Background on solar and windpower plants-eng.maged_mahmoud_rcreee

Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011

About RCREEE…..

• RCREEE stands for « Regional Centre for Renewable Energies
and Energy Efficiency »

• RCREEE is an independent regional policy think tank,
dedicated to the promotion of RE&EE in the MENA region,

• RCREEE has 13 Arab member states from the MENA region.

• The set up is sponsored by Egypt (also the host country),
Prepared by:
Germany, Denmark and the EU.
Eng. Maged K. Mahmoud
Technical Expert, Regional Centre for Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE)
maged.mahmoud@rcreee.org or maged_mahmoud@hotmail.com

www.rcreee.org The Arab Sustainable Energy Platform Eng. Maged K. Mahmoud www.rcreee.org The Arab Sustainable Energy Platform Eng. Maged K. Mahmoud

1


About RCREEE…
RCREEE 13 Member States:
Mission Statement : What we want to achieve
RCREEE has the ambition to
.....become the leading regional policy think-tank in renewable energies and
energy efficiency,
.....which is recognized as a leading centre of excellence on the international
level.
RCREEE, its member states, staff and sponsors are jointly working towards
achieving that goal.


2


Renewable energy
Renewable
Energy
Solar Energy

“Speed is irrelevant if we are going in the wrong
Wind Energy

direction.” Biomass

Hydropower

Mahatma Gandhi
Tidal

Wave

Ocean thermal
energy
Conversion

Geothermal
Energy
Source: Boyle, G. 2004

Hydrogen


3


RE Opportunities
• The Arab region is endowed with:
• Abundant solar radiation with long duration of sunshine.
• Good to excellent wind speed. Wind Energy
• Significant hydro power.
• Reasonable quantities of biomass energy.
Economic potentials of renewable energies for electricity generation in some RCREEE member states (TWh
/a )

Wind Power Plants= Wind
Farms= Wind Parks
Source: DLR (2005)


4


Wind Energy
Wind Energy

Horizontal axis wind turbines

Vetical axis wind turbines

5


Power in the Wind Energy Production Terms
Power Coefficient (factor)
= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3 • Power in the Wind = 1/2AV3 P
Cp 
 A V3 1 ρ A  V 3
2 1
• Betz Limit - 59% Max
C  16  0.593
Pmax 27
• Power Coefficient - Cp

• Rated Power – Maximum power
Density = P/(RxT) generator can produce.
P - pressure (Pa) Area =  r2 Instantaneous Speed
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) (not mean speed)
T - air temperature (K) • Cut-in wind speed where energy
kg/m3 m2 m/s production begins

• Cut-out wind speed where energy
Knowledge of local wind speed is critical production ends.
to evaluating the available power
Typical Power Curve

6


Power control
“Pitch” versus “stall” and speed control
On average, good wind turbines extract about half of the theoretical
maximum or 30% of the power in the airstream that passes through the
www.windpower.org
b
rotor.
PW Pel
vw
Gear-
AG Net.
w
box
Total power input
P/A= 0.5xxV3
fn

Usable power • Power is a function of torque and speed: P = T · w
P/A= 0.5xxV3x 16/27 • Turbine speed is determined by grid frequency, gear ratio and slip of
induction generator.
Turbine power • ”STALL”: Passive torque regulation, determined by the turbine’s
P/A= 0.5xxV3x 16/27x aerodynamic properties.
• ”PITCH”: Active torque control through pitching of rotor blades (applied for
both optimization and power output limitation)


7


Wind Shear
The change in horizontal wind
Power versus windspeed curves speed with height
h= 80 m
U (h) = 7.7 m/s

120
m
Pitch regulated h
100 U ( h )  U ( hr )   U(hr) = 7.0 m/s

 hr 
hr= 50 m
Wind
80 Shear
  h   Profile
Stall regulated  ln z  
Power (%)


 0
60 U ( h)  U ( hr ) 
 h 


 ln  r  
  z0  r
   

40

hr : “reference height”
20 m: A function of wind speed, surface roughness (may
vary with wind direction), and atmospheric stability
0 (changes from day to night)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Z0 is the “roughness length” i.e. the height above ground
Wind speed (m/s) level where the wind speed is theoretically zero.

15

8


Development of HAWT
• Rules-of-the-thumb

 If the average wind speed increases by factor two 

HEIGHT [M]
the energy in the wind will increase by a factor eight.
 In case the rotor diameter increases with a factor two 
the energy produced will increase with a factor four.

 Increasing the hub-height with one meter 
will increase mostly the energy production with one per cent.

 For a site similar to Zafarana, each kilometer 
five to eight megawatts installed capacity using medium size turbines.

www.rcreee.org The Arab Sustainable Energy Platform Eng. Maged K. Mahmoud
SPEED
www.rcreee.org n 20 17 13
The Arab Sustainable Energy Platform
5 – 15 3 – 10 rpm
Eng. Maged K. Mahmoud

9


Detailed technical assessment Wind Resource at Site
For proper analysis we need
 Analyze site wind data to determine
 Extreme wind speed VE and
Orography
 Mean wind speed VM.

According to IEC standards, the turbine designs are classified based on
design loads to 5 classes: Roughness
Class I II III IV S WAsP WAsP
Extrapolate Extrapolate
VE [m/s] 50 42 37.7 30 site specific above at ground
VM [m/s] 10 8.5 7.5 6 and
Clean up
and
local effect
Obstacles re-introduce
local effect
 Select wind turbine class suitable for site: (I for
Zafarana).
Local Wind Climate


10


Detailed technical assessment
Detailed technical assessment
For proper analysis we need
Project site layout
Determination of project
Determination of borders The following should be considered:
location and area using Photographing the site.
and surroundings.
available maps  Number of turbines.
 The prevailing wind direction.
 The change of wind energy in through the site.
 The obstacles and prohibited areas.
Select a WT type (size and
Show mean wind speed Long-term meteorological  The park effect (distance between turbines in the prevailing wind direction and
height, control type, etc.)
values on the contour measurements of wind
based on market survey, perpendicular).
map for better potential at the candidate
economical, technical and
micrositing. site
other constrains.
 Cost optimization for civil and electrical works.
60-MW wind farm at Zafarana, Egypt Mean wind speed 45 m a.g.l.

721000

720500 10.6

10.4
720000

 Environmental concerns (noise & birds migration, etc).
10.2
Northing [m]

10.0
719500

9.8

719000 9.6

9.4
718500
9.2

718000

769500 770000 770500 771000 771500 772000 772500 773000 773500 774000

Thus, several scenarios are proposed (WTs, layouts, etc.)
Easting [m]

Estimate available energy
on site through analysis
of wind data.


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Typical Wind Energy Project Components and Layout

Ref.:WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW, 2005, available at www.powernaturally.org


12


• Capacity Factor CF
• Wind turbine power
• “Load Factor!!”
70 0

 The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this
60 0
theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor; CF.
50 0

G
Generated electricity 40 0 Power curve for 26

kW
Capacity factor = ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ V47 at Zafarana 25
30 0
Installed capacity x No. of hours of the year (8760h) 24
20 0

10 0
 Typical capacity factors are 20- 40%,
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

m /s


13


Graph Source: GSR 2011, REN21
A dream coming true

14


Wind Energy in MENA
Potential of wind energy
• Many locations have very good wind regimes superb for electricity production. These
include countries such as Egypt, Morocco, and Oman which have high average annual Full load hours per year
Capacity
Country Factor
wind speed (9-11 m/s in some locations) together with relatively high capacity factors. (h/y)
(%)
Algeria 1,789 20
• Other several locations have moderate wind speed (6-8 m/s) that is also sufficient for Bahrain 1,360 16
generating electricity. Egypt 3,015 34
Iraq 1,789 20
Jordan 1,483 17
Kuwait 1,605 18
Lebanon 1,176 13
Libya 1,912 22
Morocco 2,708 31
Oman 2,463 28
Qatar 1,421 16
Saudi Arabia 1,789 20
Syria 1,789 20
Tunisia 1,789 20
UAE 1,176 13
Yemen 1,483 17
Source: Al-Karaghouli A."Current Status of Renewable Energies in the
Middle East – North African Region", UNEP/ROWA, June 2007. Capacity
factor refers to the percentage of average annual full load hours to total
annual number of hours (8760 h/y).


15


If we fail to plan, Solar Energy
we plan to fail

Solar Power Plants


16


Solar Energy Overview
The Milky Way Galaxy
I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy.
What a source of power! I hope we don't have it is still not known
to wait until oil and coal run out before we if our galaxy is a
normal spiral like
tackle that. our neighbor
Thomas Alva Edison (1931) Andromeda (left),
or a barred spiral
...‫سأضع مالى فى الطاقة الشمسية... يالها مه مصدر للطاقة‬ like shown to the
right!!!!!
‫آمل أال وحتاج إلى اإلوتظار حتى وهاية البترول والفحم قبل أن‬
‫وتجه إليها‬
)1931( ‫تىماس أديسىن‬ The Sombrero
Galaxy, M104,
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-02-11 – 1931-10-18) was an American inventor and businessman who
developed many devices which greatly influenced life worldwide into the 21st century. NASA Hubble
‫توماس ألفا إديسون (7481 – 1391م) مخترع أمريكي ولد في مدينة ميالن بوالية أوهايو األمريكية، ولم يتعلم في مدارس الدولة إال ثالثة‬ Space Telescope
‫أشهر فقط، فقد وجده ناظر المدرسة طفال بليدا متخلفا عقليا ! وظهرت عبقريته في اإلختراع وإقامة مشغله الخاص حيث أظهر سيرته‬ The milky way is a spiral
‫المدهشة كمخترع، ومن إختراعاته مسجالت اإلقتراع والتلغراف الطابع والتليفون والمكرفون والفونوغراف أو الجرامافون وأعظم‬ image, released
‫اختراعاته المصباح الكهربي، والكثير وأنتج في السنوات األخيرة من حياته الصور المتحركة الناطقة، وعمل خالل الحرب العالمية األولى‬ galaxy consisting of over 400 10/2/2003
‫لصالح الحكومة األمريكية، وقد سجل إديسون باسمه أكثر من ألف اختراع وهو عدد ال يصدقه العقل، وتزوج إديسون مرتين، وكان له ثالثة‬ billion stars , plus gas and
.‫أوالد من كل زوجة، أما هو فقد مات في نيوجرسي سنة 1391م‬
dust


17


The Solar System


18


Solar Energy Overview

Global solar radiation Global Radiation Diffused Radiation
Global solar radiation = Direct (beam) solar radiation
Pyranometer Ring-shadowed
+ Diffuse (sky) solar radiation
Pyranometer

Direct Normal Radiation

Reference PV Cell Pyrheliometer


19


Applications depending on direct radiation
The Solar Resource
Central Tower Parabolic

Central Receiver Systems
Troughs

Linear receiver systems
Irradiance: radiant flux density incident on a surface in W/m2

Irradiation: energy incident on a surface over a specifies period in
J/m2/day or Wh/m2/day or langleys (kWh/m2 = 86 langley)

Parabolic Dish Linear
& Stirling Engine Fresnel
Reflectors

World solar radiation map [DLR,2002]


20


First Solar Thermal Plant, Egypt-1913
Parabolic trough concentrator
...‫” إوىن على يقني مه شئ واحد‬ (1-axis tracking)
” ‫إن البشرية البد أن تتحول الستخدام الطاقة الشمسية أو أن ترتد إىل الرببرية‬

.)1914 - ‫(فراوك شومان‬

“One thing I feel sure of, and that is
that the human race must finally utilize direct solar
power or return to barbarism.”
(Frank Shuman ,1914)
North-south horizontal
orientation, east-west tracking


21


Integrated solar combined cycle
Stack Exhaust
Typical plant configuration 100°C

395°C
Steam
540°C, 100bar

Solar HX HRSG

Steam
Storage turbine G~
55 MW

295°C Condenser
220’000 m² Exhaust
Parabolic 600°C
Trough Field

G
Electricity
~
to the grid
Gas turbine 60 MW


22


Kuraymat Solar Thermal Power
Plant 140 MW Solar thermal power plant

Summary of Technical Parameters
Capacity of solar portion (MWe) 20
Nameplate capacity of gas turbine (MWe) 79
Nameplate capacity of steam turbine (MWe) 76.5
Net electric energy (GWhe/a) 852
Solar electric energy (GWhe/a) 33
Solar share(%) 4%
Fuel saving due to the solar portion (T.O.E / a) 10000
CO2 reduction (T/a) 20000


23


CENTRAL RECEIVER TECHNOLOGY Receiver concept


24


Typical plant configuration

Solar two

ISTCCS PHOEBUS

25


DISH/STIRLING POWER PLANTS
DISH/STIRLING POWER PLANTS


26


Linear Fresnel Technology

Parabolic Trough Tower with heliostats

Fresnel linear reflectors Parabolic dishes wit Stirling motors


27


Each technology has its own
value proposition
First Projects in the MENA Region

Source: ESTELA ATKearney 150 MW ISCC at Hassi R’Mel 140 MW ISCC at Kuraymat

470 MW ISCC at Ain Beni Mathar 100 MW in Abu Dhabi


28


Operational plants in USA
Project Pipeline in USA
Kimberlina 5 MW
Bakersfild, California

Nevada Solar One 64 MW
Boulder City, Nevada

Sierra Sun Tower 5 MW
Lancaster, California

ISCC 75 MW equiv.
Martin County Florida

SEGS Plants (Total 354 MW)
Mojave desert, California


29


Breakdown of the operative, under
construction and registered plants in Spain ANDASOL 1 & 2, Andalusia

Total: 2423 + 80 MW (In operation by the end of 2013)

94%
Parabolic trough

38 % With
Storage
62 %
Without
~ Storage
Relative to power installed

2% Tower 3% Stirling
1% Fresnel


30


SOLNOVA 1, 3 & 4 / PS 10 & PS 20, Andalusia GEMASOLAR, Andalusia


31


PUERTO ERRADO 1 & 2, Murcia Casa de los Pinos, Castilla la Mancha


32


Forecast in European countries
Archimede, Sicillia by 2020 (NAP’s)

France
540 MW

Italy
600 MW
Spain
Portugal 5079 MW Greece
500 MW 250 MW

Cyprus 75 MW


33


FORECAST BY COUNTRIES 2009-2014
STE Cost Roadmap

LCOE reduction
is the main goal

The long
and dark Source:
ESTELA / ATKearney
solar thermal
electric Different approaches are being followed:
night
 System level:
- Increasing efficiency (New concepts, new cycles, new fluids, …)
- Reducing cost (Storage, hybridization, larger plants, …)
 Component level:
- Increasing performances
- Reducing manufacturing cost (new materials & processes, larger sizes, …)
SOURCE: “Global Concentrated Solar Power Markets and Strategies: 2010-2025,” IHS Emerging Energy Research, April 2010 - Scale factor


34


A very fruitful period in Spain:
From the first large plants connected in 2008 Photovoltaics
till the new ones
Photovoltaics (PV) convert
Spanish Foreing 2008 situation 2011 Capabilities
directly the solar energy into
Technology Development electricity in a solid- state
Component manufacturing device made from silicon.
Basic Engineering
Site Development
It is based on the photovoltaic
Project development
effect.
EPC
Detailed engineering
Construction
Operation and Maintenance

TOTAL LOCAL CONTENT 50% 80%

Source: Luis Crespo, “Overview of STE plants”, Training Course organized RCREEE, Euro-Arab Foundation & LAS, Spain, May 2011


35


Tecnologies
x-Si value chain

MG-Si poly-Si x-Si Wafer Cell Module System


36


No connected to the grid: GRID-OFF Grid-Tied PV System
1.- Stand alone PV systems
1.1.- Stand alone PV systems with battery and AC Load.

Charge Electrical
Inverter/ Protections
• Electricity PV array Controller

(DC/AC)

• Lights DC
AC

• Pumps DC
• Motors
• Small power…

Battery

Load


37


PV PLANTS (100 kW-10 MW)
PV PLANT

LIMIT with company 3-5 MW

LIMIT with comapny 10 MW
Transformer
CT AC/AC >100 kW

CON E.D
CT

SUBSTATION

Source: M.Art


38


GRID-ON PV SYSTEM ON THE ROOF

Pv array, ~50 m2

INVERTER,
5 kW


39


ROOF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES


40


PV PLANTS (ARRAY FIXED)


41


PV PLANTS (TRACKING ONE AXIS)
PV PLANTS (TRACKING TWO AXIS)


42


PV Power Plants

4.6 MW USA 10 MW Germany

Graph Source: GSR 2011, REN21

1MW USA 3.3MW Italy


43

Background on solar and windpower plants-eng.maged_mahmoud_rcreee

Background on solar and windpower plants-eng.maged_mahmoud_rcreee

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