The document discusses chemical bonds and the laws that govern their formation and behavior. It begins by defining a chemical bond as the force of attraction that holds atoms together in a compound. It then outlines three important laws: 1) The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. 2) The law of definite proportions states that a compound always has the same proportional composition by mass, regardless of quantity or source. 3) The law of multiple proportions states that when two elements form multiple compounds, the ratios of one element that combines with a fixed amount of the other are in simple whole number ratios.

1. Chemical
Bonds and
the Laws on
Chemical

2. Introduction
Substances exist due to the interaction of their
constituent atoms. From the food that you eat to the
water that you drink, they all contain a group of
atoms that are bound together. The type of bond they
form depends on the atoms themselves. More so,
the type of bond predicts how the product behaves
and reacts with other products. Chemical bonding
and the formation of substances are governed by
physical laws which will be discussed in this lesson.
How do atoms interact with other atoms to form
substances?

3. All About Chemical Bonding
Chemica
l Bonds
0
1
Law of
Conservation
of Mass
0
2
Law of
Multiple
0
4
Law of
Definite
0
3

4. Chemical
Bonds
0
1

5. There are only 118
elements in the
periodic table, but
of course, the
substances in
nature outnumber
118. Atoms
chemically react
with one another
to form chemical
bonds and the
multitude of
substances we
see in nature.

6. A chemical bond
is a force of
attraction that
holds atoms
together in a
compound. There
are different
types of chemical
bonds between
atoms that
depend on the
nature of the
atoms
participating in
the bond.

7. near each other. As they
approach one another, three
simultaneous forces act on the
two atoms. These are (1) the
attraction between protons
and electrons, (2) the repulsion
between protons, and (3) the
repulsion between
electrons.

8. other,
repulsion occurs.
When the atoms are at
the right distance
from each other, the
forces of
attraction and
repulsion are
balanced. At this
point, chemical
bonding takes place.

10. When atoms bond together, their valence
electrons participate in the formation of
chemical
bonds. Valence electrons are the outermost
electrons of an atom. When atoms of other
groups react with other atoms, they do so to
reduce their chemical energy and achieve
stability. Bonding lowers the potential energy
between positively and negatively charged
particles.

11. The formation of chemical bonds
follows physical laws. These
include the law of
conservation of mass, the law of
definite proportions, and the law
of multiple proportions.

12. Law of
Conservati
on of Mass
2

13. The law of
conservation of mass
states that mass can
neither be created nor
destroyed.
When chemical
reactions happen, the
total mass of the
reactants should be
equal to the total mass
of the products. It was
demonstrated by
Antoine Lavoisier, the
father of chemistry.

14. Sample Problem 1: Law of
Conservation of Mass
Does the following chemical reaction obey
the Law of Conservation of Mass?
3H2O(g) + 4CO2(g) 
CH4(g) + 6O2(g)

15. Law of
Definite
Proportion
s
3

16. A molecule of carbon dioxide
(CO2) contains one atom of
carbon and two atoms of oxygen.
Whatever amount of carbon
dioxide you have, the
composition of carbon dioxide is
always the same. The
composition is not affected by
the source of the substances
used to synthesize it. This is
explained by the Law of Definite
Proportions, also known as the
Law of Definite Composition,
which states that a substance,
regardless of amount and origin,
should have a fixed composition

17. For example,
carbon dioxide will
always contain
one carbon atom
and two oxygen
atoms, whether it
comes from your
lungs or your car
engine.

18. Sample Problem 2: Law of
Definite Proprtions
Let’s say that a gram of FeO (Iron II
Oxide) is composed of 0.78 grams of
iron and 0.22 grams of oxygen.
According to the law of definite
proportions, what could be the ratio
of the masses of iron and oxygen in
all samples of FeO?

19. Law of
Multiple
Proprotions
4

20. However,
carbon can also
bond with only
one oxygen
atom to form
carbon
monoxide (CO).
Carbon
dioxide and
carbon
monoxide are
two different
substances
formed when
carbon bonds
with oxygen.
Atoms can
sometimes bond in
multiple ways to
produce different
substances. For
example,
carbon and oxygen
atoms can form
various substances
when they combine.
In the previous
example, carbon
can bond with two
oxygen atoms to
form carbon dioxide

21. The formation of different
substances from the same
set of atoms is described
by the law of multiple
proportions. The law states
that when two elements
combine to form two or
more compounds, the
ratios of the masses of one
element that combine with
the fixed mass of the other
are simple whole-number
ratios. The law was
formulated by John Dalton

22. If we are about to compare CO and CO2, the mass of
oxygen in CO2 is twice that of the mass
in CO. The mass of oxygen in CO2 cannot be a fraction of
the mass of oxygen in CO and vice
versa. You cannot have CO1/2 or any other fraction in your
chemical formula.
Compoun
d
Mass of
carbon
Mass of
oxygen
CO: CO2 Ratio
of
mass of
oxygen
CO 12.01 g 16.00 g
1:2
12.01 g 32.00 g

23. The same thing is true for water (H2O) and hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2). The ratio of the masses of hydrogen
to oxygen is always 2:1 for H2O and 1:1 for H2O2. The
mass of oxygen in H2O2
is twice that of the mass in H2O. Their masses are also
only found as whole number multiples of one another.
Compoun
d
Mass of
hydrogen
Mass of
oxygen
H2O: H2O2
Ratio of
mass of
oxygens
H2O 2.02 g 16.00
g 1:2

24. Sample Problem 3:Law of
Multiple Proportions
CH2 (Methylene) and CH4 (Methane)
are two compounds made of carbon
and hydrogen. According to the law of
multiple proportions, what is the
whole number ratio of the masses of
the second element that combine with
the first element?

25. ● A chemical bond is a force of attraction that holds atoms together in
a compound.
● When atoms bond together, their valence electrons participate in
the formation of chemical bonds. Valence electrons are the outermost
electrons of an atom.
● The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be
created nor
destroyed.
● The law of definite proportions states that a substance, regardless
of amount and origin, should have a fixed composition of its
constituent atoms.
● The law of multiple proportions states that when two elements
combine to form two or more compounds, the ratios of the masses of
one element that combine with the fixed mass of the other are simple
Key Points:

26. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by
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THA
NKS!

27. Problem solving For
You
1. Does the chemical equation K(s) + F(g)  KF(s) obey
the law of conservation of mass?
2. If a sample coumpound containing carbon and
hydrogen had a 3:4 ratio of mass composition, what
would be the ratio for all mass samples?
3. What is the ratio of the second elements combined
with the first elements in SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and SO3
(sulfur trioxide)?