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1. eLearning
and Communities of Practice
Dr. Johanna Völker
johanna@informatik.uni-mannheim.de
FSS 2011

2. Schedule
14.02. Knowledge Management I 04.04 Information Extraction II
21.02. Knowledge Management II 11.04. Knowledge Repositories
Part I Search and Discovery Part III Socialization and Collaboration
28.02. Information Retrieval I 02.05. Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0
07.03. Information Retrieval II 09.05. Social Network Analysis
14.03. Data Mining I Part IV Creativity and Problem Solving
21.03. Data Mining II 16.05. eLearning and Communities
Part II Knowledge Repositories 23.05. Crowdsourcing
28.03. Information Extraction I 30.05. ...
10.06. Final Exam
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3. Overview
1 Learning Organization
2 eLearning
3 Web 2.0 for eLearning
4 Communities of Practice
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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4. Gilbert Probst et al. 1997
Identify Apply
Create
Store
Share
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5. Learning Organization [Peter Senge]
"Where people continually expand their capacity to create the results
they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are
nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are
continually learning how to learn together." [Senge 1990]
• Characteristics of a learning organization [Senge
1994]: personal mastery, mental models, shared
visions, team learning, system thinking
• Development of organizational memory and
support for individual learning
Technology
Processes
• "Organizational memory is the means by
People
which knowledge is stored for future use."
[Huber 1991]
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6. Knowledge Transformation
Knowledge is both input and output of organizational learning
Learning Tacit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge
Socialization Externalization
Tacit Sympathized
Knowledge Knowledge Conceptual
Knowledge
Internalization Combination
Explicit
Knowledge Operational Systematic
Knowledge Knowledge
* Adapted from Nonaka and Konno (1998)
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7. Barriers for Organizational
Learning
• Effective learning can require the removal of traditional
hierarchical structures
• Investment into people and technologies
• Corporate culture: lack of team spirit and openness,
reluctance wrt. new technologies
• Individual mastery and knowledge considered a threat to
the organization
• Positive effects of learning difficult to measure,
especially on the individual level
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8. Benefits of Organizational Learning
• Improve corporate culture (internal) and reputation
of the organization (external) by focusing on people
• Increase innovation speed and competitiveness
• Improve quality of products and services, increase
customer satisfaction
• Shorten time for reaction to external events, e.g.,
market changes or political decisions
• Build up organizational knowledge base and
preserve knowledge for future use
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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9. Overview
1 Learning Organization
2 eLearning
3 Web 2.0 for eLearning
4 Communities of Practice
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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10. "Pedagogy empowered by digital
2 eLearning technology"
• Electronically supported learning
and teaching, i.e. planned efforts
to improve job-related knowledge
and skills by using computers
• Tools and technologies for ...
– Course creation, management
and administration
– Learning, practice, application
– Assessment of student
performance
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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11. http://www.ilias.de
How does ILIAS support learning
and teaching?
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12. eLearning and Traditional Classrooms
Traditional Classroom eLearning
Classroom Physical, time and Unlimited, anywhere, anytime
location dependent
Content Textbooks Text and multimedia (syndication)
Multimedia Printed and online resources
Projector slides Contributions by learners
Learning process One learning path Personalization (pace and path
determined by learner)
Distinguished roles Collaboration and interaction
Social context
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13. Educational Schools of Thought
• Behaviorism
– Learning through association and reinforcement
– Theories include, e.g., classical conditioning
• Constructivism
– Individuals build mental structures based on
prior knowledge and personal experiences
– Self-directed, active learning
• Cognitivism
– Focus on mental processes and how information is
processed by learners
– Short-term and long-term memory, problem solving etc.
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14. [Laurillard 1993]
Conversational Framework
Tutor Tutor-
Tutor adapts
describes student
concepts
concepts dialogue
Student
Dialogue on Tutor sets
completes
action task
task
Student "Pedagogy empowered by
reflection digital technology"
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15. Learning in Higher Education
[Barnett 1990]
Deep understanding
Radical critique
Critique in company of others
Experience Independent inquiry
Student's self reflection
Testing Theory
in Practice Reflection
Experiential Learning
Theory Building
[Kolb 1984]
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16. http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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17. Serious Games
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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18. Welsh et al., E-Learning: Emerging Uses and Future Directions, 2003
Possible Drawbacks of eLearning
• Requires significant investment into technologies
and IT experts for building eLearning infrastructure
• Less personal interaction among learners or
between learners and teachers
• Sometimes, training becomes mere information
provision, interactive guidance and feedback is
neglected (pedagogy is important!)
• Learners and teachers need to be familiar with
eLearning technologies to use them effectively
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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19. Welsh et al., E-Learning: Emerging Uses and Future Directions, 2003
Advantages of eLearning
• Provide consistent, worldwide training
• Lower expenses for training
• Reduce delivery cycle time, i.e. more people
can be trained in less time
• Reduced information overload: management of
information that learners have to consume
• Increased learner convenience by asynchronous
just-in-time training
• Easier tracking of learner activities and mastery
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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20. Learning Management Systems mLearning
Learning on Demand
Virtual Learning Environment
Virtual Classroom Communities of Practice
Mobile-Assisted Language Learning
Blended Learning Computer-based Training
Serious Games
Web-based Training Immersive Learning
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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21. Tools and Technologies
Asynchronous Synchronous
Assessment
Learning Learning
• Forums • Chat • Quiz
• Blogging • Web • ePortfolio
• Microblogging Conferencing • Assignment
• Bookmarking • Virtual worlds • Simulation
• Podcasts • Multiplayer
• Wikis games
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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22. Overview
1 Learning Organization
2 eLearning
3 Web 2.0 for eLearning
4 Communities of Practice
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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23. eLearning + Web 2.0 = eLearning 2.0
"The term Web 2.0 is associated
with web applications that
facilitate participatory information
sharing, interoperability, user-
centered design, and collaboration
on the World Wide Web."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0
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24. Web 2.0 for eLearning
eLearning 2.0: usage of social software for ...
Searching and connecting people facebook, communities of
practice
Publishing and sharing knowledge blogs and RSS feeds, podcasts,
folksonomies
Collaboration and communication Twitter, Skype, wikis
• Open learning environments
• Active and self-organized learning
• Collaborative learning in communities and networks
• No strict separation between teachers and students
• Syndication of eLearning contents
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25. Christian Safran, Christian Gütl and Denis Helic, The impact of Web 2.0 on Learning at a
Technical University – A usage survey, Proceedings of ELEARN, 2007
Blogs: learning 23%, lectures 30%
Wikis: learning 60%, lectures 84%
Audio/Video Podcasts: learning 10%, lectures 13%
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26. • Course-related announcements
• Online discussions
• Questions by learners
• Reminders about tests or project
due dates
Blogs
Microblogging
• Publish related world news
• Publish materials and resources
• Coordination of group projects
• Reflect teaching / learning experiences
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27. • Course-related news and events Wikis
• Personal homepages of learners and teachers
• Discussions and versioning
• Interlinked learning materials (text and images)
• Links to relevant online resources
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28. Podcasts
• Audio recordings of lectures: download or streamed webcast
• Learning materials available through web syndication
• Access on computers or mobile devices
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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29. Videos
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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30. • Course-related news and events
• Comments and discussions
• Publishing images, videos and links
Social
• Manage social relationships among learners and
teachers
Networks
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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31. Virtual Worlds
• Virtual classrooms
• Synchronous interaction between learners and
teachers: questions and discussions
• Seemless integration of multimedia contents
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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32. Overview
1 Learning Organization
2 eLearning
3 Web 2.0 for eLearning
4 Communities of Practice
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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33. 4 Communities of Practice
"Communities of practice are groups of people who share a passion for
something that they know how to do, and who interact regularly in
order to learn how to do it better." [Etienne Wenger 2004]
• People spontaneously come
together under common theme,
they share a domain of interest
about which they communicate
• Practice developed by shared
experiences, stories, tools,
methodologies and solutions to
practical problems
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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34. Digital Habits: Stewarding technology for communities
Wenger, White and Smith 2009
open- meetings
ended
projects
conver-
sation
content access
publish- Community to
ing activities expertise
oriented to
...
individual
Community participat-
relation-
ships
ion
Orientation
community
Spidergram cultivation
context
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35. [Lehner, p. 217] Purpose Members Collaboration Duration
Community of knowledge self-organization commitment as long as
Practice development of members and members
and sharing identification share common
with community interest
Formal working perform a task nominated by task description, until next
group or develop a management organizational reorganization
product goals
Project team complete a nominated by milestones and until the end
project project leader project goals of the project
Social network advice friends and general as long as
regarding business reciprocal needs membership is
concrete partners beneficial
problems
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36. African Community of
Practice on Managing
for Development
Results
Farming for Health
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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37. Military Families
Learning Network
Community of
Practice: Yoga,
Meditation, Tai Chi:
Gig Harbor
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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38. Social Constructivism
100 %
acquired knowledge in % of contents
solving real-world problems
80 % Teach others
social interaction
75% Practical exercises
learning by ...
50 % Discussions
20 % Media Use
5% Listening
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39. Potential Problems
• Ineffective distribution of highly specialized
and theoretical knowledge
• Strong intrinisic motivation required by individuals
• Weaker social commitments and potential lack of trust in
merely virtual communities
• Varying degree of participation and membership counts,
distinguished roles required to sustain CoP
• CoP crossing the boundaries of companies can raise
legal issues, e.g., concerning intellectual property
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40. Competitive Advantages for Companies
with associated Communities of Practice
• Identification of knowledge gaps and resources
• Extension of organisational and individual knowledge
bases, collective intelligence
• Work effectiveness of employees who gain experience in
giving instructions and working in teams
• Faster integration of new employees
• Shorter response time and problem solving lead to
increased customer satisfaction
• Innovation of new products and services
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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41. Summary
• Learning organization / organizational learning
• eLearning
– Learning and teaching supported by computers
– Pedagogy and teaching / learning strategies
• eLearning 2.0
– eLearning based on Web 2.0 technologies
– Communities of Practice
Next: Crowdsourcing
http://ki.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
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42. Literature
Franz Lehner, Wissensmanagement. Grundlagen, Methoden und technische
Unterstützung, Hanser Fachbuch, 3rd edition, 2009
Etienne Wenger, Knowledge Management as a doughnut: Shaping your
knowledge strategy through communities of practice, Ivey Business Journal, 2004
David A. Garvin, Amy C. Edmondson and Francesca Gino, Is Yours a Learning
Organization? Harvard Business Review, 2008
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43. Literature
Kathryn Kane, Janine Robinson-Combre and Zane L. Berge, Tapping into
Social Networking: Collaborating enhances both knowledge management
and e-learning, Journal of Information and Knowledge Management
Systems, 2009
George Sammour et al., The role of knowledge management and e-learning
in professional development, International Journal of Knowledge and
Learning, Vol. 4, No. 5, 2008
Mohamed Amine Chatti, Matthias Jarke and D. Frosch-Wilke, The future
of e-learning: a shift to knowledge networking and social software,
International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, Vol. 3, No. 4-5, 2007
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