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IIIA - CSIC




Uncovering affinity of artists
     to multiple genres
 from social behaviour data

                Claudio Baccigalupo – October 2008
1
                                         THE ISSUE
        In most organisational schemas, artists have a unique genre label attached


              Music stores                                                                                     Online


                                                                                       Browse by Genre:

                                                                                       Alternative Rock (Britpop, Hardcore & Punk, Indie…)
                                                                                       Blues (Regional, Blues Rock, Modern, Traditional, …)
                                                                                       Christian & Gospel (CCM, Praise, Christian Rock…)
                                                                                       Country (Classic, Alt-Country, Roadhouse, Bluegrass…)
                                                                                       Dance & DJ (Techno-House, Dance-Pop, Trance, …)
                                                                                       Folk (Contemporary, Traditional, British, Folk-Rock, …)




       Such a Boolean approach cannot address questions such as:
• Which Country artist is the ‘most Country’?

• Which artist has the ‘most genre affinity’ with Madonna?

• Which genres are ‘socially related’?

              Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
2
                                           THE IDEA
 Each artist has a degree of affinity to each genre, depending on how people use that artist


       Madonna: Holiday (1983)                                                                 Madonna: Secret (1994)

                         appears with                                                                                  appears with
                          songs like:                                                                                   songs like:



     …mostly with Rock/Pop artists                                                              …mostly with R&B artists




When two artists/genres occur together and closely (in magazines, radios,
       Web sites, playlists, …), they share some cultural affinity.

 Our goal is to model relationships from artists to genres as Fuzzy Sets,
  describing each artist x as a vector [Mx (g1 ), Mx (g2 ), . .…, where each
                                        [Mx(g1), Mx(g2), . ]
value Mx (gi ) indicates how much the artist x has affinity to the genre gi.
      Mx(gi)                                                                gi
              Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
3
                                        THE TECHNIQUE
  Co-occurrences analysis of 4,000 artists and their genres in a set of playlists from the Web

  Many social Web communities provide                                              Madonna: MusicStrands members share
collections of user-compiled music playlists                                        playlists from the plug-in or Web site




 To calculate the genre-affinity degree Mx (g) of an artist x to a genre g :
• Retrieve 1,030,068 playlists compiled by members of MusicStrands

• Measure the normalised association from x to any other artist, based on how
  many times they occur in playlists and how closely

• Aggregate and normalise these associations by genre

• Combine artist-to-artist and artist-to-genre associations

                Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
THE TECHNIQUE 3
         Combining and normalising artist-to-artist and artist-to-genre associations


1. Aggregate the number of artist-to-                                          2. Normalise the association Ax (y) with
                                                                                                              Ax(y)
   artist co-occurrences in the playlists:                                        respect to artist popularity:
  Ax (y) =    α · [d0 (x, y) + d0 (y, x)]
                                                                                                       Ax (y) − Ax
         +    β · [d1 (x, y) + d1 (y, x)]                                                  Ax (y) =
                                                                                                    |max(Ax (y) − Ax )|
         +     δ · [d2 (x, y) + d2 (y, x)]

3. Cumulate the association Ax (y) from
                                Ax(y)                                          4. Normalise the association Px (g) with
                                                                                                            Px(g)
                                   g
   artist x to any artist of genre g:                                             respect to genre popularity:

        Px (g) =                      Ax (y)                                                                      y∈X :γ(y)=g          Ax (y)
                                                                                           Px (g) =
                   y∈X :γ(y)=g                                                                                          y∈X         Ax (y)


  5. Weight the association Px(g) with the association Ax (y) and normalise to [0, 1]
                            Px (g)                     Ax(y)                   [0,1]:

                                               1                   y∈A     Ax (y)Py (g)
                                      Mx (g) =                                                   +1
                                               2                              n

                Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
4
                                           THE RESULTS
                        Artists can be described as genre-affinity vectors

     From a ‘Boolean’ approach:                                                         To a ‘Fuzzy’ approach:
        Madonna is Rock/Pop                                                         membership degrees Mx (g) ∈ [0,1]
                                                                                                       Mx(g) € [0, 1]

                                                                                Rock/Pop
                             R&B
                                                                                                                             Rock/Pop



                                                                                     R&B                                                         R&B



 Country                                                                         Country                                         Country




      Rap                                                                            Jazz                                  Jazz



                                                                                     Rap                                                   Rap


                                                                                                                            0.500




                                            1                   y∈A     Ax (y)Py (g)
                                   Mx (g) =                                                   +1
                                            2                              n

 The genre-affinity degree Mx (g) is high when artists that often co-occur with x
                             Mx(g)
belong to genre g and artists that rarely co-occur with x do not belong to genre g.
                                                                                 g

             Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
THE RESULTS             4
               Artists can be compared in terms of centrality to different genres

Genre-centrality comparison of two artists,                                       Genre-centrality comparison of two artists,
  both originally labelled as ‘Rock/Pop’                                           one labelled ‘Rock/Pop’, the other ‘R&B’

                        R&B




                                                                                                                    R&B
                               100%




                                                                                                                                              R&B
                                                                                                                           100%
                                                  ∈ [0, 1]

                                 75%                                                                                         75%

                                             R&B
                                 50%                                                                                         50%


                                 25%                                                                                         25%

           Rock/Pop                                                                                    Rock/Pop
                                                             Rock/Pop                                                                                Rock/Pop
                                        Country
                              Country




                                                                                                                          Country
                                                  Rap




                                                                                                                                    Country

                                                                                                                                               Rap
                      Rap




                                                                                                                  Rap
 The genre-centrality of an artist x to a genre g is the percentage of
                                                    Mx (g)
            artists whose genre affinity to g is ≤ Mx(g)

                 Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data
Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data
Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data
Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data
Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data
Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data
Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data

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Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data

  • 1. IIIA - CSIC Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data Claudio Baccigalupo – October 2008
  • 2. 1 THE ISSUE In most organisational schemas, artists have a unique genre label attached Music stores Online Browse by Genre: Alternative Rock (Britpop, Hardcore & Punk, Indie…) Blues (Regional, Blues Rock, Modern, Traditional, …) Christian & Gospel (CCM, Praise, Christian Rock…) Country (Classic, Alt-Country, Roadhouse, Bluegrass…) Dance & DJ (Techno-House, Dance-Pop, Trance, …) Folk (Contemporary, Traditional, British, Folk-Rock, …) Such a Boolean approach cannot address questions such as: • Which Country artist is the ‘most Country’? • Which artist has the ‘most genre affinity’ with Madonna? • Which genres are ‘socially related’? Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
  • 3. 2 THE IDEA Each artist has a degree of affinity to each genre, depending on how people use that artist Madonna: Holiday (1983) Madonna: Secret (1994) appears with appears with songs like: songs like: …mostly with Rock/Pop artists …mostly with R&B artists When two artists/genres occur together and closely (in magazines, radios, Web sites, playlists, …), they share some cultural affinity. Our goal is to model relationships from artists to genres as Fuzzy Sets, describing each artist x as a vector [Mx (g1 ), Mx (g2 ), . .…, where each [Mx(g1), Mx(g2), . ] value Mx (gi ) indicates how much the artist x has affinity to the genre gi. Mx(gi) gi Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
  • 4. 3 THE TECHNIQUE Co-occurrences analysis of 4,000 artists and their genres in a set of playlists from the Web Many social Web communities provide Madonna: MusicStrands members share collections of user-compiled music playlists playlists from the plug-in or Web site To calculate the genre-affinity degree Mx (g) of an artist x to a genre g : • Retrieve 1,030,068 playlists compiled by members of MusicStrands • Measure the normalised association from x to any other artist, based on how many times they occur in playlists and how closely • Aggregate and normalise these associations by genre • Combine artist-to-artist and artist-to-genre associations Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
  • 5. THE TECHNIQUE 3 Combining and normalising artist-to-artist and artist-to-genre associations 1. Aggregate the number of artist-to- 2. Normalise the association Ax (y) with Ax(y) artist co-occurrences in the playlists: respect to artist popularity: Ax (y) = α · [d0 (x, y) + d0 (y, x)] Ax (y) − Ax + β · [d1 (x, y) + d1 (y, x)] Ax (y) = |max(Ax (y) − Ax )| + δ · [d2 (x, y) + d2 (y, x)] 3. Cumulate the association Ax (y) from Ax(y) 4. Normalise the association Px (g) with Px(g) g artist x to any artist of genre g: respect to genre popularity: Px (g) = Ax (y) y∈X :γ(y)=g Ax (y) Px (g) = y∈X :γ(y)=g y∈X Ax (y) 5. Weight the association Px(g) with the association Ax (y) and normalise to [0, 1] Px (g) Ax(y) [0,1]: 1 y∈A Ax (y)Py (g) Mx (g) = +1 2 n Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
  • 6. 4 THE RESULTS Artists can be described as genre-affinity vectors From a ‘Boolean’ approach: To a ‘Fuzzy’ approach: Madonna is Rock/Pop membership degrees Mx (g) ∈ [0,1] Mx(g) € [0, 1] Rock/Pop R&B Rock/Pop R&B R&B Country Country Country Rap Jazz Jazz Rap Rap 0.500 1 y∈A Ax (y)Py (g) Mx (g) = +1 2 n The genre-affinity degree Mx (g) is high when artists that often co-occur with x Mx(g) belong to genre g and artists that rarely co-occur with x do not belong to genre g. g Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008
  • 7. THE RESULTS 4 Artists can be compared in terms of centrality to different genres Genre-centrality comparison of two artists, Genre-centrality comparison of two artists, both originally labelled as ‘Rock/Pop’ one labelled ‘Rock/Pop’, the other ‘R&B’ R&B R&B 100% R&B 100% ∈ [0, 1] 75% 75% R&B 50% 50% 25% 25% Rock/Pop Rock/Pop Rock/Pop Rock/Pop Country Country Country Rap Country Rap Rap Rap The genre-centrality of an artist x to a genre g is the percentage of Mx (g) artists whose genre affinity to g is ≤ Mx(g) Claudio Baccigalupo – Uncovering affinity of artists to multiple genres from social behaviour data – October 2008