The document discusses the impacts of the Green Revolution in India from the 1960s onward. It summarizes that while the Green Revolution significantly increased food grain production and productivity, it also led to negative environmental, economic, and social consequences. Specifically, it caused heavy reliance on chemical inputs, fossil fuels, and groundwater extraction leading to water stress. It reduced crop diversity and increased farmer indebtedness and suicides. Regional imbalances also emerged between states. Overall, the Green Revolution had both benefits of increasing food supply but also significant costs for the environment and farmers.

1. Green revolution- good and bad
effects in India: a review with
facts and figures
Presented by: -
Rama Krishna Satyaraj Guru
PhD Scholar, Dep. Of Agronomy

2. Introduction

4. Agriculture Land by Use in India
Increase in Agricultural area, production and productivity

5. Area under Major Crops from 1950-51 onwards (in million hectares)

6. Production of Major Agricultural Crops
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, DAC&FW

7. Production of Major Agricultural Crops
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, DAC&FW
4X
11X

8. All India Crop-wise Yield
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, DAC&FW

9. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1999-2000
Productivity(kg/ha)
Year
Rice Wheat Pulses

10. 0
5
10
15
20
25
1965-66 1975-76 1985-86 1995-96 2005-06 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Foodgrainproductivity(q/ha)
Years

11. Availability of food grains

12. Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, DAC&FW
Per Capita Net Availability of Food grains (Per Annum) in India

13. Reduction in import of food-grains
0
50
100
150
200
250
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Food grain production(MT) Food grain import MT) Buffer Stock (MT)

14. Increased mechanisation
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
1965-66
1975-76
1985-86
1995-96
2005-06
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
NET SOWN AREA (HA) PER TRACTOR
YEARS

15. All India Crop-wise Irrigated Area
Increased area under Irrigation

16. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90Grossirrigatedarea(Mha)
Years

17. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
%LandIrrigated
Years

18. Increased cropping intensity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
CROPPINGINTENSITY(%)
YEARS

21. Percentage Distribution of Gross Cropped Area
Narrow coverage of crops

23. Impact on the availability

24. • Millets are rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals
• Good source of essential amino acids
• Rough rice contains more amount of riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, calcium,
phosphorus, iron, and zinc than the milled (polished) rice
• India has 195.9 million undernourished people lacking sufficient food to meet
their daily nutritional requirements; 58.4% of children under the age of five
suffer from anemia, while in the age group of 15–49, 53% of women and 22.7%
of men are anemic; 23% of women and 20% of men are thin, and 21% of women
and 19% of men are obese.
Impact on nutritional security

25. Increase in Regional Imbalances:
• Modern varieties of seeds were not
ecologically viable for all regions
• Development of modern varieties
for semi arid crops like sorghum,
millet and barley were lagging

26. 75%
25%
Share (%) in total food grain
production
Punjab &
Haryana
Other
States
16%
84%
Share (%) in total food grain
production
Punjab &
Haryana
Other
States

27. • Necessitated the use of costly seeds, fertilisers and farm implements
• These were beyond the reach of small farmers in India.
Increase in Inter-Personal Inequalities
5-6% of rich
farmer
5-6% of total
rural household
(82 millions)
40-42% of total
cultivable land

28. • Major crops cultivated in the era preceding the Green Revolution were Rice, Wheat, sorghum,
maize mainly
Change in Cropping Pattern
proportion of cereals in the food
grains output has increased and
the proportion of pulses has
declined
proportion of wheat cereals has
increased

29. • The indigenous crops of India include several varieties of rice such as colored rice, aromatic
rice, and medicinal rice varieties: millets, wheat, barley, and maize
• The indigenous varieties of rice and millets are resistant to drought, salinity, and floods.
• The traditional rice cultivars have high nutrition than hybrid rice varieties (Umadevi et al.,
2012).
• cultivars possess several health benefits such as reducing the risk of developing type II
diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases by lowering the glycemic and insulin responses
• newly introduced high-yielding seeds had a very narrow genetic base as compared to the
indigenous species.
• instability of the acquired traits in modern varieties
Deterioration of diversified landraces and gene pool

31. Reduction in labour absorption
general consensus that the
penetration of mechanisation in
agricultural activities had reduced
labour absorption in agriculture
sudden rise in the
demand for labour in these
areas induced
mechanisation and labour-
saving practices in general.
01

32. Agricultural Workers

33. • After the Green Revolution in the 1960s got us dependent on groundwater instead of surface
water, more than 1,000 blocks have become water stressed, identified the Central Ground
Water Board (CGWB) in the the Fifth Minor Irrigation Census.
• Farmers must use expensive pumps to tap into groundwater reserves, which are depleting
rapidly.
Depletion of water resources

34. Ecological and Social Impact

35. New
seeds
heavy
fertilization
pesticides
rely on
unofficial
creditors and
money lenders
heavy fertilization
Increase cost of production

36. Diesel Cost in Operational Cost of Machine Labour, INR per Hectare, 1998-99

37. Effect of 10 per Cent Increase in Cost of Diesel on Percentage Increase in Cost Per Hectare
(2009-10)

38. • number of suicides in 1966 was 37,848, making the suicide rate 7.6 percent. Five percent of
these suicides were cause by poverty or economic reasons. The suicide rate in 2000 was
reported to be 10.8 percent, with about nine percent being related to poverty, unemployment
or bankruptcy/change in economic status (National Crime Records Bureau).
Increase in Farmer Suicides
studied the correlation of chemical pesticide use and suicide
non-pesticide management program introduced by a local NGO
Babu and
Lakshmi
(2009)

39. • Anand (2014) estimated the increase in total cost of farming as a multiple of direct input costs
of fossil fuels in farming.
• He estimated that a 10 per cent increase in fossil fuel price could cause, the wholesale price
index (WPI) to rise about 4.3 percentage points with 0.7 percentage points being contributed
by the farm sector alone.
• for Indian agriculture both energy intensity and fossil fuel intensity are rising.
Heavy dependence on fossil fuel

40. Consumption of Electricity for Agricultural Purposes
872%

41. Consumption, Production and Import of Fertilisers in terms of Nutrients (N, P & K)
Heavy dependence on Chemical input

42. Reduction in Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
72%

43. Heavy dependence on Pesticides

44. Heavy expenditure on Input subsidies

45. 117%
108%
100%

46. Deterioration in Soil health
Physical
deterioration
Biological
degradation
Chemical
degradation

49. “. . .increased food production, while
necessary, is not sufficient alone to
achieve food security. Huge stocks of
grain have accumulated in India, while
tens of millions need more food but do
not have the purchasing power to buy
it” (Borlaug 2000).
Dr. Norman Ernest Borlaug

50. lack
bargaining
power
Peter Rosset

51. industrialization and monoculture
introduced to India by the Green
Revolution have resulted in low water
tables and soil that has been depleted of
nutrients essential for growth
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan