9. Substitution
one base is changed into a completely different
base
usually only affects one amino acid
this also can have no affect at all
TUC- PYRIMIDINES
AG- PURINES
10. Substitution
one base is changed into a completely different
base
usually only affects one amino acid
this also can have no affect at all
TUC- PYRIMIDINES
T A C
A T G
AG- PURINES
11. Substitution
one base is changed into a completely different
base
usually only affects one amino acid
this also can have no affect at all
TUC- PYRIMIDINES
T A T
C
A T G
AG- PURINES
12. Frameshift Mutations
Consist of insertions and deletions in the DNA
sequence.
They shift the “reading frame” and can change
every amino acid that follows that.
13. Insertion and Deletions
Insertions have to many nucleotides in a DNA
sequence
Deletions can occur after an insertion or without
one.
EX. OF INSERTION EX. OF DELETIONS
THE GATE IS CLOSE THE GATE IS CLOSED
14. Insertion and Deletions
Insertions have to many nucleotides in a DNA
sequence
Deletions can occur after an insertion or without
one.
EX. OF INSERTION EX. OF DELETIONS
THE GATE IS CLOSED THE GATE IS CLOSED
15. Insertion and Deletions
Insertions have to many nucleotides in a DNA
sequence
Deletions can occur after an insertion or without
one.
EX. OF INSERTION EX. OF DELETIONS
THE GATE IS CLOSED THE GATE IS CLOSE
16. Mutagens
These are chemical or physical agents in the environment
Chemical
Physical
Mutagens
Pesticide X-rays
Few plant alkaloids ultra-violet light
tobacco smoke ionizing radiations
environmental pollutants
DNA Replication causes the mutation to grow at a faster rate.
Mutagens also cause the DNA strand to break, which is known as
Chromosomal Mutations
17. Chromosomal Mutations
This involves the number or structure change in
chromosomes.
It can even change the number of copies of
some genes.
Chromosomal mutations usually occur during
the formation of a zygote.
They may change by inversion, deletion,
duplication, or translocation.
18. Effects of Mutation
Genetic material can be altered by natural
artificial means.
Mutations do not always effect the organism.
The Cellular machinery that replicates DNA
inserts the incorrect base every 10 million bases.
19. Harmful Mutations
These dramatically change protein structure.
Defective proteins can disrupt normal, biological activities and results
in genetic disorder.
Some cancers are the result of mutations.
Sickle cells are a mutation of red blood cells. The shape is no longer
circular.
If a mutation is in sex cells, the mutation Symptoms of sickle cells
can be in all the cells of the offspring
anemia frequent infections
severe pain stunted growth
20. Beneficial Effects
Mutations can often produce proteins that can
be helpful and new functions that can be helpful
to the environment.
A polyploidy is an organism that has an extra set
of chromosomes.This occurs naturally in citrus
plants.
This can be very bad for humans because of
mutated organisms.
