Product Positioning

R
rajesh pandainstrumentation engineer em vedanta resources PLC
••
Product Positioning Dr. Anil Mishra [email_address] 9937635059, 09425452065 Asian School of Business Management
Definition ,[object Object],[object Object]
Criteria for Successful Positioning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Getting into the mind of the consumer ,[object Object],[object Object]
Positioning of a leader ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Positioning of a follower ,[object Object]
Repositioning ,[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
Pitfalls of positioning ,[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
Discussion ,[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
1 de 19

Product Positioning

••
Negócios
R
rajesh pandainstrumentation engineer em vedanta resources PLC

Recomendados

Product positioning ppt por
Product positioning pptProduct positioning ppt
Product positioning pptAsraful Islam Rayhan
16.4K visualizações•25 slides
Marketing por
MarketingMarketing
MarketingMarcus9000
12.5K visualizações•85 slides
Marketing - Product Portfolios por
Marketing - Product PortfoliosMarketing - Product Portfolios
Marketing - Product Portfoliostutor2u
40K visualizações•20 slides
Product Positioning por
Product PositioningProduct Positioning
Product PositioningSimson Toppo
1.4K visualizações•18 slides
product decisions por
product decisionsproduct decisions
product decisionsFranchezka Pegollo
14.9K visualizações•38 slides
Product Positioning por
Product PositioningProduct Positioning
Product PositioningAjilal
5.9K visualizações•35 slides

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Marketing strategy por
Marketing strategyMarketing strategy
Marketing strategyJo Balucanag - Bitonio
14.6K visualizações•28 slides
Product decision por
Product decisionProduct decision
Product decisiondeepu2000
35K visualizações•64 slides
Marketing mix product por
Marketing mix productMarketing mix product
Marketing mix productViệt Hoàng Dương
5.8K visualizações•25 slides
Product management : An Introduction por
Product management : An IntroductionProduct management : An Introduction
Product management : An IntroductionDhaval Bhatkar
8.3K visualizações•14 slides
Chapter 5 Product Strategy por
Chapter 5 Product StrategyChapter 5 Product Strategy
Chapter 5 Product StrategyIzzuddin Norrahman
19.7K visualizações•32 slides
Marketing management unit-1 por
Marketing management unit-1Marketing management unit-1
Marketing management unit-1santan28
1.1K visualizações•88 slides

Mais procurados(20)

Marketing strategy por Jo Balucanag - Bitonio
Marketing strategyMarketing strategy
Marketing strategy
Jo Balucanag - Bitonio•14.6K visualizações
Product decision por deepu2000
Product decisionProduct decision
Product decision
deepu2000•35K visualizações
Marketing mix product por Việt Hoàng Dương
Marketing mix productMarketing mix product
Marketing mix product
Việt Hoàng Dương•5.8K visualizações
Product management : An Introduction por Dhaval Bhatkar
Product management : An IntroductionProduct management : An Introduction
Product management : An Introduction
Dhaval Bhatkar•8.3K visualizações
Chapter 5 Product Strategy por Izzuddin Norrahman
Chapter 5 Product StrategyChapter 5 Product Strategy
Chapter 5 Product Strategy
Izzuddin Norrahman•19.7K visualizações
Marketing management unit-1 por santan28
Marketing management unit-1Marketing management unit-1
Marketing management unit-1
santan28•1.1K visualizações
Marketing strategy por Prashant Mehta
Marketing strategyMarketing strategy
Marketing strategy
Prashant Mehta•13.9K visualizações
Pricing Ppt por sid30
Pricing PptPricing Ppt
Pricing Ppt
sid30•120.9K visualizações
Promotion mix por Sujan Oli
Promotion mixPromotion mix
Promotion mix
Sujan Oli•10.1K visualizações
Marketing plan por Fahim Muntaha
Marketing planMarketing plan
Marketing plan
Fahim Muntaha•3.4K visualizações
Formulating Marketing Strategy in Advanced Marketing por Nikhil Gupta
Formulating Marketing Strategy in Advanced MarketingFormulating Marketing Strategy in Advanced Marketing
Formulating Marketing Strategy in Advanced Marketing
Nikhil Gupta•2.2K visualizações
Marketing Strategy por Yodhia Antariksa
Marketing StrategyMarketing Strategy
Marketing Strategy
Yodhia Antariksa•368.1K visualizações
Relationship marketing por Hausman and Associates
Relationship marketingRelationship marketing
Relationship marketing
Hausman and Associates•17.4K visualizações
What is Product Management? por Brainmates Pty Limited
What is Product Management?What is Product Management?
What is Product Management?
Brainmates Pty Limited•246.2K visualizações
product mix and product lines por Sameer Mathur
product mix and product linesproduct mix and product lines
product mix and product lines
Sameer Mathur•15.6K visualizações
Product decisions por Luv Khanna
Product decisionsProduct decisions
Product decisions
Luv Khanna•46.3K visualizações
Target marketing por Saxbee Consultants
Target marketingTarget marketing
Target marketing
Saxbee Consultants•42.4K visualizações
Market segmentation,Target Marketing, Market Positioning por Umair Aslam
Market segmentation,Target Marketing, Market PositioningMarket segmentation,Target Marketing, Market Positioning
Market segmentation,Target Marketing, Market Positioning
Umair Aslam•13.5K visualizações
Segmentation presentation por deepu2000
Segmentation presentationSegmentation presentation
Segmentation presentation
deepu2000•13.1K visualizações
Marketing - Pricing por tutor2u
Marketing - PricingMarketing - Pricing
Marketing - Pricing
tutor2u•105.5K visualizações

Destaque

Product Positioning por
Product PositioningProduct Positioning
Product PositioningAnuradha Sridharan
36.5K visualizações•28 slides
Positioning errors por
Positioning errorsPositioning errors
Positioning errorsBaijnath Pandey (Emcee Pandey)
45.4K visualizações•8 slides
Brand Positioning por
Brand PositioningBrand Positioning
Brand PositioningSj -
103.7K visualizações•25 slides
Marketing management por
Marketing managementMarketing management
Marketing managementSuryadipta Dutta
946 visualizações•57 slides
Product differentiation por
Product differentiation Product differentiation
Product differentiation Ajilal
13.6K visualizações•14 slides
Indian Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20 por
Indian Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20Indian Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20
Indian Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20Abhishek Kulshrestha
10.2K visualizações•11 slides

Destaque(20)

Product Positioning por Anuradha Sridharan
Product PositioningProduct Positioning
Product Positioning
Anuradha Sridharan•36.5K visualizações
Positioning errors por Baijnath Pandey (Emcee Pandey)
Positioning errorsPositioning errors
Positioning errors
Baijnath Pandey (Emcee Pandey)•45.4K visualizações
Brand Positioning por Sj -
Brand PositioningBrand Positioning
Brand Positioning
Sj -•103.7K visualizações
Marketing management por Suryadipta Dutta
Marketing managementMarketing management
Marketing management
Suryadipta Dutta•946 visualizações
Product differentiation por Ajilal
Product differentiation Product differentiation
Product differentiation
Ajilal•13.6K visualizações
Indian Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20 por Abhishek Kulshrestha
Indian Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20Indian Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20
Indian Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20
Abhishek Kulshrestha•10.2K visualizações
Coke brand positioning statement por Don Na
Coke brand positioning statementCoke brand positioning statement
Coke brand positioning statement
Don Na•20.3K visualizações
Positioning strategies in marketing por Anu Damodaran
Positioning strategies in marketingPositioning strategies in marketing
Positioning strategies in marketing
Anu Damodaran•30.1K visualizações
Types of brands por Karthi Gayen
Types of brandsTypes of brands
Types of brands
Karthi Gayen•23.2K visualizações
Advertising Management por Ravi Bariar
Advertising ManagementAdvertising Management
Advertising Management
Ravi Bariar•6.7K visualizações
PRODUCT POSITIONING por Deepak Pati
PRODUCT POSITIONINGPRODUCT POSITIONING
PRODUCT POSITIONING
Deepak Pati•12.4K visualizações
Market positioning por Trinity Dwarka
Market positioningMarket positioning
Market positioning
Trinity Dwarka•27.9K visualizações
Dimensiones antropométricas latino_americanas por Edy Hm
Dimensiones antropométricas latino_americanasDimensiones antropométricas latino_americanas
Dimensiones antropométricas latino_americanas
Edy Hm•197.9K visualizações
Coca Cola Brand Positioning and Differentiation por Sara Amjad
Coca Cola Brand Positioning and DifferentiationCoca Cola Brand Positioning and Differentiation
Coca Cola Brand Positioning and Differentiation
Sara Amjad•60.4K visualizações
Segmentation Targeting Positioning por Manish Parihar
Segmentation Targeting PositioningSegmentation Targeting Positioning
Segmentation Targeting Positioning
Manish Parihar•104K visualizações
Brand extension por Laise Abdul Khadir
Brand extensionBrand extension
Brand extension
Laise Abdul Khadir•96K visualizações
Advertising Ppt por Jamila Bano
Advertising PptAdvertising Ppt
Advertising Ppt
Jamila Bano•88.3K visualizações
Advertisement por Kalahub
AdvertisementAdvertisement
Advertisement
Kalahub•75.1K visualizações
Advertising ppt por Mrinal Kumar
Advertising pptAdvertising ppt
Advertising ppt
Mrinal Kumar•59.2K visualizações
Marketing Positioning Strategies por Baijnath Pandey (Emcee Pandey)
Marketing Positioning StrategiesMarketing Positioning Strategies
Marketing Positioning Strategies
Baijnath Pandey (Emcee Pandey)•50.5K visualizações

Similar a Product Positioning

Marketing Seminar MBA Exam - Branding AAST por
Marketing Seminar MBA Exam - Branding AASTMarketing Seminar MBA Exam - Branding AAST
Marketing Seminar MBA Exam - Branding AASTDr. Haitham Ibrahim
1.9K visualizações•6 slides
Positioning - How To Stand Out In The Customer's Mind por
Positioning - How To Stand Out In The Customer's MindPositioning - How To Stand Out In The Customer's Mind
Positioning - How To Stand Out In The Customer's Mindpixelmattic
723 visualizações•17 slides
Brand Management por
Brand ManagementBrand Management
Brand Managementakbar bhatti
5.1K visualizações•30 slides
Module 13 Effective Marketing Approaches to Senior Consumers.pptx por
Module 13 Effective Marketing Approaches to Senior Consumers.pptxModule 13 Effective Marketing Approaches to Senior Consumers.pptx
Module 13 Effective Marketing Approaches to Senior Consumers.pptxcaniceconsulting
53 visualizações•32 slides
Brand Management Module 3 notes por
Brand Management Module 3 notesBrand Management Module 3 notes
Brand Management Module 3 notesBella Meraki
3.5K visualizações•11 slides
Slides scripts(1) por
Slides scripts(1)Slides scripts(1)
Slides scripts(1)Mohd Firdaus
491 visualizações•8 slides

Similar a Product Positioning(20)

Marketing Seminar MBA Exam - Branding AAST por Dr. Haitham Ibrahim
Marketing Seminar MBA Exam - Branding AASTMarketing Seminar MBA Exam - Branding AAST
Marketing Seminar MBA Exam - Branding AAST
Dr. Haitham Ibrahim•1.9K visualizações
Positioning - How To Stand Out In The Customer's Mind por pixelmattic
Positioning - How To Stand Out In The Customer's MindPositioning - How To Stand Out In The Customer's Mind
Positioning - How To Stand Out In The Customer's Mind
pixelmattic•723 visualizações
Brand Management por akbar bhatti
Brand ManagementBrand Management
Brand Management
akbar bhatti•5.1K visualizações
Module 13 Effective Marketing Approaches to Senior Consumers.pptx por caniceconsulting
Module 13 Effective Marketing Approaches to Senior Consumers.pptxModule 13 Effective Marketing Approaches to Senior Consumers.pptx
Module 13 Effective Marketing Approaches to Senior Consumers.pptx
caniceconsulting•53 visualizações
Brand Management Module 3 notes por Bella Meraki
Brand Management Module 3 notesBrand Management Module 3 notes
Brand Management Module 3 notes
Bella Meraki•3.5K visualizações
Slides scripts(1) por Mohd Firdaus
Slides scripts(1)Slides scripts(1)
Slides scripts(1)
Mohd Firdaus•491 visualizações
Marketing Concepts por Mudassar Salman
Marketing ConceptsMarketing Concepts
Marketing Concepts
Mudassar Salman•1.1K visualizações
Product management and its principles. por Ankush Goyal
Product management and its principles.Product management and its principles.
Product management and its principles.
Ankush Goyal•115 visualizações
Market Positioning por KritiSachita1
Market PositioningMarket Positioning
Market Positioning
KritiSachita1•1.1K visualizações
Topic: Positioning | Course: Marketing Management | BBA 4th semester por Binte Zahra
Topic: Positioning | Course: Marketing Management | BBA 4th semesterTopic: Positioning | Course: Marketing Management | BBA 4th semester
Topic: Positioning | Course: Marketing Management | BBA 4th semester
Binte Zahra•101 visualizações
Positioning por Ghamdan Hamam
PositioningPositioning
Positioning
Ghamdan Hamam•5.1K visualizações
How to position a brand powerfully 04 11-2013 por Maxwell Ranasinghe
How to position a brand powerfully 04 11-2013How to position a brand powerfully 04 11-2013
How to position a brand powerfully 04 11-2013
Maxwell Ranasinghe•3.5K visualizações
Segmenting, Targeting n Brand Positioning por ASAD ALI
Segmenting, Targeting n Brand PositioningSegmenting, Targeting n Brand Positioning
Segmenting, Targeting n Brand Positioning
ASAD ALI•6.2K visualizações
DIY Brand Audits for Startups & Entrepreneurs por Jigyasa Laroiya
DIY Brand Audits for Startups & EntrepreneursDIY Brand Audits for Startups & Entrepreneurs
DIY Brand Audits for Startups & Entrepreneurs
Jigyasa Laroiya•518 visualizações
Principles of Brand Management por Ajilal
Principles of Brand ManagementPrinciples of Brand Management
Principles of Brand Management
Ajilal•860 visualizações
Positioning por Pratik Gandhi
PositioningPositioning
Positioning
Pratik Gandhi•1.4K visualizações
15 most asked marketing question, domain knowledge por Mustahid Ali
15 most asked marketing question, domain knowledge15 most asked marketing question, domain knowledge
15 most asked marketing question, domain knowledge
Mustahid Ali•20.2K visualizações
Product and Service Management por NCVPS
Product and Service ManagementProduct and Service Management
Product and Service Management
NCVPS•15.7K visualizações
Brand Design Company por abhijitchavanyelko
Brand Design CompanyBrand Design Company
Brand Design Company
abhijitchavanyelko•627 visualizações
The britto agency por The Britto Agency
The britto agencyThe britto agency
The britto agency
The Britto Agency•16 visualizações

Mais de rajesh panda

Managing The Market Process 2 por
Managing The Market Process 2Managing The Market Process 2
Managing The Market Process 2rajesh panda
6.9K visualizações•13 slides
Labelling And Packing por
Labelling And PackingLabelling And Packing
Labelling And Packingrajesh panda
31.6K visualizações•13 slides
Induction Program Case Amway por
Induction Program Case AmwayInduction Program Case Amway
Induction Program Case Amwayrajesh panda
1.7K visualizações•18 slides
Channel por
ChannelChannel
Channelrajesh panda
5.3K visualizações•23 slides
Acquisitions por
AcquisitionsAcquisitions
Acquisitionsrajesh panda
861 visualizações•16 slides
Understanding Consumer And Social Buying Bahavior 4 por
Understanding Consumer And Social Buying Bahavior 4Understanding Consumer And Social Buying Bahavior 4
Understanding Consumer And Social Buying Bahavior 4rajesh panda
4K visualizações•19 slides

Mais de rajesh panda(16)

Managing The Market Process 2 por rajesh panda
Managing The Market Process 2Managing The Market Process 2
Managing The Market Process 2
rajesh panda•6.9K visualizações
Labelling And Packing por rajesh panda
Labelling And PackingLabelling And Packing
Labelling And Packing
rajesh panda•31.6K visualizações
Induction Program Case Amway por rajesh panda
Induction Program Case AmwayInduction Program Case Amway
Induction Program Case Amway
rajesh panda•1.7K visualizações
Channel por rajesh panda
ChannelChannel
Channel
rajesh panda•5.3K visualizações
Acquisitions por rajesh panda
AcquisitionsAcquisitions
Acquisitions
rajesh panda•861 visualizações
Understanding Consumer And Social Buying Bahavior 4 por rajesh panda
Understanding Consumer And Social Buying Bahavior 4Understanding Consumer And Social Buying Bahavior 4
Understanding Consumer And Social Buying Bahavior 4
rajesh panda•4K visualizações
Target Marketing 6 por rajesh panda
Target Marketing 6Target Marketing 6
Target Marketing 6
rajesh panda•761 visualizações
Social Marketing por rajesh panda
Social MarketingSocial Marketing
Social Marketing
rajesh panda•308 visualizações
Sales Promotion & Personal Selling por rajesh panda
Sales Promotion & Personal SellingSales Promotion & Personal Selling
Sales Promotion & Personal Selling
rajesh panda•13K visualizações
Product And Product Lines 8 por rajesh panda
Product And Product Lines 8Product And Product Lines 8
Product And Product Lines 8
rajesh panda•1.7K visualizações
Pricing And Marketing por rajesh panda
Pricing And MarketingPricing And Marketing
Pricing And Marketing
rajesh panda•963 visualizações
Price por rajesh panda
PricePrice
Price
rajesh panda•2.5K visualizações
Personal Selling & Dm por rajesh panda
Personal Selling & DmPersonal Selling & Dm
Personal Selling & Dm
rajesh panda•2.9K visualizações
Os Concepts por rajesh panda
Os ConceptsOs Concepts
Os Concepts
rajesh panda•2.1K visualizações
Dcis97 por rajesh panda
Dcis97Dcis97
Dcis97
rajesh panda•335 visualizações
Master Report por rajesh panda
Master ReportMaster Report
Master Report
rajesh panda•498 visualizações

Último

Defcon Network.pdf por
Defcon Network.pdfDefcon Network.pdf
Defcon Network.pdfJesse Mauck
17 visualizações•4 slides
Bloomerang Thank Yous Dec 2023.pdf por
Bloomerang Thank Yous Dec 2023.pdfBloomerang Thank Yous Dec 2023.pdf
Bloomerang Thank Yous Dec 2023.pdfBloomerang
93 visualizações•66 slides
voice logger software aegis.pdf por
voice logger software aegis.pdfvoice logger software aegis.pdf
voice logger software aegis.pdfNirmal Sharma
30 visualizações•1 slide
Cookie Business Plan Example por
Cookie Business Plan ExampleCookie Business Plan Example
Cookie Business Plan ExampleJessica Larson
20 visualizações•50 slides
Building Careers at Specialty TRE 2023 por
Building Careers at Specialty TRE 2023Building Careers at Specialty TRE 2023
Building Careers at Specialty TRE 2023Jennifer Sanborn
45 visualizações•22 slides
Imports Next Level.pdf por
Imports Next Level.pdfImports Next Level.pdf
Imports Next Level.pdfBloomerang
80 visualizações•32 slides

Último(20)

Defcon Network.pdf por Jesse Mauck
Defcon Network.pdfDefcon Network.pdf
Defcon Network.pdf
Jesse Mauck•17 visualizações
Bloomerang Thank Yous Dec 2023.pdf por Bloomerang
Bloomerang Thank Yous Dec 2023.pdfBloomerang Thank Yous Dec 2023.pdf
Bloomerang Thank Yous Dec 2023.pdf
Bloomerang•93 visualizações
voice logger software aegis.pdf por Nirmal Sharma
voice logger software aegis.pdfvoice logger software aegis.pdf
voice logger software aegis.pdf
Nirmal Sharma•30 visualizações
Cookie Business Plan Example por Jessica Larson
Cookie Business Plan ExampleCookie Business Plan Example
Cookie Business Plan Example
Jessica Larson•20 visualizações
Building Careers at Specialty TRE 2023 por Jennifer Sanborn
Building Careers at Specialty TRE 2023Building Careers at Specialty TRE 2023
Building Careers at Specialty TRE 2023
Jennifer Sanborn•45 visualizações
Imports Next Level.pdf por Bloomerang
Imports Next Level.pdfImports Next Level.pdf
Imports Next Level.pdf
Bloomerang•80 visualizações
NYKAA PPT .pptx por 125071081
NYKAA PPT .pptxNYKAA PPT .pptx
NYKAA PPT .pptx
125071081•13 visualizações
ANTHROPOIDS WHITE PAPER.pdf por Anthropoids Nfts
ANTHROPOIDS WHITE PAPER.pdfANTHROPOIDS WHITE PAPER.pdf
ANTHROPOIDS WHITE PAPER.pdf
Anthropoids Nfts •55 visualizações
Bloomerang_Forecasting Your Fundraising Revenue 2024.pptx.pdf por Bloomerang
Bloomerang_Forecasting Your Fundraising Revenue 2024.pptx.pdfBloomerang_Forecasting Your Fundraising Revenue 2024.pptx.pdf
Bloomerang_Forecasting Your Fundraising Revenue 2024.pptx.pdf
Bloomerang•112 visualizações
Top 10 Web Development Companies in California por TopCSSGallery
Top 10 Web Development Companies in CaliforniaTop 10 Web Development Companies in California
Top 10 Web Development Companies in California
TopCSSGallery•44 visualizações
Assignment 4: Reporting to Management.pptx por BethanyAline
Assignment 4: Reporting to Management.pptxAssignment 4: Reporting to Management.pptx
Assignment 4: Reporting to Management.pptx
BethanyAline•17 visualizações
case study of Insertion Type Magnetic Flowmeter exports to Australia_ (1).docx por Dalian Zero Instrument Technology Co., Ltd China
case study of Insertion Type Magnetic Flowmeter exports to Australia_ (1).docxcase study of Insertion Type Magnetic Flowmeter exports to Australia_ (1).docx
case study of Insertion Type Magnetic Flowmeter exports to Australia_ (1).docx
Dalian Zero Instrument Technology Co., Ltd China•26 visualizações
Cattery Warrington por OutlandGroup Ltd
Cattery WarringtonCattery Warrington
Cattery Warrington
OutlandGroup Ltd•10 visualizações
Pitch Deck Teardown: Scalestack's $1M AI sales tech Seed deck por HajeJanKamps
Pitch Deck Teardown: Scalestack's $1M AI sales tech Seed deckPitch Deck Teardown: Scalestack's $1M AI sales tech Seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: Scalestack's $1M AI sales tech Seed deck
HajeJanKamps•417 visualizações
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) por Operational Excellence Consulting (Singapore)
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
Operational Excellence Consulting (Singapore)•21 visualizações
terms_2.pdf por JAWADIQBAL40
terms_2.pdfterms_2.pdf
terms_2.pdf
JAWADIQBAL40•16 visualizações
ZARA.pptx por merlinjenma529
ZARA.pptxZARA.pptx
ZARA.pptx
merlinjenma529•29 visualizações
Rangell Auto Detailing por rangellautodetailing
Rangell Auto Detailing Rangell Auto Detailing
Rangell Auto Detailing
rangellautodetailing•13 visualizações
davood_keshavarz_david_keshavarz_criminal_conviction_prison_sentence_judgemen... por morshedislam3
davood_keshavarz_david_keshavarz_criminal_conviction_prison_sentence_judgemen...davood_keshavarz_david_keshavarz_criminal_conviction_prison_sentence_judgemen...
davood_keshavarz_david_keshavarz_criminal_conviction_prison_sentence_judgemen...
morshedislam3•12 visualizações
terms_2.pdf por JAWADIQBAL40
terms_2.pdfterms_2.pdf
terms_2.pdf
JAWADIQBAL40•51 visualizações

Product Positioning

  • 1. Product Positioning Dr. Anil Mishra [email_address] 9937635059, 09425452065 Asian School of Business Management
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.