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OPT

     Material From:
“The Goal” and “The Race”
   By Goldratt and Fox
OPT (Optimized Production
         Technology)
A computer based management system used for
production planning and scheduling, seeking the
goal of throughput maximization through the
following:
– Balanced flow, not capacity
– Minimization and /or elimination of bottlenecks
– Variable lot sizes
Also know as: “Theory of Constraints”
OPT Philosophy
The Goal: To Make Money
Measures:
1. Net Profit
2. Return on Investment
3. Cash Flow
OPT Operational Measures
1. Throughput
  The rate at which goods are sold
2. Inventory
  Any raw materials, components, and finished
  goods that have been paid for but not sold
3. Operating Expenses
  The cost of converting inventory into throughput
     •   Direct or indirect labor
     •   Energy
     •   Capital facilities
How to Achieve The Goal
By the following:
  – Increasing throughput
  – Decreasing inventory
  – Decreasing operating expenses
OPT Key – “Identify Bottlenecks”

Bottleneck: A point of storage in the
manufacturing process that holds down the
amount of product that a factory can produce.

The basic approach is to identify bottlenecks, and
concentrate on keeping them 100% busy, then find
ways to increase throughput at the bottleneck,
subject to demand.
Troops Analogy (I)




• Spreading troops mean high inventories (e.g. work in
  process). Closely packed troops mean lower inventories.
Troops Analogy (II)




• Rearranging the soldiers reduces spreading. By putting the
  slowest soldiers at the front and the fastest ones in the rear.
   – Good Idea, but may be impossible to put the slowest operation into
     the first operation
Troops Analogy (III)




• Put Drummers in front row to set the pace and
  sergeants urge the soldiers to close any gaps.
   – Sergeant is the expeditor and drummer is the material
     management system assisted by a computer
Troops Analogy (IV)
• “If a worker doesn’t have anything to do,
  let’s find him something to do.” – This
  mentality will cause workers to work at
  their own paces.
Troops Analogy (V)
• The causes of excess
  inventories is when
  each worker works
  with full capacity.
Troops Analogy (VI)
• Does the drum beat according to the
  constraints of the plant or according to some
  unrealistic assumptions ..
  Like:
  – Infinite capacity
  – Predetermined lead times
  – Fixed, constant batch sizes
Troops Analogy (VII)




• Tie the rows of soldiers together to limit the
  spreading of the inventories.
   – The Invention of Henry Ford –The assembly line
   – Dr. Ohno from Toyota – The Kanban system
Troops Analogy (VIII)
• Synchronized manufacturing assembly lines and
  kanbans.
  – Predetermined inventory buffers (either limited by
    space or number of cards) regulate the rate of
    production for assembly lines and kanban system.
  – “Stop working when the buffer is filled!”
  – The work is synchronized, inventory is low. But any
    significant disruption will cause the entire system to
    stop.
Troops Analogy (IX)



  The drum is held by the excess capacity of the gating
  operations
  Result:
• Inventory is high
• Current throughput is protected
• Future throughput is in danger
Troops Analogy (X)




  The drum is held by marketing demands
  Result:
• Inventory is low
• Current throughput is in danger
• Future throughput is increased
Troops Analogy (XI)




• To prevent spreading, tie weakest soldier to the
  front row.
• To protect overall pace, provide some slack in the
  rope
•   The Capacity Constraint Resource (C.C.R) should dictate the schedule
    based on market demand and its own potential.
•   The schedule for succeeding operations (including assembly) should be
    derived accordingly.
•   The schedule of preceding operations should support the time buffer
    and thus be derived backwards in time from the C.C.R schedule
Synchronized Manufacturing –
   Locating the Constraints
First step toward synchronized manufacturing
is to identify the constraints.
A Capacity Constraint manifests itself in all
of the major business issues.
An analysis of the major business issues can
be used to identify the capacity constraint
resource (CCR’s)
Synchronized Manufacturing –
      Beating the Drum
Ensure maximum throughput through
forward scheduling of the C.C.R.’s.
Due dates give us the first, rough sequence,
but the sequence must be modified under
any one of four conditions…
Synchronized Manufacturing – Four
     Complicating Conditions
• Different lead times from capacity
  constraint resources to due dates
• One capacity constraint resource feeding
  another one
• Set up at a capacity constraint resource
• A capacity constraint resource feeding more
  than one part to the same product
Synchronized Manufacturing –
     Locating the Time Buffer
• Concentrate protection not at the origin of a
  disturbance, but before critical operations
• Inventory of the right parts in the right
  quantities at the right times in front of the
  right operations give high protection
• Inventory anywhere else is destructive
Ten Rules of OPT
1. Utilization and activation of a resource are not the
   same –
     Activation is what should be done
     Utilization is what can be done
    “100% utilization of a non-bottleneck is
      wasteful.”
2. The level of utilization of a non-bottleneck is
   determined not by its own potential but by some
   other constraint in the system.
Ten Rules of OPT (Cont.)
3. An hour lost at a bottleneck is an hour lost for the
   total system.
4. An hour saved at a non-bottleneck is just a mirage.
5. Bottlenecks govern both the throughput and
   inventory in the system.
6. The transfer batch may not and often should not
   be equal to the process batch.
7. The process batch should be variable, not fixed.
Ten Rules of OPT (Cont.)
8. Capacity and priority should be considered
  simultaneously, not sequentially.
9. Balance flow, not capacity.
10. The sum of local optima is not equal to the
    global optimum.

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Optimized Production Technology

  • 1. OPT Material From: “The Goal” and “The Race” By Goldratt and Fox
  • 2. OPT (Optimized Production Technology) A computer based management system used for production planning and scheduling, seeking the goal of throughput maximization through the following: – Balanced flow, not capacity – Minimization and /or elimination of bottlenecks – Variable lot sizes Also know as: “Theory of Constraints”
  • 3. OPT Philosophy The Goal: To Make Money Measures: 1. Net Profit 2. Return on Investment 3. Cash Flow
  • 4. OPT Operational Measures 1. Throughput The rate at which goods are sold 2. Inventory Any raw materials, components, and finished goods that have been paid for but not sold 3. Operating Expenses The cost of converting inventory into throughput • Direct or indirect labor • Energy • Capital facilities
  • 5. How to Achieve The Goal By the following: – Increasing throughput – Decreasing inventory – Decreasing operating expenses
  • 6. OPT Key – “Identify Bottlenecks” Bottleneck: A point of storage in the manufacturing process that holds down the amount of product that a factory can produce. The basic approach is to identify bottlenecks, and concentrate on keeping them 100% busy, then find ways to increase throughput at the bottleneck, subject to demand.
  • 7. Troops Analogy (I) • Spreading troops mean high inventories (e.g. work in process). Closely packed troops mean lower inventories.
  • 8. Troops Analogy (II) • Rearranging the soldiers reduces spreading. By putting the slowest soldiers at the front and the fastest ones in the rear. – Good Idea, but may be impossible to put the slowest operation into the first operation
  • 9. Troops Analogy (III) • Put Drummers in front row to set the pace and sergeants urge the soldiers to close any gaps. – Sergeant is the expeditor and drummer is the material management system assisted by a computer
  • 10. Troops Analogy (IV) • “If a worker doesn’t have anything to do, let’s find him something to do.” – This mentality will cause workers to work at their own paces.
  • 11. Troops Analogy (V) • The causes of excess inventories is when each worker works with full capacity.
  • 12. Troops Analogy (VI) • Does the drum beat according to the constraints of the plant or according to some unrealistic assumptions .. Like: – Infinite capacity – Predetermined lead times – Fixed, constant batch sizes
  • 13. Troops Analogy (VII) • Tie the rows of soldiers together to limit the spreading of the inventories. – The Invention of Henry Ford –The assembly line – Dr. Ohno from Toyota – The Kanban system
  • 14. Troops Analogy (VIII) • Synchronized manufacturing assembly lines and kanbans. – Predetermined inventory buffers (either limited by space or number of cards) regulate the rate of production for assembly lines and kanban system. – “Stop working when the buffer is filled!” – The work is synchronized, inventory is low. But any significant disruption will cause the entire system to stop.
  • 15. Troops Analogy (IX) The drum is held by the excess capacity of the gating operations Result: • Inventory is high • Current throughput is protected • Future throughput is in danger
  • 16. Troops Analogy (X) The drum is held by marketing demands Result: • Inventory is low • Current throughput is in danger • Future throughput is increased
  • 17. Troops Analogy (XI) • To prevent spreading, tie weakest soldier to the front row. • To protect overall pace, provide some slack in the rope
  • 18.
  • 19. The Capacity Constraint Resource (C.C.R) should dictate the schedule based on market demand and its own potential. • The schedule for succeeding operations (including assembly) should be derived accordingly. • The schedule of preceding operations should support the time buffer and thus be derived backwards in time from the C.C.R schedule
  • 20. Synchronized Manufacturing – Locating the Constraints First step toward synchronized manufacturing is to identify the constraints. A Capacity Constraint manifests itself in all of the major business issues. An analysis of the major business issues can be used to identify the capacity constraint resource (CCR’s)
  • 21. Synchronized Manufacturing – Beating the Drum Ensure maximum throughput through forward scheduling of the C.C.R.’s. Due dates give us the first, rough sequence, but the sequence must be modified under any one of four conditions…
  • 22. Synchronized Manufacturing – Four Complicating Conditions • Different lead times from capacity constraint resources to due dates • One capacity constraint resource feeding another one • Set up at a capacity constraint resource • A capacity constraint resource feeding more than one part to the same product
  • 23. Synchronized Manufacturing – Locating the Time Buffer • Concentrate protection not at the origin of a disturbance, but before critical operations • Inventory of the right parts in the right quantities at the right times in front of the right operations give high protection • Inventory anywhere else is destructive
  • 24. Ten Rules of OPT 1. Utilization and activation of a resource are not the same – Activation is what should be done Utilization is what can be done “100% utilization of a non-bottleneck is wasteful.” 2. The level of utilization of a non-bottleneck is determined not by its own potential but by some other constraint in the system.
  • 25. Ten Rules of OPT (Cont.) 3. An hour lost at a bottleneck is an hour lost for the total system. 4. An hour saved at a non-bottleneck is just a mirage. 5. Bottlenecks govern both the throughput and inventory in the system. 6. The transfer batch may not and often should not be equal to the process batch. 7. The process batch should be variable, not fixed.
  • 26. Ten Rules of OPT (Cont.) 8. Capacity and priority should be considered simultaneously, not sequentially. 9. Balance flow, not capacity. 10. The sum of local optima is not equal to the global optimum.