The Civil War destroyed the Southern economy and way of life. Reconstruction dealt with readmitting the former Confederate states to the Union and establishing rights for the freed black population. There were competing plans for Reconstruction between Lincoln, Johnson, and the Radical Republicans in Congress. Congressional Reconstruction established new civil rights and voting laws over President Johnson's opposition, leading to the first biracial governments in the country. However, Reconstruction was resisted in the South through violence and intimidation, and Northern support waned over time, allowing Southern whites to reassert control in a process known as "Redemption."

1. Reconstruction

3. Large estates broken up or destroyed in many places

4. Agricultural economy uprooted

6. 4 million enslaved people emancipated

7. South had no capital

8. Would take nearly a generation to reach pre-war levels. Pre-war levels of production would not be reached until:1. 1879 for cotton 2. 1880 for tobacco 3. 1893 for sugar (mainly in Louisiana) 4. Never for Rice (in S.C. & GA) or Hemp (KY)

9. Richmond at War’s End

10. Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Reconstruction dealt with 2 political issues: 1. What to do about 4 million freedpeople. 2. How to readmit Southern states to Union. Contested Plans of Reconstruction 1. Lincoln’s 10% Plan 2. “Presidential” Reconstruction 3. “Congressional” (aka “Radical”) Reconstruction Reconstruction Resisted in the South 1. Through discriminatory laws (“Black Codes”) 2. By Vigilante Violence 3. By Economic Coercion 4. Due to Northern Indifference

11. Presidential Reconstruction Johnson contended that power over Reconstruction lay with the executive branch. Moved to readmit former Confederate states while Congress was out of session in summer of 1865. Johnson’s “Proclamation of Amnesty”: Like Lincoln’s Plan: 1. Southern voters take oath of allegiance to Constitution & President & to swear support of emancipation laws. (Lincoln required 10%; Johnson’s plan did not.) 2. They would receive a pardon & be allowed to reenter Union as voting citizens. 3. Exclusions: Civil, diplomatic & military officials of Confederacy; those who committed crimes against black Union soldiers But Johnson’s Version: 1. Also excluded large landholders whose property values > $20,000. 2. Appointed provisional Unionist governors to call constitutional conventions of loyal voters. 3. States to call conventions to invalidate secessionist ordinances; invalidate slavery; repudiate Confederate debt; & ratify 13th Amendment.

12. Effects of Presidential Plan 1. Southern state conventions drafted new constitutions & held elections. 2. Johnson pardoned 13,000 Confederate leaders during the summer of 1865. 3. Southern states drafted a series of laws, known as the Black Codes, that conceded on emancipation but discriminated against African-Americans. 4. Southern states held elections & voted for local, state & national offices. 5. Republican-led Congress convened in the winter of 1865, it encountered a contingent of recently elected Southerners, waiting to be seated in Congress. 6. Many newly elected Southern congressmen were ex-Confederates—former army officers & officials of the C.S.A.; even the former CSA Vice-President, Alexander H. Stephens. 7. Houses of Congress refuse to seat the Southern delegates. 8. Fight between Congress & the President was on.

13. Constitutional Crisis

14. Critics of Presidential Plan

15. Radical Reconstruction, 1866-1876 Radical Republicans attempted to fundamentally reshape Southern race relations by guaranteeing black political , legal, social & economic rights. Key “Radical” Republicans Legislation 1. 13th Amendment (1865) 2. Civil Rights Act (1866) 3. Freedman’s Bureau Bills 4. 14th Amendment (1866/1868) 5. Military Reconstruction Act (1867) 6. 15th Amendment (1869/1870) 7. Laws to Harass Johnson 8. Enforcement Acts

16. Military Reconstruction Act

17. A World Turned Upside Down Under Military Reconstruction Act, the first biracial constitutional conventions & popular elections in world history. Marred by violence. Union military stationed in the South to police & protect the polls. 1867 Conventions 256 black delegates sent to the various state conventions, with blacks represented in every one. Southern Reconstruction Governments 1. Established public institutions like schools, asylums & hospitals 2. Reformed Criminal Law 3. Changed Lien Laws 4. Changed Tax Structures

18. Louisiana ConstitutionalConvention of1868

19. Election of 1868

20. Reconstruction Governments Between 1868 & 1876, Republicans controlled or participated Southern legislatures. Republican Party comprised of: 1. Northern Republicans—both white & black—who came South (“carpetbaggers”) 2. Southerners who joined GOP (“scalawags) 3. Freedmen Thousands of black candidates were elected at the local level & 600 at the state & federal level: 1. 2 U.S. Senators elected 2. 14 U.S. Congressmen. 3. A handful of state treasurers 4. 6 Lieutenant Governors 5. 1 Secretary of State. 6. Only once did blacks hold a majority (lower house of S.C. 1868-1870) 7. Thousands of local offices: mayors, sheriffs & deputies, registrar of voters, aldermen, postal clerks, school board members, tax assessors, justices of the peace

21. Black Members of Congress

22. Reconstruction: Facts & Myths Critics Contend 1. These were tax-and-spend governments 2. Republican governments were corrupt 3. Black legislators were incompetent 3. Black legislators were intent upon social leveling Legislative Achievements 1. Public Schools, Hospital & Asylums Established 2. Lien Laws Passed on Behalf of Poor Farmers & Farm Laborers 3. Progressive Tax Codes Enacted 3. Desegregation of Streetcars, Hotels & Restaurants 4. Repeal of Black Codes to Allow Land Ownership.

23. Klan Violence Klan’s Goals 1. Undermine Reconstruction Governments. 2. Reestablish control over the black labor force. 3. Restore racial subordination. 4. Police social etiquette. The Klan became so brazen in its attempts to destroy Republican Party that Grant declared martial law in several states in 1871. The military rounded up leaders & members. Trials , Congressional hearings & convictions resulted. The Klan was essentially destroyed. Vigilante violence did not end. White racists began to intimidate black voters & their white political allies openly, in the form of Democratic “rifle clubs.”

24. Northern Sympathy Northern public opinion was sympathetic to freedmen for quite some time. But Southern white persistence gradually wore down Northern resolve. President Grant refused requests to send troops to put down vigilantism Mississippi in 1875, for example, noting that to do so might lose the close election for Governor of Ohio in 1876. “What good is winning Mississippi,” he asked, “if we lose Ohio?”

25. Northern Change of Opinion (ca. 1875)

27. Happened on a State-by-state Basis, but was Completed by 1877

28. Republican Party & Governments Destroyed & Driven from the State

29. One-party, White Democratic Party Rule Established.Redemption accomplished through: 1. Economic Coercion 2. Racist appeals to superiority of whites & inferiority of blacks 3. Vigilante Violence Ku Klux Klan formed in 1866 in Pulaski, TN (Basically an extra-legal arm of the Democratic Party)Other names for the “Klan” A. North Carolina: “White Brotherhood,” “Invisible Empire” & “Constitutional Union Guard”B. Louisiana: “Knights of White Camelia,” “Swamp Fox Rangers,,” the “Innocents,” “Seymour Knights,” & “Hancock Guards”C. Mississippi: “Washington Brothers,” “Knights of the Black Cross,” “Heggie’s Scouts” & “Robinson Clubs.”

30. Compromise of 1877

31. Meaning of Freedom ~ Family

32. Meaning of Freedom ~ Worship

33. Meaning of Freedom ~ Education

34. The More Things Change Map of Louisiana Cotton Plantation