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Positioning Services in Competitive
Markets
Objectives
 The importance of adopting focussed strategies
 Distinction between important and determinant
attributes in consumer decision making
 Clarify the key concepts underlying competitive
positioning strategy
 Using Positioning Maps to Plot Competitive Strategy
Positioning
 Positioning strategy is concerned with creating,
communicating and maintaining distinctive
differences that will be noticed and valued by those
customers
 Requires managers to understand their target
customers preferences, their conceptions of value
and characteristics of their competitors offerings
 Price and product attributes are 2 elements
commonly associated with positioning strategy, but
also delivery schedules locations play a role
Focus Underlies the Search for
Competitive Advantage
 Intensifying competition makes it important to
differentiate products
 In mature market, only way to grow may be to take a
share from competitors or grow in international markets
 Must be selective in targeting customers
 Rather than compete in an entire market, firm must
focus efforts on customers it can serve best
 Emphasize competitive advantage on those attributes
that will be valued by customers in target segment(s)
Standing Apart from the Competition
A business must set itself apart from its competition.
To be successful it must identify and promote itself
as the best provider of attributes that are
important to target customers
George S. Day
Four Focus strategies
 Not realistic for nay firm to appeal for all potential
buyers in a market
 Customers vary in their need, purchasing
behavior, and consumption ,are numerous and
spread out
 Each firm needs to focus on those customers to
which it can serve the best
 Focus: to provide for a narrow product mix for a
specific market segment
 Market focus: Extent to which firm serves few or
many markets
 Service focus: Extent to which it offers few or many
services
Basic Focus Strategies for Services
BREADTH OF SERVICE OFFERINGS
NUMBER OF
MARKETS
SERVED
Narrow
Many
Few
Wide
Service
Focused
Unfocused
(Everything
for everyone)
Market
Focused
Fully Focused
(Service and
market
focused)
Source: Robert Johnston “Achieving Focus in Service Organizations,” The Service Industries Journal, Vol. 16, January 1996, pp. 10–20
Risks and Opportunities of a
Fully Focused Strategy
 Opportunities
 Developing recognized expertise in a well-defined niche may
provide protection against would-be competitors
 Allows firms to charge premium prices
 Risks
 Market may be too small to generate needed volume of
business
 Demand for a service may be displaced by generic
competition from alternative products
 Purchasers in chosen segment may be susceptible to
economic downturn
 Rests upon good market segmentation
Risks and Opportunities of a
Service Focused Strategy
 Opportunities
 Create a portfolio of customers that hedges against this risk
 Risks
 As new segments are added, the firm needs expertise to
serve each segment
 More sales effort and more spend in mkt communications
 Eg B2B markets
Risks and Opportunities of a
Market Focused Strategy
 Opportunities
 Attractive: potential of selling many services to a narrow
segment
 Risks
 Need to have strong operational capability
 Understand customers needs, wants and preferences
Service Attributes and Levels
Developing Right Service Concept for a
Specific Segment
 Use research to identify and prioritize which attributes of
a given service are important to specific market
segments
 Individuals may set different priorities according to:
 Purpose of using the service
 Who makes decision
 Timing of use
 Whether service is used alone or with a group
 Composition of that group
 Eg visit to a restaurant (friends,office,vacation)
Importance of Determinant Attributes
 Consumers choose between alternative service
offerings based on perceived differences between
them
 Attributes that distinguish competing services from
one another are not necessarily the most important
ones Eg air travel - safety
 Determinant attributes determine buyers’ choices
between competing alternatives
 Service characteristics that are important to purchasers
 Customers see significant differences between competing
alternatives on these attributes Eg within
aircraft, convenience/food service etc
Establishing Service Levels and Tiers
 Need to make decisions on service levels—level of
performance firm plans to offer on each attribute Eg
speed, hours of service, size of hotel room
 Segment customers according to willingness to trade off
price versus service level
 Service tiering: Positioning strategy based on offering
several price-based classes of service concept
Examples of Service Tiering in
Different Industries
Positioning Distinguishes a Brand
from Its Competitors
Four Principles of Positioning Strategy
 Must establish position for firm or product in minds of
customers
 Position should be distinctive, providing one
simple, consistent message
 Position must set firm/product apart from competitors
 A company cannot be all things to all people—must
focus its efforts
Jack Trout
Principles of Positioning
 What does our firm currently stand for in the minds of current and
prospective customers?
 What customers do we serve now, and which ones would we like to
target in the future?
 What is value proposition and target segment for each of our current
service offerings?
 How do our service offerings differ from competitor’s?
 What changes must we make to our offerings to strengthen our
competitive position?
Avoid trap of investing too heavily in points of
differences that are easily copied
Product Positioning versus Copy Positioning
 Positioning often associated with communication
mix, notably advertising, promotion, PR
 Copy Positioning—use of advertising to create images
and associations for broadly similar branded products to
sharpen distinctions in customer's mind
 Growing number of firms engage in co-branding
 Positioning guides firm to marketing strategy
development
“A Passion For the Business of
Accounting” at Grant Thornton
 “Highest Performance
Among Audit Firms
Serving Companies with
up to $12 billion in Annual
Revenue” award
 Links passion for
accounting to high client
satisfaction with its
auditing services
 “Find out how it feels to
work with people who
love what they do!”Source: Grant Thornton, LLP.
Slogans Used by Companies
“Relax, It’s FedEx”
FedEx Ground
“We never stop working for you”
Verizon
“Shopping online beats standing in line”
Lands’ End
“Invest with confidence”
T. Rowe Price
Positioning as a Diagnostic Tool
 Positioning links market analysis and competitive
analysis to internal corporate analysis.
 What is our service concept, what do we want it to
become, and what actions we must take to get there?
 Understand relationships between products and
markets
 Compare to competition on specific attributes
 Evaluate product’s ability to meet consumer
needs/expectations
 Predict demand at specific prices/performance levels
Positioning as a Diagnostic Tool
 Identify market opportunities
 Introduce new products
 Redesign existing products
 Eliminate non-performing products
 Make marketing mix decisions, respond to
competition
 Distribution/service delivery
 Pricing
 Communication
Role of Positioning in
Marketing Strategy
 Positioning links market analysis and competitive analysis to
internal corporate analysis
 Positioning strategy can take place at different levels
 Multi-site, multi-product business: Position may be established
for entire organization, given service outlet or specific service
outlet
 Help prospective customers get mental “fix” on what to expect
 Failure to select desired position in marketplace and develop a
marketing action plan to hold this position may result in:
 Head-on competition from a stronger competitor
 Being pushed into a position that nobody else wants
 Organization’s position being so blurred that nobody knows
what its distinctive competence really is
Developing a Market Positioning Strategy
Source: Developed from an earlier schematic by Michael R. Pearce
- Size
- Composition
- Location
- Trends
Marketing
Action
Plan
MARKET
ANALYSIS
INTERNAL
ANALYSIS
- Resources
- Reputation
- Constraints
- Values
COMPETITOR
ANALYSIS
- Strengths
- Weaknesses
- Current
Positioning
Define, Analyze
Market Segments
Select
Target Segments
To Serve
Articulate
Desired Position
in Market
Select Benefits
to Emphasize
to Customers
Analyze
Possibilities for
Differentiation
Anticipating Competitive Response
 Competitors might pursue same market position
 Get inside competitors’ heads—conduct internal
corporate analysis for all current/potential challengers to
get sense of how they might act
 Analyze possible effects of alternative competitive moves
 Impact of price cut on demand, market share, and profits
 Responses of different segments to changes in service
attributes
Positioning Maps
Using Positioning Maps to Plot
Competitive Strategy
 Useful way to represent consumer perceptions of alternative
products in visual format
 Typically confined to two attributes, but 3-D models can be used to
portray positions on three attributes simultaneously
 Information about a product can be obtained from market
data, derived from ratings by representative consumers, or both.
 If consumer perceptions of service characteristics differ sharply
from "reality" as defined by management, then marketing efforts
may be needed to change these perceptions
 Also known as perceptual maps
Positioning of Hotels in Belleville:
Price versus Service Level
Expensive
Shangri-La
High
Service
Moderate
Service
Grand
Regency
Sheraton
Italia
Castle
Alexander IV
Airport Plaza
PALACE
Atlantic
Less Expensive
Positioning Maps Help
Managers to Visualize Strategy
 Positioning maps display relative performance of competing firms
on key attributes
 Research provides inputs to development of positioning maps—
challenge is to ensure that
 Attributes employed in maps are important to target segments
 Performance of individual firms on each attribute accurately
reflects perceptions of customers in target segments
 Predictions can be made of how positions may change in light of
future developments
 Simple graphic representations are often easier for managers to
grasp than tables of data or paragraphs of prose
 Charts and maps can facilitate “visual awakening” to threats and
opportunities, suggest alternative strategic directions
Changing Competitive Positioning
Repositioning
 Positions evolve in response to changing market
structures, technology, competitive activity, and the
nature of firm itself
 Firm may have to make significant change in existing
position
 Revising service characteristics; redefining target market
segments; abandoning certain products; withdrawing from
certain market segments
 Improving negative brand perceptions may require
extensive redesign of core product
 Weaknesses may be perceptual rather than real—for
example: Long Island Trust
 Repositioning introduces new dimensions into
positioning equation that other firms cannot immediately
match
Summary
 Focus strategies help companies be more competitive
 The four different focus strategies for services are:
 Service Focussed, Unfocused, Fully Focussed and Market Focussed
 It is important to know how customers make choices between
competitive service offerings and equally important to know their
determinant attributes, that actually determine the buyers choice
 Competitive positioning establishes a position in the minds of customers,
with a simple consistent message, setting it apart from competitors in a
way that focuses it’s efforts
 Positioning Maps are powerful visual representations of competitive
positioning.

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Positioning

  • 1. Positioning Services in Competitive Markets
  • 2. Objectives  The importance of adopting focussed strategies  Distinction between important and determinant attributes in consumer decision making  Clarify the key concepts underlying competitive positioning strategy  Using Positioning Maps to Plot Competitive Strategy
  • 3. Positioning  Positioning strategy is concerned with creating, communicating and maintaining distinctive differences that will be noticed and valued by those customers  Requires managers to understand their target customers preferences, their conceptions of value and characteristics of their competitors offerings  Price and product attributes are 2 elements commonly associated with positioning strategy, but also delivery schedules locations play a role
  • 4. Focus Underlies the Search for Competitive Advantage  Intensifying competition makes it important to differentiate products  In mature market, only way to grow may be to take a share from competitors or grow in international markets  Must be selective in targeting customers  Rather than compete in an entire market, firm must focus efforts on customers it can serve best  Emphasize competitive advantage on those attributes that will be valued by customers in target segment(s)
  • 5. Standing Apart from the Competition A business must set itself apart from its competition. To be successful it must identify and promote itself as the best provider of attributes that are important to target customers George S. Day
  • 6. Four Focus strategies  Not realistic for nay firm to appeal for all potential buyers in a market  Customers vary in their need, purchasing behavior, and consumption ,are numerous and spread out  Each firm needs to focus on those customers to which it can serve the best  Focus: to provide for a narrow product mix for a specific market segment  Market focus: Extent to which firm serves few or many markets  Service focus: Extent to which it offers few or many services
  • 7. Basic Focus Strategies for Services BREADTH OF SERVICE OFFERINGS NUMBER OF MARKETS SERVED Narrow Many Few Wide Service Focused Unfocused (Everything for everyone) Market Focused Fully Focused (Service and market focused) Source: Robert Johnston “Achieving Focus in Service Organizations,” The Service Industries Journal, Vol. 16, January 1996, pp. 10–20
  • 8. Risks and Opportunities of a Fully Focused Strategy  Opportunities  Developing recognized expertise in a well-defined niche may provide protection against would-be competitors  Allows firms to charge premium prices  Risks  Market may be too small to generate needed volume of business  Demand for a service may be displaced by generic competition from alternative products  Purchasers in chosen segment may be susceptible to economic downturn  Rests upon good market segmentation
  • 9. Risks and Opportunities of a Service Focused Strategy  Opportunities  Create a portfolio of customers that hedges against this risk  Risks  As new segments are added, the firm needs expertise to serve each segment  More sales effort and more spend in mkt communications  Eg B2B markets
  • 10. Risks and Opportunities of a Market Focused Strategy  Opportunities  Attractive: potential of selling many services to a narrow segment  Risks  Need to have strong operational capability  Understand customers needs, wants and preferences
  • 12. Developing Right Service Concept for a Specific Segment  Use research to identify and prioritize which attributes of a given service are important to specific market segments  Individuals may set different priorities according to:  Purpose of using the service  Who makes decision  Timing of use  Whether service is used alone or with a group  Composition of that group  Eg visit to a restaurant (friends,office,vacation)
  • 13. Importance of Determinant Attributes  Consumers choose between alternative service offerings based on perceived differences between them  Attributes that distinguish competing services from one another are not necessarily the most important ones Eg air travel - safety  Determinant attributes determine buyers’ choices between competing alternatives  Service characteristics that are important to purchasers  Customers see significant differences between competing alternatives on these attributes Eg within aircraft, convenience/food service etc
  • 14. Establishing Service Levels and Tiers  Need to make decisions on service levels—level of performance firm plans to offer on each attribute Eg speed, hours of service, size of hotel room  Segment customers according to willingness to trade off price versus service level  Service tiering: Positioning strategy based on offering several price-based classes of service concept
  • 15. Examples of Service Tiering in Different Industries
  • 16. Positioning Distinguishes a Brand from Its Competitors
  • 17. Four Principles of Positioning Strategy  Must establish position for firm or product in minds of customers  Position should be distinctive, providing one simple, consistent message  Position must set firm/product apart from competitors  A company cannot be all things to all people—must focus its efforts Jack Trout
  • 18. Principles of Positioning  What does our firm currently stand for in the minds of current and prospective customers?  What customers do we serve now, and which ones would we like to target in the future?  What is value proposition and target segment for each of our current service offerings?  How do our service offerings differ from competitor’s?  What changes must we make to our offerings to strengthen our competitive position? Avoid trap of investing too heavily in points of differences that are easily copied
  • 19. Product Positioning versus Copy Positioning  Positioning often associated with communication mix, notably advertising, promotion, PR  Copy Positioning—use of advertising to create images and associations for broadly similar branded products to sharpen distinctions in customer's mind  Growing number of firms engage in co-branding  Positioning guides firm to marketing strategy development
  • 20. “A Passion For the Business of Accounting” at Grant Thornton  “Highest Performance Among Audit Firms Serving Companies with up to $12 billion in Annual Revenue” award  Links passion for accounting to high client satisfaction with its auditing services  “Find out how it feels to work with people who love what they do!”Source: Grant Thornton, LLP.
  • 21. Slogans Used by Companies “Relax, It’s FedEx” FedEx Ground “We never stop working for you” Verizon “Shopping online beats standing in line” Lands’ End “Invest with confidence” T. Rowe Price
  • 22. Positioning as a Diagnostic Tool  Positioning links market analysis and competitive analysis to internal corporate analysis.  What is our service concept, what do we want it to become, and what actions we must take to get there?  Understand relationships between products and markets  Compare to competition on specific attributes  Evaluate product’s ability to meet consumer needs/expectations  Predict demand at specific prices/performance levels
  • 23. Positioning as a Diagnostic Tool  Identify market opportunities  Introduce new products  Redesign existing products  Eliminate non-performing products  Make marketing mix decisions, respond to competition  Distribution/service delivery  Pricing  Communication
  • 24. Role of Positioning in Marketing Strategy  Positioning links market analysis and competitive analysis to internal corporate analysis  Positioning strategy can take place at different levels  Multi-site, multi-product business: Position may be established for entire organization, given service outlet or specific service outlet  Help prospective customers get mental “fix” on what to expect  Failure to select desired position in marketplace and develop a marketing action plan to hold this position may result in:  Head-on competition from a stronger competitor  Being pushed into a position that nobody else wants  Organization’s position being so blurred that nobody knows what its distinctive competence really is
  • 25. Developing a Market Positioning Strategy Source: Developed from an earlier schematic by Michael R. Pearce - Size - Composition - Location - Trends Marketing Action Plan MARKET ANALYSIS INTERNAL ANALYSIS - Resources - Reputation - Constraints - Values COMPETITOR ANALYSIS - Strengths - Weaknesses - Current Positioning Define, Analyze Market Segments Select Target Segments To Serve Articulate Desired Position in Market Select Benefits to Emphasize to Customers Analyze Possibilities for Differentiation
  • 26. Anticipating Competitive Response  Competitors might pursue same market position  Get inside competitors’ heads—conduct internal corporate analysis for all current/potential challengers to get sense of how they might act  Analyze possible effects of alternative competitive moves  Impact of price cut on demand, market share, and profits  Responses of different segments to changes in service attributes
  • 28. Using Positioning Maps to Plot Competitive Strategy  Useful way to represent consumer perceptions of alternative products in visual format  Typically confined to two attributes, but 3-D models can be used to portray positions on three attributes simultaneously  Information about a product can be obtained from market data, derived from ratings by representative consumers, or both.  If consumer perceptions of service characteristics differ sharply from "reality" as defined by management, then marketing efforts may be needed to change these perceptions  Also known as perceptual maps
  • 29. Positioning of Hotels in Belleville: Price versus Service Level Expensive Shangri-La High Service Moderate Service Grand Regency Sheraton Italia Castle Alexander IV Airport Plaza PALACE Atlantic Less Expensive
  • 30. Positioning Maps Help Managers to Visualize Strategy  Positioning maps display relative performance of competing firms on key attributes  Research provides inputs to development of positioning maps— challenge is to ensure that  Attributes employed in maps are important to target segments  Performance of individual firms on each attribute accurately reflects perceptions of customers in target segments  Predictions can be made of how positions may change in light of future developments  Simple graphic representations are often easier for managers to grasp than tables of data or paragraphs of prose  Charts and maps can facilitate “visual awakening” to threats and opportunities, suggest alternative strategic directions
  • 32. Repositioning  Positions evolve in response to changing market structures, technology, competitive activity, and the nature of firm itself  Firm may have to make significant change in existing position  Revising service characteristics; redefining target market segments; abandoning certain products; withdrawing from certain market segments  Improving negative brand perceptions may require extensive redesign of core product  Weaknesses may be perceptual rather than real—for example: Long Island Trust  Repositioning introduces new dimensions into positioning equation that other firms cannot immediately match
  • 33. Summary  Focus strategies help companies be more competitive  The four different focus strategies for services are:  Service Focussed, Unfocused, Fully Focussed and Market Focussed  It is important to know how customers make choices between competitive service offerings and equally important to know their determinant attributes, that actually determine the buyers choice  Competitive positioning establishes a position in the minds of customers, with a simple consistent message, setting it apart from competitors in a way that focuses it’s efforts  Positioning Maps are powerful visual representations of competitive positioning.