professional ethics

2. PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS

3. PREAMBLE
 Professional ethics has become more important over the years.
As we become more specialized in our occupation, the issues
become that much more complex and hard.
 Professional bodies have increasingly been at work
developing, revising and refining professional codes of ethics.
 Professionals themselves ask for more detailed codes so as to
have greater guidance.

4. CONT…
 It is a sign of maturity, and of professional pride, when a
professional group is operating under a code of ethics.
 What do we mean by professional ethics?
 What sorts of issues are likely to come up during the career of
a professional?
 How does one resolve ethical dilemmas? How should one use
a professional code of ethics?

5. CONT…
 Professional ethics helps a professional choose what to do
when faced with a problem at work that raises a moral issue.
 One can certainly study what professionals do when faced
with such problems, and confine the enquiry to the
description.
 Our concern here, however, is to assist with making choices
an approach called prescriptive professional ethics.

6. 6
Sayings of Prophet pbuh
 On the day of judgment, weight of nothing would
be equal to good behavior (Tirmizi)
 Through a good moral conduct, a muslim can
achieve a status of a person who prays in the
nights and fasts during the day (Abu Dawood)
 Good moral behavior is the best of virtues given
by Allah (Ibn-e-Maja)
 Best Mo’amin is one whose treatment with people
is best (Ibn-e-Maja)

7. 7
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9. ETHICS
 It is the study of characteristics of morals.
 It also deals with moral choices that are made by each person
by his or her relationship with other person.

10. CONT…
 The field of ethics involves systematizing, defending, and
recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.
 Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three
general subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and
applied ethics.

11. CONT…
 Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come
from, and what they mean.
 Are they merely social inventions?
 Do they involve more than expressions of our individual
emotions?
 Metaethical answers to these questions focus on the issues of
universal truths, the will of God, the role of reason in ethical
judgments, and the meaning of ethical terms themselves.

12. CONT…
 Normative ethics takes on a more practical task, which is to
arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong
conduct.
 This may involve articulating the good habits that we should
acquire, the duties that we should follow, or the consequences
of our behavior on others.

13. METAETHICS
 The term “meta” means after or beyond, and, consequently,
the notion of metaethics involves a removed, or bird’s eye
view of the entire project of ethics.
 We may define metaethics as the study of the origin and
meaning of ethical concepts.
 When compared to normative ethics and applied ethics, the
field of metaethics is the least precisely defined area of moral
philosophy.

14. NORMATIVE ETHICS
 Normative ethics involves arriving at moral standards that
regulate right and wrong conduct. In a sense, it is a search for
an ideal litmus test of proper behavior.
 The Golden Rule is a classic example of a normative principle:
We should do to others what we would want others to do to us.
Since I do not want my neighbor to steal my car, then it is
wrong for me to steal his car

15. CONT…
 Since I would want people to feed me if I was starving, then I
should help feed starving people. Using this same reasoning, I
can theoretically determine whether any possible action is
right or wrong.
 So, based on the Golden Rule, it would also be wrong for me
to lie to, harass, victimize, assault, or kill others. The Golden
Rule is an example of a normative theory that establishes
a single principle against which we judge all actions.

16. VIRTUE THEORIES
 Many philosophers believe that morality consists of following
precisely defined rules of conduct, such as “don’t kill,” or
“don’t steal.”
 Presumably, I must learn these rules, and then make sure each
of my actions live up to the rules.
 Virtue ethics, however, places less emphasis on learning rules,
and instead stresses the importance of developing good habits
of character, such as benevolence.

17. DUTY THEORIES
 Many of us feel that there are clear obligations we have as
human beings, such as to care for our children, and not to
commit murder.
 Duty theories base morality on specific, foundational
principles of obligation.
 These theories are sometimes called deontological, from the
Greek word deon, or duty, in view of the foundational nature
of our duty or obligation.

18. CONT…
 The German philosopher Samuel Pufendorf, who classified
dozens of duties under three headings: duties to God, duties to
oneself, and duties to others.
 Concerning our duties towards God, he argued that there are
two kinds:
1) A theoretical duty to know the existence and nature of God.
2) A practical duty to both inwardly and outwardly worship God.

19. 19
THE PILLARS OF ISLAM
& MORAL CONDUCT
• Good moral conduct is outcome
• Forbids lewdness & bad conducts
• Teaches compassion and sympathy
• Drives towards Taqwa and sympathy
• Guides towards moral upbringing
Eemaan
Salaat
Zakaat
Sawm
Hajj

20. CONT…
 Concerning our duties towards oneself, these are also of two
sorts:
1) Duties of the soul, which involve developing one’s skills and
talents.
1) Duties of the body, which involve not harming our bodies, and
not killing oneself.

21. CONT…
 Concerning our duties towards others, Pufendorf divides these
between absolute duties, which are universally binding on
people, and conditional duties, which are the result of
contracts between people.
 Absolute duties are of three sorts:
1) Avoid wronging others.
2) Treat people as equals.
3) Promote the good of others.

22. CONT…
 Conditional duties involve various types of agreements, the
principle one of which is the duty is to keep one’s promises.
 The British philosopher W.D. Ross argues that our duties are
“part of the fundamental nature of the universe.” However,
Ross’s list of duties is much shorter, which he believes reflects
our actual moral convictions:
 Fidelity: the duty to keep promises
 Reparation: the duty to compensate others when we harm
them

23. CONT…
 Gratitude: the duty to thank those who help us.
 Justice: the duty to recognize merit.
 Beneficence: the duty to improve the conditions of others,
 Self-improvement: the duty to improve our virtue and
intelligence.
 Non-maleficence: the duty to not injure others.

24. SOURCES OF ETHICS
 There are six primary sources of ethics:
1) Religion
2) Genetic Inheritances
3) Philosophical Systems
4) Cultural Experiences
5) The Legal System
6) Codes of Conduct

25. FIVE ETHICAL APPROACHES
 The Utilitarian Approach:
• Some ethicists emphasize that the ethical action is the one that
provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it
another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm.
• The ethical corporate action, then, is the one that produces the
greatest good and does the least harm for all who are affected
customers, employees, shareholders, the community, and the
environment.

26. CONT…
• Ethical warfare balances the good achieved in ending
terrorism with the harm done to all parties through death,
injuries, and destruction.
• The utilitarian approach deals with consequences; it tries both
to increase the good done and to reduce the harm done.

27. CONT…
 The Rights Approach:
• Other philosophers and ethicists suggest that the ethical action
is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of
those affected.
• This approach starts from the belief that humans have a
dignity based on their human nature and or on their ability to
choose freely what they do with their lives.
• On the basis of such dignity, they have a right to be treated as
ends and not merely as means to other ends.

28. CONT…
• The list of moral rights, including the rights to make one's own
choices about what kind of life to lead, to be told the truth, not
to be injured, to a degree of privacy, and so on, is widely
debated; some now argue that nonhumans have rights too.
• Also, it is often said that rights imply duties -- in particular,
the duty to respect others' rights.

29. CONT…
 The Fairness or Justice Approach:
• Aristotle and other Greek philosophers have contributed the idea
that all equals should be treated equally.
• Today we use this idea to say that ethical actions treat all human
beings equally -- or if unequally, then fairly, based on some
standard that is defensible.

30. CONT…
• We pay people more based on their harder work or the greater
amount that they contribute to an organization, and say that is
fair.
• But there is a debate over CEO salaries that are hundreds of
times larger than the pay of others; many ask whether the huge
disparity is based on a defensible standard or whether it is the
result of an imbalance of power and hence is unfair.

31. CONT…
 The Common Good Approach:
• The Greek philosophers have also contributed the notion that
life in community is a good in itself and our actions should
contribute to that life.
• This approach suggests that the interlocking relationships of
society are the basis of ethical reasoning and that respect and
compassion for all others.

32. CONT…
• This approach also calls attention to the common conditions
that are important to the welfare of everyone.
• This may be a system of laws, effective police and fire
departments, health care, a public educational system, or even
public recreation areas.

33. CONT…
 The Virtue Approach:
• A very ancient approach to ethics is that ethical actions ought to
be consistent with certain ideal virtues that provide for the full
development of our humanity.
• These virtues are dispositions and habits that enable us to act
according to the highest potential of our character and on behalf
of values like truth and beauty.

34. CONT…
• Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, tolerance, love,
fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all
examples of virtues.
• Virtue ethics asks of any action, "What kind of person will I
become if I do this?" or "Is this action consistent with my
acting at my best?"

35. Professional Expectations of Student
Behavior
 A professional institution bears a responsibility to the
community at large to produce fully trained professional social
workers who consciously exhibit the knowledge, values, and
skills of the profession of social work.
 Given this context, all students program will be expected to
exhibit the following ethical standards of behavior.

36. CONT…
 Accountability:
• Attend class, arrive on time, and return from break in a timely
manner.
• Participate in group activities and assignments at a comparable
level to peers.
• Complete work in a timely fashion and according to directions
provided.
• Come to class prepared, with readings and other homework
completed.

37. CONT…
 Respect:
• Treat all your peers, your instructors and all those you come in
contact with, with dignity and respect at all times.
• Listen while others are speaking.
• Give feedback to peers in a constructive manner.
• Approach conflict with peers or instructors in a cooperative
manner.
• Use positive and nonjudgmental language.

38. CONT…
 Confidentiality:
• Treat any personal information that you hear about a peer or
an instructor as strictly confidential.
• Use judgment in self-disclosing information of a very personal
nature in the classroom.

39. CONT…
 Competence:
• Apply yourself to all your academic pursuits with seriousness
and conscientiousness, meeting all deadlines as given by your
instructors.
• Constantly strive to improve your abilities.
• Come to class with books, handouts, syllabus, and pens.

40. CONT…
• Seek out appropriate support when having difficulties to
ensure success in completing course requirements.
• Take responsibility for the quality of completed tests and
assignments.
• Strive to work toward greater awareness of personal issues
that may impede your effectiveness

41. CONT…
 Integrity:
• Practice honesty with yourself, your peers, and your
instructors.
• Constantly strive to improve your abilities.
• Do your own work and take credit only for your own work.
• Acknowledge areas where improvement is needed.
• Accept and benefit from constructive feedback

42. CONT…
 Diversity:
• Strive to become more open to people, ideas, and creeds that
you are not familiar with. Embrace diversity.
• Maintain speech free of racism, sexism, ableism, ethnism, or
stereotyping.
• Exhibit a willingness to serve diverse groups of persons.
• Demonstrate an understanding of how values and culture
interact.

43. CONT…
 Communication:
• Strive to improve both verbal and written communication
skills as these skills are used heavily in interactions with
clients and peers and also with creating client records.
• Demonstrate assertive communication with peers and
instructors.
• Practice positive, constructive, respectful and professional
communication skills with peers and instructor: (body
language, empathy, listening)

44. CONT…
 Social Justice:
• Strive to deepen your commitment to social justice for all
populations at risk.
• Demonstrate an understanding of how institutional and
personal oppression impede the experience of social justice for
individuals and groups.
• Strive to learn about methods of empowering populations and
enhancing social justice at micro, mezzo, and macro levels.

45. CONCLUSION
• In an industry with the goal of designing society there must be
liabilities.
• Engineers create pretty much everything that drives the world
today. Hence, much of their work can affect the lives of many
people and can be potentially harmful if done wrong.
• As a result, engineers must have certain qualities to make sure
that they can do their jobs effectively.

46. CONT…
• Different engineering societies have developed codes of ethics
and standards to regulate their engineers and make sure they
do the work properly.
• Responsibility, honesty, diligence, politeness, helpfulness and
respectfulness are the most important means to become an
ethical engineer.

47. Brings more close to injunction of
human equality and unityHajj
Reinvigorates the feelings of sympathy &
kindnessFasting
Gives awareness of hunger & increases
sympathy for the needy
Charity
Opportunity of collective know how of
each others
Prayer
Good moral conduct is outcomeBelief
Pillars of Islam & Human Rights

48. Two dimensions of Human Nature
 We created man in the best design
(intellectually); then turned him into the
lowliest of the lowly (morally). (Teen 4-5)
 The fact that man knows right from
wrong proves his intellectual
superiority to other creatures; but the
fact that he can do wrong proves his
moral inferiority to any creature that
cannot. Mark Twain
 The nature of man is evil; his goodness
is the result of his activity. Xunsi
 Anyone can be a barbarian; it requires a
terrible effort to remain a civilized man.
Leonard Sidney Woolf
 The person that loses his conscience
has nothing left worth keeping. Izaak
Walton

49. Foundation of Human Rights
Wealth is
Amant/test of Allah
Hadid 7
Anam 165Minimum
distribution
Tauba 60
Maximum
distribution
Baqra 219
Spending
purely for Allah
Baqra 264
(Anam 165)
(Hadid 7)
)
(At’Tauba: 60)
(Baqra 219)
(Baqra 264)

50. Lecture-5

51. Why to pay? If yes, in what proportions?
Property rights
Belong to
Allah
Hadid 6
We are
custodians
of property
(Wealth is a
greatest test)
Anam 160
Personal use
only for
basic needs
(Prophet is model)
Ahzab 21
Charity is a
human right (Haq)
not a favor to
Allah or recipient
Maarij 24-25; Dahar 8
No criteria is
given for how
much to spend
on each
individual/
category
You are best
judge.
But your judgment
will be questioned
on judgment day
Isra 36

52. 1.Parents
2.Spouse and children
3.Relatives
4.Neighbors
5.Entertainment of guests
6.Needy people
7.Sick and handicapped
8.Orphan & poor
9.Requesting help (sail)
10.Freeing of slaves
11.Paying debt of people in trouble
12.Welfare of new Muslims
13.Human welfare
14.Welfare of living creatures
15.Charity in the name of Allah
1.Parents
2.Spouse and children
3.Relatives
4.Neighbors
5.Entertainment of guests
6.Needy people
7.Sick and handicapped
8.Orphan & poor
9.Requesting help (sail)
10.Freeing of slaves
11.Paying debt of people in trouble
12.Welfare of new Muslims
13.Human welfare
14.Welfare of living creatures
15.Charity in the name of Allah
Human
Rights
Anyone not
spending
despite ability
is committing
crime of
violation of
human rights
Human
Rights
Anyone not
spending
despite ability
is committing
crime of
violation of
human rights

53. What is Islam?What is Islam?
Din-ul-Haq
(Delivery of Rights)
IndividualsSelf (Nafs)
Orphans/Widows
Children
Parents
Community
Spouse
Relatives
Creator(Allah)
Servants/Slaves
Travelers
Sick
Animals
M
azloom
Plants
NaturalResources
DevotionForgiveness
Faith
Happiness
Love
Food
Care
Services
Medicine
Help
Obedience
Affection
Munificence
Sharing
Hard work
Contentment
Humanity
knowledge
Smile
Perseverance
Selflessness
Money
Shelter
Compassion
Dignity
Fellowship
Devotion
Reliance
Health
Freedom
Education
Guidance
Piety
Compassion
Positive Behavior
Tawakal
Trust
Commitment
Delivery of Rights = Islam = Discharge of Responsibility
OutcomeResponsibleRight holders
Society
State

54. Lecture-5
Women Rights/Human Rights/Labour Rights

55. Plants & Natural Resources
AnimalsServants/Slaves
Sick/in troubleRelatives
PoorNeighbours
TravellersChildren
Orphans /WidowsSpouse
Community
Self (Nafs)
Parents
Creator (Allah)
Who are the Rights Holders?

56. Rights of Parents
1. Obedience for all lawful
orders (Luqman 14-15)
2. No rude treatment (Isra 30)
3. Good treatment even for
mushrik/kafir parents (Bokhari)
4. Welfare of old aged
parents (Isra 23-24)
5. Right of mother 3 times
that of father(Bukhari)
6. Financial, physical and
spiritual help (Muslim)
1. Dua
2. Dua for their forgiveness
3. Perform their
promises/contracts
4. Care for relatives and
friends
5. Respecting their friends
6. Pay off their debt
During life time After death

57. Rights of Husband
1. A husband has the maximum right over
his wife (Mustadrak)
2. Obedience to her husband & watching
for his wealth, property and honor in
his absence is incumbent upon every
wife (AnNissa: 34)
3. Obedience and goodwill of the
husband is way to enter paradise
(Tirmizi)

58. Rights of Wife
1. Living with them in a moderate and nice
way (AnNissa:19)
2. Save them from hellfire (At-Tahreem:6)
3. Better is the one who is better to his
wife (Tirmizi)
4. Provide for their food, shelter and
clothes (Ibn Maaja)
5. Forgiveness on their misgivings
(AtTaghabun:14)

59. Rights of Children
1. Save them from hellfire (At-Tahreem:6)
2. Adorn them with good morals by good
rearing and nurturing
3. Be particularly careful with girls
regarding their rights
4. Arrange for their wedding when they
reach an age.

60. 1. A believer of Allah & hereafter should be courteous
to his neighbor. (Bukhari)
2. Eemaan gets nullified on aggravating a neighbor.
(Bukhari & Muslim)
3. Visit the neighbour when he is sick, attend his
funeral & help him when he is in need
4. Cover his sins, congratulate when gets bounty &
be kind in his adversity
5. Not to create hassle when building house and
invite at meals
Rights of Neighbors

61. Rights of Relatives
1. Give your relatives their due (Bani
Israel:26)
2. Keeping the knots of blood
relationship tied brings grace to
income and age
3. A breaker of these knots will not
enter paradise

62. Rights of Weaklings
1. Best home is the one where best
treatment is given to an orphan and
worst is the one where an orphan is
treated badly (Ibn Maaja)
2. Struggling for the right of a widow or
an impoverished weakling is like
fighting in the way of Allah, keeping all
night awake for Allah's sake or fasting
for the whole life. (Bukhari)

63. 1. Muslims are like building blocks of a big structure each
one of them supporting it. (Bukhari)
3. Five rights of fellow Muslims
a) Reciprocating Salaam when wished by Fellow Muslim
b) Visiting a sick Muslim
c) Attending a Muslim's funeral
d) Accepting an invitation to a feast
e) Replying with (YarhamukAllah) on a sneeze (Bukhari)
2. Muslims are embodied into one figure; pain in one organ
is felt by whole body. (Muslim)
Rights of Fellow Muslims

64. Rights of Patients
1. The Prophet (saw) directed to attend a
sick person. (Bukhari)
2. Consoling & praying for recovery of
sick. (AbuDawood)
3. Attending a sick brings Allah's
blessings. (Muslim)

65. Rights of Guests
1. Belief on Allah & Hereafter requires
a guest should be welcomed
respectfully (Bukhari)
2. Your guest has much right on you.
(Bukhari)

66. Rights of Mankind
1. Speak nicely with fellow human
beings. (Al-Baqarah:83)
2. Be gracious to earthborn and The
Ruler from sky will be gracious to you
(Hakim)
3. Please for others as you would have
pleased unto you (Tirmizi)

67. Rights of Animals
1.Useless killing of animals is a sinful act
(Mustadrak)
2.A woman inflicted with wrath for tying a cat
(Bukhari)
3.Rewards on caring for every thirsty living
being (Ibn Maaja)

68. Allah’s Right Vs Human Rights
Hadeeth Qudsi
"No obedience to any creation in
violation of the Creator".
(Abu Dawood)
Azad 37

69. THE NEED
Implementing a Just System
1. The very purpose of sending down
Prophets (Al-Hadeed: 25)
2. The mission statement of prophethood
of Prophet (saw) (As'Saff: 9)
3. The main objective of the lifetime
struggle of Prophet (saw)
(Ash'Shura:15)