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Traffic and Health
1. Loss in life expectancy attributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [months ] Loss in average statistical life expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5 Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies “ The RAINS model:Modelling of health impacts of PM and ozone” Markus Amann (IIASA) 2000 2010 2020
2. Loss in life expectancy attributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [months]
3. Fine Particles and Ozone in Canada: A Canada-wide Standards Perspective-2003 National Summary (Env Canada-Oct 2005) http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/2003_pm_oz_ntnlsmryrpt_e.pdf
11. Global Trends in On Road Motor Vehicle Emissions (Normalized to 1990) -OECD Ref: Understanding Urban Air Pollution and the Role of Diesel Exhaust Delhi, India - November 6-11 2000 2 Trends of Vehicles and Air Pollution
12. Global Trends in On Road Motor Vehicle Emissions (Normalized to 1990) -non OECD Ref: Understanding Urban Air Pollution and the Role of Diesel Exhaust Delhi, India - November 6-11 2000 2 Trends of Vehicles and Air Pollution
13. Global Trends in On Road Motor Vehicle Emissions (Normalized to 1990) Ref: Understanding Urban Air Pollution and the Role of Diesel Exhaust Delhi, India - November 6-11 2000 2 Trends of Vehicles and Air Pollution
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15. Mode Split Trends (1970- present) Ref: The Future Isn’t What It Used To Be - Changing Trends And Their Implications For Transport Planning -10 January 2008 Todd Litman, Victoria Transport Policy Institute www.vtpi.org
16. Figure II.2. Pathway from transport emission to health effect AIR POLLUTION FROM GROUND TRANSPORTATION AN ASSESSMENT OF CAUSES, STRATEGIES AND TACTICS, AND PROPOSED ACTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY by Roger Gorham (2002)
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18. Diurnal Fluctuation in Hourly Pollutant Levels Ref: Air Pollution and Physical Activity: Examination of Toronto Air Data to Guide Public Advice on Smog and Exercise - Dr. Sheela V. Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, June 2003 http://www.toronto.ca/health/hphe/pdf/air_pollution_and_exercise_technical.pdf
19. Figure III.3. Car penetration levels at given levels of per capita wealth (per 1,000 persons) from Gorham (2002)
20. Figure III.5. Annual car use at given levels of per capita wealth (Cars and light trucks) from Gorham (2002)
25. Ref: Ch 7. Environmental Management by Jane Kinniburgh “An Introduction to Pollution Science” By Roy M. Harrison Published by Royal Society of Chemistry, 2006, 332 pages http://books.google.ca/books?id=_1MgqvQzZwoC&printsec=frontcover
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27. Illness Costs of Air Pollution Ottawa-Carleton RM Premature Deaths = 290 (490 in 2026) Hospital Admissions = 750 (1,070 in 2026) Emergency Visits = 3,010 (4,360 in 2026) Minor Illness Days = 1.43 M Health Care Costs = $ 25.75 M Lost Productivity Costs = $ 18.3 M Ontario Medical Association Illness Costs of Air Pollution (ICAP) - Regional Data for 2005(with projections to 2026) http://www.oma.org/phealth/ICAP2005regional.pdf
34. "A Cohort Study of Traffic-related Air Pollution and Mortality in Toronto, Canada" Michael Jerrett, Murray M. Finkelstein, Jeffrey R. Brook, M. Altaf Arain, Palvos Kanaroglou, Dave M. Stieb, Nicholas L. Gilbert, Dave Verma, Norm Finkelstein, Kenneth R. Chapman, and Malcolm R. Sears http://www.ehponline.org/members/2009/11533/11533.pdf
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36. Transportation Impact on NO 2 MAPPING SMALL SCALE AIR POLLUTION DISTRIBUTION USING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS IN A LARGE CANADIAN CITY Natividad Urquizo; D. Spitzer; W. Pugsley and M. Robinson http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/149088.pdf NO 2 > 50ppb 2007-12-10 - 2007-12-12
37. Ref MicroFac - A New Microscale Motor Vehicle Emission Model: Determination of Neighbourhood Air Pollution for Human Exposure Assessment Rakesh Singh and James Sloan David Roewade Waterloo Centre for Atmospheric Sciences Public Health Planner (Environments) University of Waterloo Region of Waterloo Public Health http://www.irr-neram.ca/about/May%2019%20Workshop/Singh%20poster.pdf
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39. Total Emissions Ref : (Health Canada 2008) Human Health in a Changing Climate: A Canadian Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptive Capacity Page 146 http://tiny.cc/2SZgn
40. NOx Emissions at PM Peak Hour Development of a Methodology for Estimating Vehicle Emissions Jennifer Armstrong (2000)- Civil & Environmental Eng http://http-server.carleton.ca/~dkarman/82571/Defense4.ppt
43. Transportation Pollutants Ref: The Economic Case for Carfree Development by Gus Yates http://www.carfreecity.us/portal_skins/static/carfree%20economics.ppt
44. Transport and land use features of the Greater Toronto Area, by distance from the urban core, 2001 http://tinyurl.com/bgr23
52. Traffic erodes our sense of place, and with it a sense of personal identity with our surroundings. The loss of home territory was illustrated by a study conducted in 1970 by Donald Appleyard http://www.best.bc.ca/_etc/streets/guidebook/sectionA.pdf.
53. PROXIMITY TO TRAFFIC and ROADSIDE AIR QUALITY Figure 3-6 Examples of high level zones around major transport infrastructure For each of the four defined activity levels (A1-4), four ‘high level’ distances (50%, 10%, 5%, 1% of target values) have been calculated for air quality page 40 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/pdf/final_report_main.pdf
54. Figure 3-7 Model calculation of road traffic contribution to NO2 concentrations as a function of the distance from a road for different activity levels (3-90 million vehicles/ year) as % of NO2 quality standard (40μg/m3) Ref: (European Commission 2006) Development of a methodology to assess population exposed to high levels of noise and air pollution close to major transport infrastructure - page 43 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/pdf/final_report_main.pdf
55. Traffic circles are small and are used to calm traffic rather than to preserve capacity and maintain traffic flow
56. The many types of Complete Streets http://www.completestreets.org/completestreets/Complete.ppt
57. Health Effects of Air Pollution (respiratory /cardio diseases 24% of hospital visits and 46% of deaths) http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/air/out-ext/effe/health_effects-effets_sante_e.html#7
59. Air Quality Policy – National Perspective Peggy Farnsworth, Director, Transboundary Air Issues Branch, Environment Canada http://www.irr-neram.ca/about/May%2019%20Workshop/Peggy%20Farnsworth%20talk.pdf
60. Ontario Air Quality Criteria (1999) AIR POLLUTION BURDEN OF ILLNESS IN TORONTO Dr. Sheela V. Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, May 2000 http://www.toronto.ca/health/burdenof.pdf Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) greatest adverse impact on human health, responsible for 40% of air-related premature mortality and 60% of cardiorespiratory admissions to hospital, despite NO2 levels many times lower than the existing air quality criterion. NO2 should be given high priority for regulatory review and exposure reduction measures. The transportation sector, especially cars, is a major source of NO2. Carbon monoxide (CO) responsible for 30% of premature mortality due to air pollution, though CO levels well below Ontario’s current air quality criterion of 13 ppm (8-hour). Transportation sector is the major source of CO . Sulphur dioxide (SO2), although well below Ontario’s air quality criterion, is still substantial morbidity and mortality associated with ambient levels in the city - about 120 premature deaths and 170 respiratory hospital admissions each year Inhalable particulates (PM10) are responsible for a substantial burden of illness in Toronto. Close to 20% of the air pollution-related premature mortality and cardiorespiratory hospitalizations due to the six common air pollutants were attributable to PM10. Full compliance with the existing Ontario criterion for PM10 (50 ug/m3), would avert only about 3 premature deaths and 7 respiratory hospital admissions.
67. Traffic Management Options(1) Win-Win Emission Reductions: Smart Transportation Emission Reduction Strategies Can Achieve Kyoto Targets And Provide Other Economic, Social And Environmental Benefits by Todd Litman www.vtpi.org/wwclimate.pdf
73. How to Deal with Different Health Outcomes? Monica Campbell, Environmental Protection Office, Toronto Public Health http://www.irr-neram.ca/about/May%2019%20Workshop/Monica%20Campbell%20talk.ppt Pyramid of Health Effects Toronto Annual Estimates for Inhalable Particulates (PM 10 ) Premature mortality (acute) 177 Cardiovascular hospitalization 421 Respiratory hospitalizations 597 Adult chronic bronchitis 1,186 Emergency room visits 5,981 Bronchitis in children 11,997 Asthma symptom days 71,930
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Editor's Notes
this study (IIASA is located near Vienna, Austria) indicates the realtvely greater impact of higher indisytrial pollution in and around eastern Germany, Hungary and Czechoslavakia where premature deaths occur some 1-3 years earlier than in Scandinavia Spain or Ireland
Note that both PM and Ozone is above standard in southwestern Ontario and near Montreal with Ozone above standard near Ottawa note also that Vancouver (and BC) the Prairies except for Edmonton and the Maritimes except for Saint John New Brunswick are below standards
A detailed list of generic interventions was prepared for the NERAM 2005 Mexico colloquium and is a distillation of many similar lists from around the world – the colloquium did not find any intervention that did not fit into one category or another. A simplified version is provided here. It looks at global, regional and local sources which are both a class of government intervention possibility as well as the general structure of the source apportionment analysis modes which happen to have a similar structure. On the other dimension are fixed, mobile, and area sources – a classification which has proved useful in formulating policy interventions. For example, the province of Ontario is just implementing new policy on Point of impingement values of pollutants – regulation of a local fixed source, the bottom left box in this table.
Pyramid of health effects illustrates that as the severity of the adverse health effect decreases, a larger portion of the population is affected We likely need to rely on severe adverse outcomes (mortality and hospitalization) because administrative records are most reliable and available One approach is to examine non-traumatic morbidity/mortality in the community and use risk coefficients from the literature to estimate what proportion is attributable to air pollution Another approach is to examine local exposures to air pollution and do a quantitative risk assessment (gives predicted risk)
Many questions are possible, only a few illustrated here Are cost-effective analysis tools currently available or could they be created to be able to assess the health benefits of various policy options? If we could introduce this type of information at the local level, it could help influence policy in a positive way Currently, analysis of health benefits of policy options is not common at the local level
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