1. APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ,WIND AND
FUEL CELLS IN POWER SYSTEMS
presented by:
K. S.S.PRANAVI
2. CONTENT
Abstract
Applications of solar energy in power systems
Applications of wind energy in power systems
Applications of fuel energy in power systems
Advantages& disadvantages of the above
systems
conclusion
3. ABSTRACT:
• Solar energy is practically unlimited and available in most
places. It is the most environmentally friendly energy source. There are
many different kinds of solar power plants which are constructed all over
the world. They include the photovoltaic solar energy plant, solar thermal
energy plant and concentrating power plant. The solar power applications
are Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), Solar Thermal Electric Power Plants,
Photovoltaic, Solar Heating Systems, Passive Solar Energy ,Solar Lighting ,
Solar Power Satellite.
• Wind turbine generators produce electricity by converting
energy from moving air to mechanical power through rotating shafts
.Wind power is a major success story in renewable energies .Wind power is
abundant in coastal areas .Wind turbine size varies in a wide range, from a
few kW to several MW. Four basic types of wind-electric systems An off-
grid wind-electric system, Battery-based grid-tie system ,Battery less grid-
tie wind-electric systems ,wind-electric water pumping. Generating Power
at Remote Sites, Low-Power Applications, Village Electrification, Heating ,
Pumping Water.
• To make it more econonomical, fuel cells have a broader
range of application than any other currently available power source -
from toys to large power plants, from vehicles to mobile chargers.
4. Types of Solar Power Plants
• photovoltaic solar energy plant
• solar thermal energy plant
• concentrating power plant.
5. • Concentrating Solar Power
(CSP): Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants
are utility-scale generators that produce
electricity using mirrors or lenses to efficiently
concentrate the sun’s energy.
• Solar Thermal Electric Power Plants: Solar
thermal energy involves harnessing solar
power for practical applications from solar
heating to electrical power generation.
Applications of solar energy in power
systems
6. • Solar Heating Systems: Solar hot water
systems use sunlight to heat water. The
systems are composed of solar thermal
collectors and a storage tank.
• Photovoltaics: Photovoltaic or PV technology
employs solar cells or solar photovoltaic arrays
to convert energy from the sun into electricity.
Solar cells produce direct current electricity
from the sun’s rays, which can be used to
power equipment or to recharge batteries
7. • Solar Updraft Tower: A solar updraft tower is a
proposed type of renewable-energy power plant.
Air is heated in a very large circular greenhouse-
like structure, and the resulting convection causes
the air to rise and escape through a tall tower.
• Renewable Solar Power Systems with
Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems: NASA has long
recognized the unique advantages of
regenerative fuel cell (RFC) systems to provide
energy storage for solar power systems in space.
8. Advantages of solar energy in power
systems
• Solar power helps to slow/stop global
warming.
• Solar power saves society billions or trillions of
dollars.
• Solar power saves you money.
• Solar power provides energy reliability.
• Solar power provides energy security.
• Solar power provides energy independence.
9. Disadvantages of solar energy in
power systems
• That disadvantage is that the sun doesn’t
shine 24 hours a day. When the sun goes
down or is heavily shaded, solar PV panels
stop producing electricity. If we need
electricity at that time, we have to get it from
some other source. In other words, we
couldn’t be 100% powered by solar panels. At
the very least, we need batteries to store
electricity produced by solar panels for use
sometime later.
10. • wind-electric water pumping
• off-grid wind-electric system
• Battery-based grid-tie system
• Batteryless grid-tie wind-electric systems
Four basic types of wind-electric systems
11. Applications of wind energy in power
systems
Generating Power at Remote Sites
Wind turbines are best known for their ability to generate
power off-the-grid at remote sites. Because the wind is a
variable resource, remote applications generally require
some form of storage . At many remote sites, small wind
turbines produce power at less cost than gasoline or diesel
generators.
Low-Power Applications
There are numerous applications for low-power, off-the-grid
systems where battery storage isn't required. One classic
application is the cathodic protection of pipelines where a
small wind turbine provides an electric charge to the
surface of the metal pipe. The charge counteracts galvanic
corrosion in highly reactive soils. The wind returns and
again protects the exposed metal.
12. • Farming the Wind
• A commercial wind farm, or wind power plant, is
nothing more than a large-scale version of a wind
turbine interconnected with an electric utility on the
customer's side of the kilowatt-hour meter. But rather
than meeting the domestic demand of a home or
business, all the electricity generated by these wind
power plants is delivered to the utility.
• Pumping Water
The researchers have developed pumping systems that
couple modern electronics to small wind chargers that
eliminate the need for cumbersome batteries. Under
certain conditions, these wind-electric pumping
systems will deliver more water at lower cost than the
traditional farm windmill.
13. Heating
In most cases it's cheaper and easier to
interconnect the wind system directly with the
utility than to generate heat and store the surplus
for windless periods. Often, it's more cost-
effective to produce a high-grade form of
electricity that can be used for all purposes,
including home heating if desired, than to build a
wind turbine that can only be used for one
function .
14. Advantages Of Wind Energy
•
1) Wind Energy is an inexhaustible source of energy and is virtually
a limitless resource.
2) Energy is generated without polluting environment.
3) This source of energy has tremendous potential to generate
energy on large scale.
4) Like solar energy and hydropower, wind power taps a natural
physical resource.
5) Windmill generators don’t emit any emissions that can lead to
acid rain or greenhouse effect.
6) Wind Energy can be used directly as mechanical energy.
7) In remote areas, wind turbines can be used as great resource to
generate energy.
8) In combination with Solar Energy they can be used to provide
reliable as well as steady supply of electricity.
9) Land around wind turbines can be used for other uses, e.g.
Farming.
15. Disadvantages Of Wind Energy
•
1) Wind energy requires expensive storage during peak production time.
2) It is unreliable energy source as winds are uncertain and unpredictable.
3) There is visual and aesthetic impact on region.
4) Requires large open areas for setting up wind farms.
5) Noise pollution problem is usually associated with wind mills.
6) Wind energy can be harnessed only in those areas where wind is strong
enough and weather is windy for most parts of the year.
7) Usually places, where wind power set-up is situated, are away from the
places where demand of electricity is there. Transmission from such places
increases cost of electricity.
8) The average efficiency of wind turbine is very less as compared to fossil
fuel power plants. We might require many wind turbines to produce similar
impact.
9) It can be a threat to wildlife. Birds do get killed or injured when they fly
into turbines.
10) Maintenance cost of wind turbines is high as they have mechanical parts
which undergo wear and tear over the time.
16. APPLICATIONS OF FUEL CELLS IN
POWER SYSTEMS
• Fuel cells uses an external supply of chemical
energy and can run indefinitely, as long as it is
supplied with a source of hydrogen and a source
of oxygen. The source of hydrogen is generally
referred to as the fuel and this gives the fuel cell
its name, although there is no combustion
involved. Oxidation of the hydrogen instead takes
place electrochemically in a very efficient way.
During oxidation, hydrogen atoms react with
oxygen atoms to form water; in the process
electrons are released and flow through an
external circuit as an electric current.
17. Application of fuel cells in power
systems
• Residential Heat and Power(PEMFC&SOFC)
• Uninterruptible Power Supply(PEMFC)
• Converting Waste to Energy(MCFC)
• Renewable Energy Systems(PEMFC)
• Prime Power Generation(MCFC)
18. • PEMFC-In this application proton exchange membrane
fuel cells (PEMFC) run during the day when electricity
demand is higher and can be switched off at night when
electricity and hot water demand is low. This cycling can
be done without harming the fuel cell and increases the
overall efficiency of the system.
• SOFC-Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) units are being
introduced to residential micro-CHP schemes, with
efficiencies on a par with PEMFC systems, but they should
be run as continuously as possible in order to prolong the
life of the system. Because SOFC run at higher operating
temperatures than PEMFC, they are more tolerant of
carbon monoxide in the fuel and this allows for some
simplification of the system configuration.
19. • MCFC-Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) are the technology
of choice for electricity and heat generation in waste-to
energy applications. MCFC operate at high temperatures,
around 650°C and there are advantages associated with this:
firstly, the high temperature helps drive the chemical reaction
and this removes the need for specialized catalysts; and
secondly, the higher temperature also makes the cell less
prone to carbon monoxide poisoning than lower temperature
systems. As a result, MCFC systems can operate on methane –
the major constituent of biogas – without the need for
external reformers.
20. ADVANTAGES OF FUEL CELLS
• Fuel cells have a higher efficiency than diesel or gas engines.
• Most fuel cells operate silently, compared to internal combustion engines.
They are therefore ideally suited for use within buildings such as hospitals.
• Fuel cells can eliminate pollution caused by burning fossil fuels; for hydrogen
fuelled fuel cells, the only by-product at point of use is water.
• If the hydrogen comes from the electrolysis of water driven by renewable
energy, then using fuel cells eliminates greenhouse gases over the whole
cycle. Fuel cells do not need conventional fuels such as oil or gas and can
therefore reduce economic dependence on oil producing countries, creating
greater energy security for the user nation.
• Since hydrogen can be produced anywhere where there is water and a source
of power, generation of fuel can be distributed and does not have to be grid-
dependent. The use of stationary fuel cells to generate power at the point of
use allows for a decentralized power grid that is potentially more stable
• . Low temperature fuel cells (PEMFC, DMFC) have low heat transmission which
makes them ideal for military applications.
21. Disadvantages:
• 1. Hydrogen is currently very expensive, not because it is rare
(it’s the most common element in the universe!) but because
it’s difficult to generate, handle, and store, requiring bulky
and heavy tanks like those for compressed natural gas (CNG)
or complex insulating bottles if stored as a cryogenic (super-
cold) liquid like liquefied natural gas (LNG).
• 2. It can also be stored at moderate temperatures and
pressures in a tank containing a metal-hydride absorber or
carbon absorber, though these are currently very expensive.
22. • Hence all these energy systems are being used
to save the usage of non-renewable energy
resources and to make it available for cheap
and also to make the world free from
pollution.
CONCLUSION
23. References
1. Stanley R. Bull, ―Renewable Energy Today and Tomorrow‖, Proceedings of the
IEEE, vol. 89, no. 8, pp. 316-381, August 2001.
2. Rajesh Gopinath, Sangsun Kim, Jae-Hong Hahn, Prasad No. Enjeti, Mark B. Yeary
and Jo W. Howze, ―Development of a Low Cost Fuel Cell Inverter System with DSP
Control‖, IEEE Transaction on Power Electronic Vol 19, No. 5 pp.654-854,Sept.
2004.
3. Jin Wang, Fang Z. Peng, Joel Anderson, Alan Joseph and Ryan Buffen Barger,
―Low System for Residential Power Generation‖. IEEE Transaction on Power
Electronics, pp.660-687, Vo. 19, No. 5, Sept2009.
4. J. Bhagwan Reddey, D.N. Reddy ―Probablistic Performance Assessment of a
Wind, solar Photo Voltaic Hybrid Energy System‖.
5. F.J., D. Pozo-Vázquez, J.A. Ruiz-Arias, L. Von Bremen, J. “Combining wind farms
with concentrating solar plants to provide stable renewable
power.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096014811400785X
