BLE, BT, Wifi, Z-Wave, Zigbee, EnOcean, 802.15.4, NB-IoT, EC-GSM, LoRa, SigFox. Lista jest długa a cały czas się jeszcze wydłuża. Która technologia będzie najlepsza dla Twojego projektu IoT? Jak się nie pogubić w tej mnogości i szybkości zmian?
Sesja postara się odpowiedzieć na te i kilka innych pytań związanych z łącznością bezprzewodową w świecie Internet of Things.
4. LPWA Characteristics
Characteristic Order of magnitude Typical value
Spectrum Unlicensed <1GHz
2.4 Ghz
Range Long 10-50+ km (rural)
0-5 km (urban)
Objects Many Many thousands
Data volume Small Up to 10’s kB per day
Data rate Low From 100 to 100kb/s
Latency Low to high Up to minutes
Battery life Long Up to 20 years
Module cost Low <$5
Service cost Low <$10 per year
7. Licensed or Unlicensed?
Licensed Pros
1. NB-IoT can fit into existing
PRB structure
2. Will be an upgrade to
existing eNBs Important
3. MNOs will be able to hit
KPIs in owned spectrum
4. Can be integrated with
existing EPC
Licensed Cons
1. Will NB-IoT scale? PRACH
considerations1
2. Will it REALLY just be a
software upgrade ?
3. This is true, but do we have
enough spectrum?
4. Yes, but do we have the
correct EPC2 ?
1. http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Meetings_3GPP_SYNC/RAN2/Docs/R2-161141.zip
2. http://networks.nokia.com/sites/default/files/document/nokia_lte-m_-_optimizing_lte_for_the_internet_of_things_white_paper.pdf
8. Wireless IOT Connectivity Options
Technology 2G 3G LTE WIFI Zigbee Wireless
Hart
802.15.4g LPWA
(Lora/Sigfox,
etc.)
Long Range Yes Yes Yes No No No Limited (1.5
Km)
Yes (10s Km)
Tx Current
Consumption (3V)
30mA to
400mA
500 to
1000mA
600 to
1100 mA
19 to
400 mA
34mA 28mA ~ 35mA 20-70mA
Topology P2P P2P P2P P2P/Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh P2P
Standby Current
Consumption (3V)
0.35 mA 1.2 to 3.5mA 1.5 to
5.5mA
1.1 mA 0.003mA 0.008mA ~.005mA 0.005mA
Operating Life on
battery (2000mAh)
A=Active
I=Idle
4-8 hours (A)
36 days (I)
5 years with
1 msg/day
2-4 hours (A)
20 days (I)
2-3 hours (A)
12 days (I)
4-8 hours (A)
50 hours (I)
60 hours (A) 8-10 years Variable 10-20 Years
Module Cost $12 $35-$50 $40-$80 $5-$8 $6-$12 NC $3 $2-$5
Spectrum Costs Yes Yes Yes No
(Unlicensed)
No
(Unlicensed)
No
(Unlicensed)
No
(Unlicensed)
No (Unlicensed)
9. Technology LORAWAN Sigfox Weightless-N ONRAMP/Ingenu LTE-M/NB-IOT
Frequency Sub-Ghz ISM Sub-Ghz ISM Sub-Ghz ISM 2.4 Ghz LTE band
RF PHY CSS and FSK UNB UNB DSSS LTE
True Bi-Directional Yes No No Yes Yes
BW 300 bps-50kbps 100 bps (EU)
600 bps (US)
100 bps 1 Mbps/
10s kbps
Tx Current Low Low Low Low High
Rx Current Low Low Low Low Moderate
Interference immunity Good Bad Bad Good Moderate
Mobile/Nomadic Yes/Yes No/Yes No/Yes No/Yes No/Yes
Module Cost Low Low Low Low High
Maturity Yes Yes No No No
LPWA Technologies Comparison
12. • Specific physical layer (PHY) for address LPWA requirements
• Secure Sub-Ghz (ISM bands) bi-directional point-to-point wireless link
• Proprietary chirp spread-spectrum (CSS) modulation and Forward Error Correction
• Low data rates between 0.3 kbps (SF12) and 10 kbps (SF7), 50 kbps via FSK
• Packet size up to 250 Bytes
• Dynamically trades data rate against range, up to +20dBm TX power, 157 dB link budget
• 10 mA RX current, < 200 nA sleep current
• supported in all ISM bands (915/868/433/169)
• Semtech provides chipsets and reference designs to build a LoRa gateway
• chipset SX127x & SX13XX
• Semtech license the LORA modulation to other vendors: Microchip
Semtech Long Range (LoRa)
13. • Non profit organisation aiming at
standardising LPWA networks with a
focus on LoRaWAN
• Main contributors
• Semtech
• Actility
• IBM
• Sagemcom
• Cisco part of the board of Directors
LORA Alliance
http://lora-alliance.org
14. • Authored by Semtech, Actility, IBM
• Current specification includes:
• Identifiers definition
(Network and Application Ids)
• Security procedures
• Join procedure for OTA provisioning
• Data and Control messages (MAC layer)
• PHY layer for sub-Ghz ISM bands(*)
LoRaWAN 1.0 Specification
(Jan 2015)
(*) includes 433, 868, 915MHz band; 169MHz also supported but not specifed in LoRaWAN
16. AppData
LoRaWAN
Radio PHY
LoRa End-to-End Architecture
LORAWAN Device
Standards Compliant
Low power sensor/actuator
Gateway
RF Termination
Transparently forward
packet
to NetWork Server
Network Server
MAC decaps, Security
Network/Radio
management
Message scheduling, ZTD
etc…
Application Server
Platform for ASP
e.g., Parking, Air quality,
Meter reading
Cloud Based LoRa Platform
RF Backhaul
LoRaWAN MAC
IP
Tunnel
IP Transport
Cloud
AppData
21. • Different Spreading Factors yield different bit rates, shown below for 125KHz transmission bandwidth
• LoRaWAN specifications also support ADR (Adaptive Data Rate), by which the network instructs an end-device
to perform rate adaptation as a function of its radio conditions:
• Devices in good radio conditions use higher data rates to send their packets compared to devices in bad radio conditions
• ADR optimizes the device battery and reduces radio pollution
• Note that ADR is only suitable for stationary devices (fixed), but it should be disabled for mobile devices
LoRaWAN Data Rates
Spreading Factor Data Rate (bit/s) Chips/symbol LoRa Demod SNR dB
SF12 293 4096 -20
SF11 540 2048 -17.5
SF10 980 1024 -15
SF9 1760 512 -12.5
SF8 3125 256 -10
SF7 5470 128 -7.5
22. SF12 11 10 9 8 7
ADR
Adaptive Data Rate is the procedure by which the network instructs a
node to perform a rate adaptation by using a requested DR (e.g.
DR0), a requested TX Power (e.g. 11 dBm)
14km 10km 8km 6km 4km
290bps 530 970
Avg bitrate ~1300bps
2D simulation (flat environment)
Adaptive Data Rate Mechanism
23. Typical Range: Dense City
Ø8th floor of building
Øfacing NE, omni
antenna 30cm
ØNoise level >-110dBm
• 3km in directions where antenna is above
mean rooftop level
• 1km in directions where antenna is about
10m below roof level
• About 600m behind and on sides of
building (shielding by Base station building)
27. • Sigfox is the first LPWA SP
• Country covered include France (w/ TDF), Spain (w/ Abertis), UK (w/ Arqiva), Netherlands, Russia
• Sigfox business model is based on subscription fee (e.g. 12$/year to <1$/year per device)
• Radio Technology based on proprietary UNB in unlicensed ISM band
• End-to-end service
• Customer access data from devices using APIs
• Ecosystem of partners for vertical applications
• Devices – no proprietary hardware
• Off the shelf wireless (Silabs, Semtech, ST or ATMEL) can be used
• Sigfox license for free his patents to reduce price effects on chipset/device side
SIGFOX
Alternative LPWA SP
29. • Sigfox techology is licensed at no cost to module/device vendors
• Telit, Atmel, TST, Adenuis, Telecom Design, TI
• Supported on sub-Ghz ISM bands: 868, 915, 433 Mhz
• Battery usage:
• Tx(@14Bm) = Typical 65mA
• Rx = max 40mA
• Standby < 5μA
• Link Budget/Receivier Sensitivity: 162 dB/-125 dB
• Message Size: max 12 bytes
• Message per day: max 140(*)
Sigfox Characteristics
(*) On ISM bands a device is not allowed to emit more than 1% of the time each hour and since emission of a message
can take up to ~6 seconds, this allows up to 6 messages per hour
30. • Data can be accessed via 3 mechanisms:
• Web interface on http://backend.sigfox.com
• REST API
• Callback mechanism
• REST API (details on http://makers.sigfox.com) allows to:
• Retrieve the list of devices associated to a device type
• Retrieve the messages of a given device
• Get metrics about a device's messages
• Callback can be registered via HTTP: message with device id,time, data, rssi
are sent everytime a device send a message
Sigfox Data Access
34. Core Network Optimizations
§ Cellular IoT (CIoT) – core network supporting IoT
optimizations
§ CIoT supports both LTE-eMTC and NB-IoT
• LTE-eMTC (CAT-M) - 1.4 MHz BW, served as
normal UE in the core network
• NB-IoT- 200 kHz BW
• new RAT type
• Ultra low UE power consumption
• Large number of devices per cell
• Applied in narrowband spectrum
• Increased coverage
CIoT
RAN
S1*
CIoT CN
(EPC)
CIoT UE TBD
CIoT Architectural Reference Model
LTE
LTE eMTC/CAT-M
(Rel 12/13)
NB-IoT (Rel 13)
2016 2017 2018
36. • New work item agreed in 3GPP in Sept. by all parties (HW, E///, QCOM, VF)
• NB-IOT – Narrow Band IoT
• Part of 3GPP R13 (March 2016) – TR 45.820
• Objective is to define an optimized radio for low power low throughput clients
• 100s bytes per day, Large nb of clients, etc.
• 180 kHz UE RF bandwidth for both downlink and uplink
• Compatible with GSM, LTE and LTE guard band spectrum
• Downlink modulation
• OFDMA with 15 kHz sub-carrier spacing (with normal or extended CP) and/or 3.75 kHz sub-carrier spacing
• Uplink modulation
• FDMA with GMSK and/or SC-FDMA
• MAC, RLC, PDCP and RRC procedures based on existing LTE procedures and protocols and relevant
optimisations to support the selected physical layer
CIoT – Radio Aspect
CIoT
RAN
S1*
CIoT CN
(EPC)
CIoT UE TBD
37. • Key assumptions for the specification:
• Low user plane data rate requirements
• New/altered control plane shall be efficient to allow large nb of devices
• Applications expected to be delay tolerant
• No or low mobility; no inter-RAT mobility
• Support for IP and non-IP communications
• Different approaches depending: modified EPC vs new elements (C-SGN)
• Key is to keep compatibility with existing packet core
CIoT – Core Network CIoT
RAN
S1*
CIoT CN
(EPC)
CIoT UE TBD
Non-roaming Roaming
38. • CIoT Serving Gateway Node (C-SGN) optimizations
• User plane optimization for small data transmission
• Necessary security procedures for efficient small data transmission
• SMS without combined attach for NB-IoT only UEs
• Paging optimisations for coverage enhancements
• Support for non-IP data transmission via SGi tunnelling and/or SCEF
• Support for Attach without PDN connectivity
CIoT - Core Network
CIoT
UE
E-UTRAN C-SGN
HSS
SCEF
CIoT Services
S1CIoT Uu
S6a
T6a
SGi
SMS-GMSC/
IWMSC/
SMS Router
SGd
MME
SAEGW
CSGN
Non-roaming
40. IoT Core
IoT Core
WiFi
CAT-M
Access
• Multi-access Core with unified policy, charging and service capability layer.
• Additional capabilities – analytics, data exposure provide monetization opportunities
• Network Service Capabilities (NSC) based on ETSI framework exposes various network capabilities
to the applications and includes adapters for different access types (Cat-M, NB-IOT, LTE-M, LPWA)
vCSGN IoT vNSC
vSCEF
Billing Authentication Policy
Analytics
Monetization
Server
NBIoT
LPWA
LPWA
Adapter
LTE IOT
Adapter
Orchestration
MME SAEGW
IoT App
Servers
46. LTE-M Details
aka eMTC
IOT technology
migration
RAN Core Network
LTE-> LTE-M (eMTC) Existing RAT
• R12:
Cat-0: 20MHz BW, 23 dBm
• R13:
Cat-M: 1.4 MHz BW, 20 DBm
MME:
• PSM
• eDRX
• HLCom
• Storage of extended coverage information to be used for paging
• Storage of list eBNs /cells to page
SGW:
• extended buffering and HLCom,
• Re-routing the buffered packets to target node during mobility,
• Taking bearer / PDN restoration decision based on delay tolerant connection
indication (DTCI) of the PDN during restoration procedures.
PGW:
• Support for latency sensitive PDN and
• buffering of signaling message till UE makes radio contact
47. IOT technology
migration
RAN Core Network
NB-IoT New RAT – NB-IoT
Data over SRB
Data over DRB
New CIoT architecture
• Non-IP data
• Data over NAS
• Attach w/o PDN
• SMS support w/o combined attach
• Small data using U-plane
• PGW/SGW selection based on NB-IOT Rat
• Non-IP data delivery w/ and w/o PDN
• Header compression for IP small data over NAS
• Ciphering and integrity protection of user data
• LI of user data
• Uplink/downlink UE-AMBR enforcement
• S1-AP uplink NAS carrying both RATs (NB-IoT or E-UTRAN)
• NB-IoT UE: Don’t detach UE after the last PDN release
• Access restriction per RAT
• Negotiation of PDN with UE (IP and non-IP)
• Negotiate delivery method for non IP PDN
• DÉCOR
• HLCOM, eDRX, PSM
• SMS over MME (w/o SGs/CS attach)
• Data buffering
NB-IOT Solution