sFiz-cy-
§Ä¡pw aäpw S-¯p¶ HmWm-«p-I-c-bnse t£t{Xm-Õ-h-§Ä FÃm aX-hn-izm-
kn-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse BtLm-jn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. C¯cw {]mtZ-in-tIm-Õ-h-§Ä tZi-
X-n-a-bpw, Im´n-s]m-en-a-tbmSpw IqSn C¶v ne-n¡p-¶p.
Hm¨n-d-¡fn
a²yXn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse DÕ-h-§Ä Hm¨n-d-¡-fn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Bcw-`n-¡p-
¶-Xv. AXv Ah-km-n-¡p-¶-Xm-Is« sN¶n-¯-e, Imcmbva tZho-t£-{X-¯nse
Acn-]-d, A³s]men DÕh-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Hm¨n-d-¡fn Hcp Btbm-Z-tm-Õ-h-am-Wv.
Hm¨n-d- t£-{X-¯n-Â FÃm-hÀjhpw anYpw 1 Dw 2Dw Xob-Xn-I-
fn Hcp Ncn{X kw`-h-¯nsâ hmÀjn-Im-N-cWw IqSn-b-Wn-Xv. qäm--p-IÄ¡p-ap-
¼v, HmS-mSpw X½n Hm¨nd kY-e-¯p-h-¨p--S-¯nb bp²-¯nsâ Ap-kva-c-W-a-
Wn-sX¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.IÀ¡n-S-I-t¯msS Ifcn A`ymkw Ah-km-n-¸n-¨v, `S-
·mÀ c-v tNcn-Xn-cnªv hmÄ, ]cnP XpS-§nb Bbp-[-§-fp-ambn Nn§-¯nse
Xncp-hm-Xn-c-mÄ D¨bv¡pw Ahn-«-¯p-mÄ cmhn-sebpw Gäp-ap-«n-bn-cp-¶p.AXn--
hÀ¡v ImWm³ F¯p¶ HmWm-«p-cm-Pmhpw aäpw ]W-¡ngn ÂIn-bn-cp¶p .
am{X-a-Ã, Imbw-Ipfw cmPm-¡-·mÀ "" Hm¨n-d-¸T'' Fs¶m¶v krjvSn¨v anYpw

10. H¶v, c-v Xob-Xn-I-fn hntm-Z-bp²w S-¯m³ th- GÀ¸mSpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p.
CXnsâ FÃmw Ah-ti-jn-¸mWv C¶p ImWp¶ Hm¨n-d¡-fn.
Imf-sI-«p-Õhw
Hm¨n-d-¡-fn-t]mse ]hn-{X-amb cmtLm-j-amWv 28-þmw HmW-¯nv S-¡p¶
(I-¶n-am-k-¯nse Xncp-thm-W-m-enÂ) Imf-sI«v Fgp-¶-Ån-¸v. ]c-a-in-hsâ hml-
-sa-¶-Xn-ep-]cn Aizm al-Xz-¯n-sâbpw ImÀjnI kar-²n-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-
amb«mWv Imf-sI-«p-Õ-hs¯ I-p-t]m-cp-¶-Xv. Hm¨n-d-t£-{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«
hnhn[ Ic-¡m-cmWv "Imf-sI«v' S-¯p-¶-Xv. ssht¡m-en s]mXnªv Ime-bpsS
aqcq]w N{I-apÅ Nm«-¯n nÀ½n-¡pw. AXn³ta shÅ-bpw, Nph¸pw ]«v
]pX-¸n-¡pw. ]n¶oSv µo-tIi inckv (Jm-f-¯-e) Dd-¸n-¡pw. Imf-¡-gp-¯nÂ
kar-²-ambn sNdp-aWn ame-IÄ AWn-bn-¡pw. CsXm¡ `wKn-bmbn AWn-bn-¡m-
pw, µn-tI-i-in-ckv nÀ½n-¡mpw hnZ-KvZ-amb HmWm-«p-I-c-¡m-cp--v. _p²-aX
kzm[o--apÅ Cu sI«p-ImgvN Hcp t£t{Xm-Õ-h-am-sW¦nepw PmXn-aX t`Z-an-
ÃmsX ]In-m-bn-c-§Ä Cu DÕ-h-¯n H¯v tNcp-¶p.
sN«n-Ip-f-§-c-bnse sI«p-Im-gvN-IÄ
sN«n-Ip-f-§-c-bnse Ipw` `cWn DÕ-hs¯ HmWm-«p-I-c-bpSw tZio-tbm-
Õhw F¶mWv hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. IpXn-c, tXcv, _Iv tNmdp-sIm-avSp-t]m-Ip¶
`oa³, lp-am³, ]m©men F¶n-h-bmWv sI«p-Im-gvN-IÄ. sI«p-Im-gvNbv¡v mm-
PmXn aX-ØÀ sN«n-Ip-f-§-c-bn F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p.
`ànbpw hnizm-khpw ]m«pw r¯-hpw, Irjnbpw kmln-Xy-hpw, cpNnbpw
FÃmw H¯p-tNÀ¶ DÕ-hw. HmWm-«p-I-c-bnse DÕ-h-§-fpsS DÕ-hamb sN«n-
Ip-f-§c Ipw` `cWnbmWv C¯cw khn-ti-j-X-I-fm nd-bp-¶-Xv. sI«p-Im-gvN-
I-fpsS Hcp-¡-¯nv X¯zimkv{X hnZ-KvZ-cmWv DÅ-Xv. Ah-cpsS a-¡-W-¡nv
DbÀ¶p-s]m-§p¶ Iqä³ tXcpw, IpXn-cbpw m«p-h-gn-I-fnse Ip-pw Ipgnbpw
Xm-n A¼-e--S-bn F¯pw. sI«p-Im-gvN-bpsS Icp¯v Ic-¡m-cpsS Iq«m-bva-bm-
Wv.
Irjn Pohn-X-ambn ImWp¶ HmWm-«p-I-c-bnse DÕ-h-¯nv IÀj-IÀ¡v
ÂIn-bn-cp¶ {]m[myw `c-Wn-N-´-bn-eqsS a-Ên-em-¡mw. tN¼pw, Im¨nepw
DÂs¸-sS-bpÅ So hn`-h-§fpw Ie-¸-bpw, I¸n-bpw, Ib-dp-saÃmw ChnsS

11. In«p-am-bn-cp-¶p. sIm©pw, am§bpw HmWm-«p-I-c-bpsS cpNn-¡q-«n Hm¶m-aXp
n¡p-¶-Xv. Ipw`-`-c-Wn-bp-ambn Iq«n-bn-W-¡n-b-Xn-m Cu hn`-h-¯nv `àn-
bpsS cpNn-bp--v. FÃmw IqSn-tN-cp-t¼m-gpÅ kam--X-I-fn-Ãm¯ DÕ-h-ambn
sN«n-¡p-f-§c Ipw` `cWn amdn-I-gn-ªp.
Imf-sI-«p-Õhw
Hm¨n-d-¡-fn-t]mse ]hn-{X-amb cmtLm-j-amWv 28-þmw HmW-¯nv S-¡p¶
(I-¶n-am-k-¯nse Xncp-thm-W-m-enÂ) Imf-sI«v Fgp-¶-Ån-¸v. ]c-a-in-hsâ hml-
-sa-¶-Xn-ep-]cn Aizm al-Xz-¯n-sâbpw ImÀjnI kar-²n-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-
amb«mWv Imf-sI-«p-Õ-hs¯ I-p-t]m-cp-¶-Xv. Hm¨n-d-t£-{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«
hnhn[ Ic-¡m-cmWv "Imf-sI«v' S-¯p-¶-Xv. ssht¡m-en s]mXnªv Ime-bpsS
aqcq]w N{I-apÅ Nm«-¯n nÀ½n-¡pw. AXn³ta shÅ-bpw, Nph¸pw ]«v
]pX-¸n-¡pw. ]n¶oSv µo-tIi inckv (Jm-f-¯-e) Dd-¸n-¡pw. Imf-¡-gp-¯nÂ
kar-²-ambn sNdp-aWn ame-IÄ AWn-bn-¡pw. CsXm¡ `wKn-bmbn AWn-bn-¡m-
pw, µn-tI-i-in-ckv nÀ½n-¡mpw hnZ-KvZ-amb HmWm-«p-I-c-¡m-cp--v. _p²-aX
kzm[o--apÅ Cu sI«p-ImgvN Hcp t£t{Xm-Õ-h-am-sW¦nepw PmXn-aX t`Z-an-
ÃmsX ]In-m-bn-c-§Ä Cu DÕ-h-¯n H¯v tNcp-¶p.
sN«n-Ip-f-§-c-bnse sI«p-Im-gvN-IÄ
sN«n-Ip-f-§-c-bnse Ipw` `cWn DÕ-hs¯ HmWm-«p-I-c-bpSw tZio-tbm-
Õhw F¶mWv hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. IpXn-c, tXcv, _Iv tNmdp-sIm-avSp-t]m-Ip¶
`oa³, lp-am³, ]m©men F¶n-h-bmWv sI«p-Im-gvN-IÄ. sI«p-Im-gvNbv¡v mm-
PmXn aX-ØÀ sN«n-Ip-f-§-c-bn F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p.
`ànbpw hnizm-khpw ]m«pw r¯-hpw, Irjnbpw kmln-Xy-hpw, cpNnbpw
FÃmw H¯p-tNÀ¶ DÕ-hw. HmWm-«p-I-c-bnse DÕ-h-§-fpsS DÕ-hamb sN«n-
Ip-f-§c Ipw` `cWnbmWv C¯cw khn-ti-j-X-I-fm nd-bp-¶-Xv. sI«p-Im-gvN-
I-fpsS Hcp-¡-¯nv X¯zimkv{X hnZ-KvZ-cmWv DÅ-Xv. Ah-cpsS a-¡-W-¡nv
DbÀ¶p-s]m-§p¶ Iqä³ tXcpw, IpXn-cbpw m«p-h-gn-I-fnse Ip-pw Ipgnbpw

12. Xm-n A¼-e--S-bn F¯pw. sI«p-Im-gvN-bpsS Icp¯v Ic-¡m-cpsS Iq«m-bva-bm-
Wv.
Irjn Pohn-X-ambn ImWp¶ HmWm-«p-I-c-bnse DÕ-h-¯nv IÀj-IÀ¡v
ÂIn-bn-cp¶ {]m[myw `c-Wn-N-´-bn-eqsS a-Ên-em-¡mw. tN¼pw, Im¨nepw
DÂs¸-sS-bpÅ So hn`-h-§fpw Ie-¸-bpw, I¸n-bpw, Ib-dp-saÃmw ChnsS
In«p-am-bn-cp-¶p. sIm©pw, am§bpw HmWm-«p-I-c-bpsS cpNn-¡q-«n Hm¶m-aXp
n¡p-¶-Xv. Ipw`-`-c-Wn-bp-ambn Iq«n-bn-W-¡n-b-Xn-m Cu hn`-h-¯nv `àn-
bpsS cpNn-bp--v. FÃmw IqSn-tN-cp-t¼m-gpÅ kam--X-I-fn-Ãm¯ DÕ-h-ambn
sN«n-¡p-f-§c Ipw` `cWn amdn-I-gn-ªp.
D]-kw-lmcw
thWm-Sv, Ip«-m-Sv, IÀ¡m-m-Sv, ]qgn-mSv XpS-§nb kwL-Im-e-X-an-g-Is¯
]{´-p mSp-I-fn H¶mb Ip«-m-«n DÄs¸-«n-cp¶ tZi-amWv HmS-kSv kwX-e-
_q-an-bmWv HmWm-«p-I-c. Ipfhpw Ipf-§-cbpw Imhpa hÅnbpw Icbpw Nndbpw
ImSpw Ipgnbpw ]mShpw Icnbpw s¡ tNÀ¶p hcp¶ Øe-m-a-§-sfÃmw
HmWm-«p-I-c-bpsS ndhpw aWhpw kyXyhpw Ne-hpw hyàam-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv.
C{X-sbms¡ khn-ti-jX AS-§p¶ HmWm-«p-I-cbv¡v X-Xmb Hcp `mj-bp--v.
HmWm-«p-Ic`mj-bpsS khn-ti-jX AXnsâ hàm-hns GXmÄ¡p«-¯Â n¶pw
Xncn-¨-dn-bp¶p. `qX-Ime kwkvIm-c-¯n-te-¡pÅ Nq-p-]-e-I-bmbn Cu `mj
{]tbm-K-§sf Imam³ Ign-bp-t¼m-gmWv Ah-bpsS aqeyw Cc-«n-¡p-¶Xv. C§s
]e-Xp-sIm-pw hnhÀ¯--£-a-a-Ãm¯ HmWm-«-I-c-`m-j-bpsS {]tXyIX-IÄ
ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.